Skip to main content

The Experience of Experience: An Exogenetic Program for Social Competence

  • Chapter
Perspectives in Ethology

Abstract

The cowbird exemplifies constrained and flexible genetic programs for the development of species-typical communicative behaviors. How such programs operate to effect the ontogeny of species and mate identification is the concern of the present chapter. We use our research on auditory communication in cowbirds to illustrate the necessity for broadening existing ontogenetic concepts and developing new ones aimed at explaining outcomes, rather than origins, of behavior. Among the concepts explored are those of heredity, environment, and experience. We argue that cowbirds, like many animals, inherit not only genes, but also species-typical companions and habitats. It is this latter form of exogenetic inheritance in the form of species-typical alliances that affords the opportunity to achieve species-typical competence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Baker, M. C, Spitler-Nabors, K. J., and Bradley, D. C. (1981). Early experience determines song dialect Responsiveness of female sparrows. Science 214:819–821.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baptista, L., and Petrinovich, L. (1984). Social interaction, sensitive phases and the song template hypothesis in the white-crowned sparrow. Anim. Behav. 32:172–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bateson, P. P. G. (1976). Rules and reciprocity in behavioural development. In Bateson, P. P. G., and Hinde, R. A. (eds.), Growing Points in Ethology ,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 401–422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateson, P. P. G. (1978a). Sexual imprinting and optimal outbreeding. Nature 273:659–660.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bateson, P. P. G. (1978b). How does behavior develop? In Bateson, P. P. G., and Klopfer, P. H. (eds.), Perspectives in Ethology ,Vol. 3, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 55–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beer, C. G. (1982). Conceptual issues in the study of communication. In Kroodsma, D. E., and Miller, E. H. (eds.), Acoustic Communication in Birds ,Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, pp. 279–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borgia, G. (1985). Bower quality, number of decorations, and mating success of male satin bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus): An experimental analysis. Anim. Behav. 33:266–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burghardt, G. M. (1977). Ontogeny of communication. In Sebeok, T. A. (ed.), How Animals Communicate ,Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, pp. 71–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr, H. (1927). The interpretation of the animal mind. Psychol. Rev. 34:87–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, F. M. (1912). Birds of Eastern North America ,Appelton, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chester, R. (1982). Inheritance, Wealth, and Society ,Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chomsky, N. (1962). Syntactic Structures ,Mouton, ’s-Gravenhage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawkins, R. (1976). The Selfish Gene ,Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dufty, A. M. (1985). Song sharing in the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater). Z. Tierpsychol. 69:177–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eastzer, D. H., King, A. P., and West, M. J. (1985). Patterns of courtship between cowbird subspecies: Evidence for positive assortment. Anim. Behav. 33:30–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, L. (1971). Persistent problems in the study of the biopsychology of development. InTobach, E., Aronson, L. A., and Shaw, E. (eds.), The Biopsychology of Development, Academic Press, New York, pp. 515–532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedmann, H. (1929). The Cowbirds ,Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galef, B. G. (1975). Social transmission of acquired behavior: A discussion of tradition and social learning in vertebrates. In Tobach, E., Aronson, L. R., and Shaw, E. (eds.), Advances in the Study of Behavior ,Vol. 6, Academic Press, New York, pp. 77–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb, G. (1976). The roles of experience in the development of behavior and the nervous system. In Gottlieb, G. (ed.), Neural and Behavioral Specificity ,Vol. 3, Academic Press, New York, pp. 25–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, W., and Zuk, M. (1982). Heritable true fitness and bright birds: A role for parasites? Science 218:384–387.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hinde, R. A., and Bateson, P. (1984). Discontinuities versus continuities in behavioural development and the neglect of process. Int. J. Behav. Dev. 7:129–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, W. G., and Sherman, P. W. (1983). Kin recognition in animals. Am. Sci. 71:46–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huxley, T. H. (1896). On the educational value of the natural history sciences. In Huxley, T. H. (ed.), Science and Education: Essays ,Appelton, New York, pp. 38–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, W. (1890). The Principles of Psychology ,Vol. 2, Holt, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, A. P., and West, M. J. (1977). Species identification in the N.A. cowbird: Appropriate responses to abnormal song. Science 195:1002–1004.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King, A. P., and West, M. J. (1983a). Female perception of cowbird song: A closed developmental program. Dev. Psychobiol. 16:335–342.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King, A. P., and West, M. J. (1983b). Dissecting cowbird song potency: Assessing a song’s geographic identity and relative appeal. Z. Tierpsychol. 63:37–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, A. P., and West, M. J. (1983c). Epigenesis of cowbird song: A joint endeavor of males and females. Nature 305:704–706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, A. P., and West, M. J. (1984). Social metrics of song learning. Learning Motivation 15:441–458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, A. P., West, M. J., and Eastzer, D. H. (1980). Song structure and song development as potential contributors to reproductive isolation in cowbirds (Molothrus ater). J. Comp Physiol. Psychol. 94:1028–1039.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, A. P., West, M. J., and Eastzer, D. H. (1986). Female cowbird song perception: Evidence for different developmental systems within the same subspecies. Z. Tierpsychol. 72:89–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroodsma, D. E. (1982). Learning and the ontogeny of sound signals in birds. In Kroodsma, D. E., and Miller, E. H. (eds.), Acoustic Communication in Birds ,Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, pp. 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroodsma, D. E., and Baylis, J. R. (1982). Appendix: A world survey of evidence for vocal learning in birds. In Kroodsma, D. E., and Miller, E. H. (eds.), Acoustic Communication in Birds ,Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, pp. 311–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehrman, D. S. (1974). Can psychiatrists use ethology? In White, N. F. (ed.), Ethology and Psychiatry ,University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp. 187–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewontin, R. C., Rose, S., and Kamin, L. J. (1984). Not in Our Genes ,Pantheon, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz, K. (1965). Evolution and Modification of Behavior ,University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumsden, C. J., and Wilson, E. O. (1981). Genes, Mind, and Culture ,Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marler, P., Mundinger, P., Waser, M. S., and Lutjen, A. (1972). Effects of acoustical stimulation and deprivation on song development in red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus). Anim. Behav. 20:586–606.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayr, E. (1963). Animal Species and Evolution ,The Belknap Press of Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayr, E. (1974). Behavior programs and evolutionary strategies. Am. Sci. 62:650–659.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayr, E. (1982). The Growth of Biological Thought ,The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Medawar, P. B., and Medawar, J. S. (1983). Aristotle to Zoos: A Philosophical Dictionary of Biology ,Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, D. B. (1979a). The acoustic basis of mate recognition by female zebra finches (Taen-opygia guttata). Anim Behav. 27:376–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, D. B. (1979b). Long term recognition of father’s song by female zebra finches. Nature 280:389–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montagu, A. (1959). Human Heredity ,World, Cleveland, Ohio.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oyama, S. (1982). A reformulation of the idea of maturation. In Bateson, P. P. G., and Klopfer, P. H. (eds.), Perspectives in Ethology ,Vol. 5, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 101–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne, R. B. (1983). Bird songs, sexual selection, and female mating strategies. In Wasser, S. K. (ed.), Social Behavior of Female Vertebrates ,Academic Press, New York, pp. 55–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potter, E. F., and Whitehurst, G. T. (1981). Cowbirds in the Carolinas. Chat 45:57–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothstein, S. I., Verner, J., and Stevens, E. (1984). Radio-tracking confirms a unique diurnal pattern of spatial occurrence in the parasitic brown-headed cowbird. Ecology 65a:77–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothstein, S. I., Yokel, D. A., and Fleischer, R. C. (1986). Social dominance, mating, and spacing systems, female fecundity and vocal dialects in captive and free-ranging cowbirds. Curr. Ornithol. 3:127–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Searcy, W. A., and Marler, P. (1981). A test for responsiveness to song structure and programming in female sparrows. Science 213:926–928.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staddon, J. E. R. (1986). Learning as an inference process. In Bolles, R., and Beecher, M. (eds.), Learning and Evolution ,Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, E. C. (1948). Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychol. Rev. 55:189–208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • West, M. J.,, and King, A. P. (1980). Enriching cowbird song by social deprivation. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 94:63–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West, M. J., and King, A. P. (1985). Social guidance of vocal learning by female cowbirds: Validating its functional significance. Z. Tierpsychol. 70:225–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West, M. J., and King, A. P. (1986a). Repertoire development in male cowbirds: Its relationship to female discrimination of potency. J. Comp Psychol. 100:295–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West, M. J., and King, A. P. (1986b). Setting nature and nurture into an ontogenetic niche. Devel. Psychobiol. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • West, M. J., King, A. P., Eastzer, D. H., and Staddon, J. E. R. (1979). A bioassay of isolate cowbird song. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 93:124–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West, M. J., King, A. P., and Eastzer, D. H. (1981a). The cowbird: Reflections on development from an unlikely source. Am. Sci. 69:56–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, M. J., King, A. P., and Eastzer, D. H. (1981b). Validating the female bioassay of cowbird song: Relating differences in song potency to mating success. Anim. Behav. 29:490–501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West, M. J., King, A. P., and Harrocks, T. H. (1983). Cultural transmission of cowbird song (Molothrus ater): Measuring its development and outcome. J. Comp. Psychol. 97:327–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • West-Eberhard, M. J. (1983). Sexual selection, social competition, and speciation. Q. Rev. Biol. 58:155–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, M. O., and Coves, E. (1897). Citizen Bird: Scenes From Bird Life ,Macmillan, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zajonc, R. D. (1965). Social facilitation. Science 149:269–274.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

King, A.P., West, M.J. (1987). The Experience of Experience: An Exogenetic Program for Social Competence. In: Bateson, P.P.G., Klopfer, P.H. (eds) Perspectives in Ethology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1815-6_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1815-6_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9015-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-1815-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics