Abstract
It may be asked whether the marriage between the heart and the lungs is one of passion or one of convenience. It appears to be one of convenience, as it does not work well when one partner makes excessive demands of the other. Disorders of the heart will result in pulmonary congestion and pulmonary vascular disease, and disorders of the lung will cause right heart failure. This chapter will discuss the many clinical conditions likely to cause pulmonary vascular disease and, in each case, what is known about the pathophysiology and how this is influencing our current approach to treatment. Often, our therapy has been less than satisfactory because we lack a comprehensive understanding of how the structural changes develop and why they result in abnormal hemodynamic behavior of the pulmonary circulation. Current research is therefore being directed toward identifying specific alterations in the cell biology of the vessel wall and in assessing their functional significance. The ultimate goal will be to elucidate the important underlying molecular genetic control mechanisms and manipulate them to advantage.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Hunting GS: The morphology of the pulmonary artery in mammalia. Anat Rec 17:165–201, (1919–1920).
Goldstein JD, Rabinovitch M, Van Praagh R, Reid LM: Unusual vascular anomalies causing persistent pulmonary hypertension in a newborn. Am J Cardiol 43: 962–968, 1979.
Congdon Ed: Transformation of the aortic arch system during the development of the human embryo. Contrib Embryol 14:47–110, 1922.
Rabinovitch M, Herrera-DeLeon V, Castaneda AR, Reid LM: Growth and development of the pulmonary vascular bed in patients with tetralogy of Fallot with or without pulmonary atresia. Circulation 64: 1234–1249, 1978.
Boyden EA: The time lag in the development of the bronchial arteries. Anat Rec 166: 611–614, 1970.
Hislop A, Reid LM: Growth and Development of the Respiratory System. In Anatomical Development in Scientific Foundations of Pediatrics, JA Davis, J Dobbing, eds. London, Heinemann. 1974.
Hislop A, Reid LM: Intrapulmonary arterial development during fetal life branching pattern and structure. J Anat 113: 35–48, 1972.
Hislop A, Reid LM: Pulmonary arterial development during childhood: Branching pattern and structure. Thorax 28: 129–135, 1973.
Davies G, Reid LM: Growth of the alveoli and pulmonary arteries in childhood. Thorax 25: 669–681, 1970.
Wagenvoort CA, Neufeld HM, Edwards JE: The structure of the pulmonary arterial tree in fetal and early antenatal life. Lab Invest 10: 751–761, 1961.
Van Praagh R, Corsini I: Cor triatriatum: Pathologic anatomy and a consideration of morphogenesis based on 13 postmortem cases and a study of normal development of the pulmonary vein and left atrium on 83 human embryos. Ana Heart J 78: 379–405, 1969.
Hislop A, Reid LM: Fetal and childhood development of the intrapulmonary veins in man: Branching pattern and structure. Thorax 28: 313–319, 1973.
Loosli CG, Hung KS: Development of pulmonary innervation in Development of the Lung. A Hodson, ed. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1977.
Rudolph AM: The changes in the circulation at birth; their importance in congenital heart disease. Circulation 41: 342–359, 1970.
Naeye RL: Arterial changes during the perinatal period. Arch Pathol 71: 447–452, 1961.
Haworth SG, Hislop AA: Adaptation of the pulmonary circulation to extrauterine life in the pig and its relevance to the human infant. Cardiovasc Res 108–119, 1981.
Kitigawa M, Hislop A, Boyden EA, Reid LM: Lung hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A quantitative study of airway, artery and alveolar development. Br J Surg 58: 431–436, 1971.
Bohn D, Tamura M, Perrin D, Barber G., M: Ventilatory predictors of pulmonary hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia confirmed by morphometric assessment. J Pediatr 111: 423–31, 1987.
Geggel RL, Murphy JD, Langleben D, Crone RK, Vacanti JP, Reid LM: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: Arterial structural changes and persistent pulmonary hypertension after repair. J Pediatr 107: 457–464, 1985.
Hislop A, Hey E, Reid LM: The lungs in congenital bilateral renal agenesis and dysplasia. Arch Dis Child 54: 32–38, 1979.
Chamberlain D, Hislop A, Hey E, Reid LM: Pulmonary hypoplasia in babies with severe rhesus isoimmunization: A quantitative study. J Pathol 122: 43–52, 1977.
Rendas A, Brown ER, Avery ME, Reid LM: Prematurity, hypoplasia of the pulmonary vascular bed and hypotension: Fatal outcome in a ten-month old infant. Am Rev Resp Dis 121: 873–880, 1980.
Goldstein JD, Reid LM: Pulmonary hypoplasia resulting from phrenic nerve agenesis and diaphragmatic amyoplasia. J Pediatr 97: 282–287, 1980.
Hislop A, Fairweather DVI, Blackwell RJ, Howard S: The effects of amniocentesis and drainage of amniotic fluid on lung development in Macaca fascicularis. BrJ Obstet Gynaecol 91: 835–842, 1984.
Rabinovitch M, Grady S, David I, Van Praagh R, Sauer U, Buhlmeyer K, Castaneda AR, Reid LM: Compression of intrapulmonary bronchi by abnormally branching pulmonary arteries associated with absent pulmonary valves. AmJ Cardiol 50: 804–813, 1982.
Haworth SG, Reid LM: Quantitative structural study of the pulmonary circulation in the newborn with pulmonary atresia. Thorax 32: 129–133, 1977.
Haworth SG, Reid LM: Quantitative structural study of the pulmonary circulation in the newborn with aortic atresia, stenosis or coarctation. Thorax 32: 121–128, 1977.
Haworth SG, Reid LM: Structural study of the pulmonary circulation in total anomalous pulmonary venous return in early infancy. Br Heart 39: 80–92, 1977.
Murphy JD, Rabinovitch M, Reid LM: The structural basis of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn infant. J Pediatr 98: 962–967, 1981.
Murphy JD, Vawter G, Reid LM: Pulmonary vascular disease in fatal meconium aspiration. J Pediatr 104: 758–762, 1984.
McKenzie S, Haworth SG: Occlusion of peripheral pulmonary vascular bed in a baby with idiopathic persistent fetal circulation. Br Heart J 45: 675–678, 1981.
Ryan US, Ryan JW: Correlations between the fine structure in the alveolar-capillary unit and its metabolic activities in metabolic function of the lung, ed. Vane JR, Bahkle YS, Vol 4, Lung Biology in Health and Disease, C. L’Enfant ed, New York, Marcel Dekker, 1977.
Said SI: Metabolic function of the pulmonary circulation. Circ Res 50: 325–333, 1982.
Levin DL, Weinberg AG, Perkin RM: Pulmonary microthrombi syndrome in newborn infants with unresponsive persistent pulmonary hypertension. J Pediatr 102: 299–309, 1983.
Andrew M, Bhogal M, Karpatkin M: Factors XI and XII and pre-Kallikrein in sick and healthy premature infants. N Engl J Med 304: 1130–1133, 1981.
Rabinovitch M, Andrew M, Thom H, Williams WG, Trusler GA, Rowe RD, Olley PM: Abnormal factor VIII associated with pulmonary hypertension and congenital heart defects. Circulation 76: 1043–52, 1987.
Levin DL, Mills LJ, Weinberg AG: Hemodynamic, pulmonary vascular and myocardial abnormalities secondary to pharmacologic constriction of the fetal ductus anteriosus. Circulation 60: 360–364, 1979.
Cassin S, Todd M, Philips J, Frisinger J, Jordan J, Gibbs C: Effects of prostaglandin D2 on perinatal circulation. Am J Physiol 240: H755 - H760, 1981.
Stenmark KR, James SL, Voelkel NF, Toews WH, Reeves JT Murphy RC: Leukotriene C4 and D4 in neonates with hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 309: 7780, 1983.
Peckham GJ, Fox WW: Physiologic factors affecting pulmonary artery pressure in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension. J Pediatr 93: 1005–1010, 1978.
James LS, Rowe RD: The pattern of response of pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures in newborn and older infants to short periods of hypoxia. J Pediatr 51: 5–11, 1957.
Meyrick B, Reid LM: Ultrastructural findings in lung material from children with congenital heart defects. Am J Pathol 101: 527–537, 1980.
Eisenmenger V: Die angeborenen defecte der Kammerscheidewand des Heizen. Klin Med Suppl 132: 1, 1897.
Bing RJ, Vandam LD, Gray FD: Physiological studies in congenital heart disease. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 80: 323–347, 1947.
Bond VFJ: Eisenmenger’s complex. Report of two cases and review of cases with autopsy study. Am Heart J 42: 424–435, 1951.
Wood P: The Eisenmenger syndrome of pulmonary hypertension with reversed central shunting. Br MedJ 2: 701–755, 1959.
Rudolph AM, Nadas AS: The pulmonary circulation and congenital heart disease. Consideration of the role of the pulmonary circulation in certain systemic-pulmonary communications. N Engl J Med 267:968–974 and 1022–1028, 1962.
Civin WH and Edwards JE: Pathology of the pulmonary vascular tree. Circulation 2: 545–552, 1950.
DuShane JW, Kongrad E, Ritter DG and McGoon DC: The fate of raised pulmonary vascular resistance after surgery in ventricular septal defect in the child after congenital heart surgery. ed. Rowe RD, Kidd BSL, Futura, Mount Kisco, New York, 1976.
Hallidie-Smith KA, Hollman A, Cleland WP, Bentall HH and Goodwin JF: Effects of surgical closure of ventricular septal defects in childhood. Br Heart J 31: 246–260, 1969.
Hoffman JIE and Rudolph AM: The natural history of ventricular septal defect in infancy. AmJ Cardiol 16:634–653, 1965.
Friedli B, Kidd BS, Mustard WT, Keith JD: Ventricular septal defect with increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Am J Cardiol 33: 403–409, 1974.
Hallidie-Smith KA, Wilson RSE, Hart A, Ziedgard E: Functional status of patients with large ventricular septal defect and pulmonary vascular disease 6 to 16 years after surgical closure of their defect in childhood. Br Heart J 39: 1093–1101, 1977.
Reid JM, Stevenson JG, Coleman EN, Barclay RS, Welsh TM, Fyfe WM, Inal JA: Moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension accompanying patent ductus arteriosus. Br Heart J 26: 600–605, 1964.
Besterman E: Atrial septal defect with pulmonary hypertension. Br Heart J 23: 587–598, 1961.
DiSesa VJ, Cohn LH, Grossman W: Management of adults with congenital bidirectional cardiac shunt, cyanosis and pulmonary vascular obstruction: Successful operative repair in 3 patients. AmJ Cardiol 51: 1495–1497, 1983.
Haworth SG: Pulmonary vascular disease in secondum atrial septal defect in childhood. Am J Cardiol 51: 265–272, 1983.
Newfeld EA, Paul MH, Muster AJ, Idriss FS: Pulmonary vascular disease in complete transposition of the great arteries. A study of 200 patients. AmJ Cardiol 34: 75–82, 1974.
Waldman JD, Paul MH, Newfeld EA, Muster AJ, Idriss FS: Transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum and patent ductus arteriosus. AmJ Cardiol 39: 232–238, 1977.
Edwards W, Edwards JE: Hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease in D-transposition of the great arteries. AmJ Cardiol 41: 921–924, 1978.
Berman W Jr, Whitman V, Pierce WS, Wald-hausen JA: The development of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease after successful Mustard operation in early infancy. Circulation 58: 181–185, 1978.
Rosengart R, Fishbein M and Emmanouilides GC: Progressive pulmonary vascular disease after surgical correction (Mustard procedure) of transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum. AmJ Cardiol 35: 107–111, 1975.
Newfeld EA, Sher M, Paul MH, Higashi N: Pulmonary vascular disease in complete atrioventricular canal defect. AmJ Cardiol 39: 721–726, 1977.
Juaneda E, Haworth SG: Pulmonary vascular disease in children with tuncus arteriosus. Br Heart) 54: 1314–1320, 1984.
Iverson RE, Linde LE, Kegel S: The diagnoses of progressive pulmonary vascular disease in children with ventricular septal defects. J Pediatr 68: 594–600, 1966.
Weidman WH, DuShane JW, Kincaid OW: Observations concerning progressive pulmonary vascular obstruction in children with ventricular septal defects. Am Heart J 65: 148–154, 1963.
Johnson JB, Felter ML, West Jr, Cournand A: The relation between electrocardiographic existence of right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary arterial pressure in patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Circulation 1: 536–550, 1950.
Chou T, Masangkay MP, Young R, Conway GF, Helm RA: Simple quantitative vectorcardiographic arteria for the diagnosis of right ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 48: 1262–1267, 1973.
Mills P, Amara I, McLaurin LP, Graige B: Noninvasive assessment of pulmonary hypertension from right ventricular isovolumic contraction time AmJ Cardiol 46: 272–276, 1980.
Rabinovitch M, Fischer KC, Treves S: Quantitative thallion-201 myocardial imaging in assessing right ventricular pressure in patients with congenital heart defects. Br Heart J 45: 198–205, 1981.
Marx GR, Allan HD, Goldberg SJ: Doppler Echocadiographic estimation of systolic pulmonary artery pressure in pediatric patients with interventicular communications. J Am Coll Cardiol 6: 1132–1137, 1985.
Musewe N, Smallhorn JF, Benson LN, Burrows PN, Freedom RF: Validation of Popplerderived pulmonary arterial pressure in patients with ductus arteriosus under different hemodynamic conditions. Circulation 76: 1081–91, 1987.
Mair DD, Ritter DG, Ongley PA, Helmholz MF Jr: Hemodynamics and evaluation for surgery of patients with complete transposition of the great arteries and ventricular septal defect. AmJ Cardiol 28: 632–640, 1971.
Vogel JHK, Grover RF, Jamieson G, Blount SG Jr: Longterm physiologic observation in patients with ventricular septal defect and increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Adv Cardiol 11: 108–122, 1974.
Vogel JHK, McNamara DC, Blount SG Jr: Role of hypoxia in determining pulmonary vascular resistance in infants with ventricular septal defect. AmJ Cardiol 20: 346–349, 1967.
Rosenthal A, Nathan DG, Marty AT, Button LN, Miettinen OS, Nadas AS: Acute hemodynamic effects of red cell volume reduction in polycythemia of cyanotic congenital heart disease. Circulation 42: 297–307, 1970.
Keane JF, Ellison RC, Rudd M, Nadas AS: Pulmonary blood flow and left ventricular volumes with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum. Br Heart J 35: 521–526, 1973.
Brenner O: Pathology of the vessels of the pulmonary circulation. Part 1. Arch Intern Med 56: 1935.
Heath D, Edwards JE: The pathology of hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease. Circulation 18: 533–547, 1958.
Heath D, Swan HJ, DuShane JW, Edwards JE: The relation of medial thickness of small muscular pulmonary arteries to survival in patients with ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus. Thorax 13: 267–271, 1958.
Naeye RL: Pulmonary arterial bed in ventricular septal defect: A quantitative study of anatomic features in early childhood. Circulation 34: 962–970, 1966.
Wagenvoort CA, Neufeld HN, Edwards JE: The structure of the pulmonary arterial tree in fetal and early neonatal life. Lab Invest 10: 751–762, 1961.
Hislop A, Haworth SG, Reid L: Quantitative structural analysis of pulmonary vessels in isolated ventricular septal defects in infancy. Br Heart J 37: 1014–1021, 1975.
Haworth SG, Reid L: A morphometric study of regional variation in lung structure in infants with pulmonary hypertension and congenital heart defect. A justification of lung biopsy. Br Heart J 40: 825–831, 1978.
Rabinovitch M, Haworth SG, Castaneda AR, Nadas AS, Reid L: Lung biopsy in congenital heart disease: A morphometric approach to pulmonary vascular disease. Circulation 58: 1107–1122, 1978.
Rabinovitch M, Keane JF, Norwood WI, Castaneda AR, Reid L: Vascular structure in lung biopsy tissue correlated with pulmonary hemodynamic findings after repair of congenital heart defects. Circulation 69: 655–667, 1984.
Jones OD, Shore DF, Rigby ML, Leijala M, Scallan J, Shineborne EA, Lincoln JCR: The use of tolazolive hydrochloride as a pulmonary vasodilator in potentially fatal episodes of pulmonary vasoconstriction after cardiac surgery in children. Circulation 64:Suppl 11: 134–139, 1981.
Hickey PR, Hansen DD, Wessel DL, Lang P, Jonas RA, Elixson EM: Blunting of stress responses of the pulmonary circulation of infants by Fentanyl. Anesth Analg 64: 1137–1142, 1985.
Rabinovitch M, Castaneda AR, Reid L: Lung biopsy with frozen section as a diagnostic aid in patients with congenital heart defects. AmJ Cardiol 47: 77–84, 1981.
Fontan F, Beaudet E: Surgical repair of tricuspid atresia. Thorax 26: 240–248, 1971.
Rabinovitch M, Sanders SP, Castaneda AR, Reid L: Morphometric analysis of lung biopsy tissue in candidates for Fontan-type surgical procedures. Am J Cardiol 47: 947, 1981 (abstract).
Juaneda E, Haworth SG: Pulmonary vascular structure in patients dying after a Fontan procedure. The lung as a risk factor. Br Heart 52: 575–80, 1984.
Haworth SG: Pulmonary vascular disease in different types of congenital heart disease. Implications for interpretation of lung biopsy finding in early childhood. Br Heart J 52: 557–71, 1984.
Nihill MR, McNamara DG: Magnification pulmonary wedge angiography in the evaluation of childhood with congenital heart disease and pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 58: 1094–1106, 1978.
Rabinovitch M, Keane JF, Fellows KE, Castaneda Ar, Reid L: Quantitative analysis of the pulmonary wedge angiogram in congenital heart defects. Correlation with hemodynamic data and morphometric findings in lung biopsy tissue. Circulation 63: 152–164, 1981.
Addonizio VP Jr, Smith JB, Strauss JF III, Colman RW, Edmunds LH Jr: Thromboxane synthesis and platelet secretion during cardiopulmonary bypass with bubble oxygenator. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 79: 91–96, 1980.
McGiff JC: Thromboxane and prostacyclin. Implications for disease of the vasculature. Adv Intern Med 25: 199–216, 1980.
Yokochik K, Olley PM, Sideris E, Hamilton F, Hutrtanen D, Coceani F. Leukotriene D4; a potent vasoconstrictor of the pulmonary and systemic circulations in the newborn lamb. In Leukotrienes and other Lipoxygenase Products, B Samuelsson, ed. New York, Raven Press, pp 211–214, 1982.
Rabinovitch M, Bothwell T. Hajakawa BN, Trusler GA, Williams WG, Rowe Rd, Olley PM, Cutz E: Pulmonary arterial endothelial abnormalities in patients with congenital heart defects and pulmonary hypertension. A correlation of light with scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Lab Invest 55: 632–53, 1986.
Collins-Nakai RL, Rosenthal A, Castaneda AR, Bernhard WF, Nadas AS: Congenital mitral stenosis. A review of 20 years experience. Circulation 56: 1039–1047, 1977.
Haworth SG, Reid L: Quantitative structural study of pulmonary circulation in the newborn with aortic atresia, stenosis or coarctation. Thorax 32: 121–128, 1977.
Newfeld EA, Wilson A, Paul MH, Reisch JS: Pulmonary vascular disease in total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Circulation 61: 103–109, 1980.
Norwood WI, Kirklin JK, Sanders SP: Hypo-plastic left heart syndrome: Experience with palliative surgery. Am J Cardiol 45: 87–91, 1980.
Hislop A, Reid L: Structural changes in the pulmonary arteries and veins in tetralogy of Fallot. Br Heart} 35: 1178–1183, 1973.
Heath D, DuShane JW, Wood EH, Edwards JE: The aetiology of pulmonary thrombosis in cyanotic congenital heart disease with pulmonary stenosis. Thorax 13: 213–217, 1958.
Paul MH, Miller RA, Potts WJ: Long-term results of aortic pulmonary anastomosis in tetralogy of Fallot: An analysis of the first 100 cases eleven to thirteen years after operation. Circulation 23: 525–533, 1961.
Roy Sb, Bhatia ML, Lazaro EJ, Ramalingaswami V: Juvenile mitral stenosis in India. Lancet 2: 1193–1195, 1963.
Wagenvoort CA, Wagenvoort N: Smooth muscle content of pulmonary arterial media in pulmonary venus hypertension as compared to other forms of pulmonary hypertension. Chest 81: 581–585, 1982.
Branzi A, Magelli C: Pulmonary hypertension and acquired cardiopathies. Torrace 22: 1979.
Arias-Stella J, Saldana M: The terminal portion of the pulmonary arterial tree in people native to high altitudes. Circulation 28: 915
Grover RF, Vogel JH, Voigt GC, Blount SG: Reversal of high altitude pulmonary hypertension. Am J Cardiol 18: 928–932, 1966.
Ryland D, Reid L: The pulmonary circulation in cystic fibrosis. Thorax 30: 285–308, 1975.
Baar HS, Braid F: Diffuse progressive interstitial fibrosis of the lungs in childhood. Arch Dis Child 32: 199–207, 1957.
Grossman H, Levin AR, Winchester PH, Auld PAM: Pulmonary hypertension in the Wilson-Mikity syndrome. Am J Roentgendl 114: 293–299, 1972.
Gross NJ: Pulmonary effects of radiation therapy. Ann Intern Med 86: 81–92, 1977.
Sostman HD, Matthay RA, Putnam CE: Cytotoxic drug induced disease. Am J Med 62: 608–615, 1977.
Altemus LR, Lee RE: Carcinomatosis of the lung with pulmonary hypertension. Arch Intern Med 119: 32–38, 1967.
Rosenberg AM, Petty RE, Cumming GR, Koehler BE: Pulmonary hypertension in a child with mixed connective tissue disorder. J Rhematol 6: 700–704, 1979.
Rendas A, Brown ER, Avery ME, Reid LM: Prematurity, hypoplasia of the pulmonary vascular bed and hypertension: Fatal outcome in a ten month old infant. Am Rev Resp Dis 121: 873–880, 1980.
Ingram RH, Bishop JB: Ventilatory response to carbon dioxide after removal of chronic upper airway obstruction. Am Rev Resp Dis 102: 645–647, 1970.
Williams A, Vawter G, Reid L: Increased muscularity of the pulmonary circulation in victims of sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics 63: 18–23, 1979.
Shannon DC, Kelly DH: SIDS and near SIDS. N Engl J Med 306:959–965 and 1022–1028, 1982.
Gilroy J, Catralan JL, Berman R, Newman M: Cardiac and pulmonary complications in Duchenne’s progressive muscular dystrophy. Circulation 27: 484–493, 1963.
Lukas DS, Plum F: Pulmonary function in patients convalescing from acute poliomyelitis with respiratory paralysis. Am J Med 12: 388–396, 1952.
Bergofsky EJ, Turino GM, Fishman AP: Cardiorespiratory failure in kyposcoliosis. Medicine 38: 263–317, 1959.
Davies G, Reid: Effect of scoliosis on growth of alveoli and pulmonary arteries and on right ventricle. Arch Dis Child 46: 623–632, 1971.
Anderson EG, Simon G, Reid L: Primary and thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. A quantitative pathological study. J Pathol 110: 273–293, 1973.
Williams A, Trewby P, Williams R, Reid L: Structural alterations to the pulmonary circulation in fulminant hepatic failure. Thorax 34: 447–453, 1975.
Stanley NN, Williams AJ, Dewar CA: Hypoxia and hydrothoraces in a case of liver cirrhosis: Correlation of physiological, radiographic, scintographic and pathological findings. Thorax 32: 457–471, 1977.
Michaels L, Brown NJ, Cory-Wright M: Arterial changes in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Arch Pathol 69: 741–749, 1960.
Naeye RL: Pulmonary vascular lesions in “ ystemic scleroderma. Dis Chest 44: 374–380, 1963.
Nair SS, Askarl AD, Popelka CG, Kleinerman JF: Pulmonary hypertension and systemic lupus erythematosis. Arch Intern Med 140: 109–111, 1980.
Walker WC, Wright V: Pulmonary lesions and rheumatoid arthritis. Medicine 47: 50 1520, 1968.
Lande A, Bard R: Takayasu’s arteritis: An unrecognized cause of pulmonary hypertension. Angiology 27: 114–121, 1976.
Bunch TW, Tancredi RG, Lie JT: Pulmonary hypertension in polymyositis. Chest 79: 105–107, 1981.
Caldwell LW, Aitchison JD: Pulmonary hypertension in dermatomyositis. Br Heart J 18: 273–276, 1956.
Takiainen P, Taskinen E, Vuopio P, Kekomaki R, Wager O: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and pulmonary vasculitis associated with circulating immune complexes. J Clin Lab Immunol 3: 139–145, 1980.
Kay JM, Smith P, Heath D: Aminorex and the pulmonary circulation. Thorax 26: 262–270, 1971.
Heath D, Kay JM: Diet drugs and pulmonary hypertension. In Progress in Cardiology PM Yu, JF Goodwin, eds. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger. p 125–140.
Rogge JD, Mishkin ME, Genovese PD: Familial occurrence of primary pulmonary hypertension. Ann Intern Med 65: 672–684, 1966.
Hendrix GH: Familial primary pulmonary hypertension. South Med J 67: 981–983, 1974.
Bourdillon PD, Oakley CM: Regression of primary pulmonary hypertension. Br Heart J 38: 264–270, 1976.
Fujii A, Rabinovitch M, Matthews EC: A case of spontaneous resolution of idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. Br Heart} 46: 574–577, 1982.
Thilenius OG, Nadas AS, Jocklin H: Primary pulmonary vascular obstruction in children. Pediatrics 36: 75–87, 1965.
Robertson B: Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension in infancy and childhood. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 79: 217–227, 1971.
Wolman M: Hypertrophy of the branches of the pulmonary artery and its possible relationship with so-called primary pulmonary arteriosclerosis in two infants with hypertrophy of the right heart. AmJ MedSci 220: 133–143, 1950.
Meyrick B, Clarke SW, Symons C, Woodgate DJ, Reid L: Primary pulmonary hypertension. A case report including electron microscopic study. Br J Dis Chest 68: 11–20, 1974.
Wagenvoort CA, Losekoot G, Mulder E: Pulmonary verso-occlusive disease of presumably intrauterne origin. Thorax 26: 429–434, 1971.
Rosenthal A, Vawter G, Wagenvoort CA: Intrapulmonary veno-occlusive disease. Am J Cardiol 31: 78–83, 1973.
Heath D, Scott O, Lynch JJ: Pulmonary venoocclusive disease. Thorax 26: 663–674, 1971.
Davies P, Reid L: Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease in siblings: Case reports and morpho-metric study. Pathol 13: 911–915, 1982.
Reeves J: NIH Workshop on Pulmonary Circulation, 1985.
Rich S, Dantzker DR, Ayers SM, Bergofsky H, Bundage B., Detre K, Fishman AP, Goldring FM, Groves BM, Koerner SK, Levy PC, Reid LM, Vreim CE, Williams GW. Primary pulmonary hypertension. A national prospective study. Ann Intern. Med 107; 216–23, 1987.
Crevey BJ, Dantzker DR, Bower JS, Popat KD, Walker SD: Hemodynamic and gas exchange effects of intravenous diltiazem in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Am J Cardiol 49: 578–583, 1982.
Rich S, and Brundage BH. High dose calcium channel blocking therapy for primary pulmonary hypertension; evidence for long-term reduction in pulmonary arterial pressure and regression of right ventricular hypertrophy: Circulation 76: 14; 35–41, 1987.
Camerini F, Alberti E, Klugman N, Salvi A. Primary pulmonary hypertension: Effects of nifedipine. Br Heart J 44: 352–356, 1980.
Simonneau G, Escourrou P, Duroux P, Lockhart A: Inhibition of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by nifedipine. N Engl J Med 304: 1582–1585, 1981.
Guadagni DN, Ikram H, Maslowski AM: Hemodynamic effects of prostacyclin (PGI2) in pulmonary hypertension. Br Heart J 45: 385–88, 1981.
Watkins WD, Peterson MB, Crone RK, Shannon DC, Levine L: Prostacyclin and prostaglandin E1 for severe idiopathic pulmonary artry hypertension. Lancet 1: 1083, (letter) 1980.
Higgenbottam T. The place of prostacyclin in the clinical management of primary pulmonary hypertension. Am Rev Resp Dis 136: 782–786.
Rubin LJ, Peter RH: Oral hydrolazine therapy for primary pulmonary hypertension. N EnglJ Med 302: 69–73, 1980.
Fuster V, Edwards WD: Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension: The importance of a thromboembolic etiology. AmJ Cardiol 49: 986, 1982 (abstract).
Vogel JH, McNamara DG, Hallman G, Rosenberg H, Jamieson G, McCrady JD. Effects of mild chronic hypoxia on the pulmonary circulation in calves with reactive pulmonary hypertension. Circ Res 21: 661–669, 1967.
Hislop A, Reid L: New findings in pulmonary arteries of rats with hypoxia induced pulmonary hypertension. BrJ Exp Path 57: 542–554, 1976.
Meyrick B, Reid L: Endothelial and subintimal changes in rat hilar pulmonary artery during recovery from hypoxia. A quantitative ultra-structural study. Lab Invest 42: 603–615, 1980.
Meyrick B, Reid L: The effect of continued hypoxia on rat pulmonary arterial circulation. Lab Invest 38: 188–200, 1978.
Rabinovitch M, Gamble W, Miettinen OS, Reid L: Age and sex influence on pulmonary hypertension of chronic hypoxia and on potential for recovery. AmJ Physiol 240: 1462–1472, 1981.
Rabinovitch M, Gamble W, Nadas AS, Miettinen OS, Reid L: Rat pulmonary circulation after chronic hypoxia: Hemodynamic and structural features. AmJ Physiol 236: H818 - H827, 1979.
Rabinovitch M, Konstam MA, Gamble WJ, Papanicolaou N, Aronovitz MJ, Treves S, Reid L: Changes in pulmonary blood flow affect vascular response to chronic hypoxia in rats. Circ Res 52: 432–441, 1983.
Stenmark KR, Fasules J, Hyde DM, Henson PM, Voelkel NF, Tucker A, Wilson H, Reeves JT. Severe pulmonary arterial hypertension and arterial adventitial changes in newborn calves at 4300 m. J Appl Physiol 62: 821–30, 1987.
Mecham RP, Whitehorse L, Wrenn DS, Parks WC, Griffen GL, Senior RM, Crouch EC, Stenmark KR, Voelkel NF. Smooth muscle-mediated connective tissue remodeling in pulmonary hypertension. Science 237; 423 - A26, 1987.
Roberts RJ, Wessner KM, BucherJR: Oxygen induced alterations in lung vascular development in the newborn rat. Pediatr Res 17: 368–375, 1983.
Wilson WL, Mullen M, Olley PM, Rabinovitch M: Hyperoxia induced pulmonary vascular and lung abnormalities in young rats and potential for recovery. Pediatr Res 19: 1059–1067, 1985.
Meyrick B, Gamble W, Reid L: Development of rotolaria pulmonary hypertension. Hemodynamic and structural study. Am J Physiol 239: H692 - H702, 1980.
Todd L, Mullen M, Olley PM, Rabinovitch M: Pulmonary toxicity of monocrotaline differs at critical periods of lung development. Pediatr Res 19: 731–737, 1985.
Ferguson DJ, Varco RL: The relation of blood pressure and flow to the development and regression of experimentally induced pulmonary arteriosclerosis. Circ Res 3: 152–158, 1955.
Rendas A, Lennox S, Reid L: Aorta-pulmonary shunts in growing pigs. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 77: 109–118, 1979.
Rendas A, Reid L: Pulmonary vasculature of piglets after correlation of aorta-pulmonary shunts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 85: 911–916, 1983.
Fried R, Meyrick B, Rabinovitch M, Reid L: Polycythemia and the acute hypoxic response in awake rats following chronic hypoxia. J Appl Physiol 55: 1167–1172, 1983.
Fried R, Meyrick B, Rabinovitch M, Reid L: Polycythemia and the acute hypoxic response in awake rats following chronic hypoxia. J Appl Physiol 55: 1167–1172, 1983.
Levin DL, Mills LJ, Weinberg AG: Hemodynamic pulmonary vascular and myocardial abnormalities secondary to pharmacologic constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus. Circulation 60: 360–364, 1979.
Harker LC, Kirkpatrick SE, Freedman WF, Bloor CM: Effects of indomethacin on fetal rat lungs: A possible cause of persistent fetal circulation. Pediatr Res 15: 147–151, 1981.
Jones R, Zapol WM, Reid L: Pulmonary artery remodelling and pulmonary hypertension after exposure to hyperoxia for seven days. Am J Pathol 117: 273–285, 1984.
Hilliker KS, Roth RA: Increased vascular responsiveness in rats with pulmonary hypertension induced by monocrotaline pyrrole. Am Rev Resp Dis 131: 46–50, 1985.
Hilliker KS, Roth RA: Increased vascular responsiveness in rats with pulmonary hypertension induced by monocrotaline pyrrole. Am Rev Resp Dis 131: 46–50, 1985.
Hilliker KS, Roth RA: Increased vascular responsiveness in rats with pulmonary hypertension induced by monocrotaline pyrrole. Am Rev Resp Dis 131: 46–50, 1985.
Ilkiw R, Todorovich-Hunter L, Shin J., Rabinovitch M. An elastase inhibitor may prevent monocrotaline induced pulmonary hypertension. Fed Proc. 46: 730, 1987 (abstract).
Boucek MM, Chang R, Synhorst DP: Hemodynamic consequences of inotropic support with digoxin and amrinone in lambs with ventricular septal defect. Pediatr Res 19: 887–891, 1985.
Blank RH, Muller WH, Damman JF: Experimental pulmonary hypertension. Am J Surg 101: 143–153, 1961.
Ryan U, Clements E, Habliston D, Ryan JW: Isolation and culture of pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Tissue and Cell 10: 535–554, 1978.
Ryan US, White LA, Lopez M, Ryan JW: Use of microcarriers to isolate and culture pulmonary microvascular endothelium. Tissue and Cell 14: 597–606, 1982.
Vender RL, Clemmons DR, Kwock L, Friedman M: Reduced oxygen tension induces pulmonary endothelium to release pulmonary smooth muscle motogen Am Rev Resp Dis. 135: 622–27, 1987.
Rabinovitch M, Bothwell T, Mullen M, Hayakawa BN. Central and microvessel pulmonary artery endothelial cells pulsated at high pressure. Am J Physiol: Cell Physiol (February, 1988, In press).
Rabinovitch M and Bothwell T. An inhibitor of smooth muscle growth is released by cells pulsated at high pressure. Fed Proc: 46; 730 1987 (abstract).
Furchgott RF: Role of endothelium in responses of vascular smooth muscle. Circ Res 53: 557–573, 1983.
DeMey JG, Vanhoutte PM: Heterogeneous behaviour of the canine arterial and venous wall: Importance of the endothelium. Cire Res 51: 439–447, 1982.
Wilson WL, Bothwell T. Rabinoritch M. A pulmonary artery endothelial factor causes unidirectional alignment of smooth muscle cells: Tissue and Cell. 19: 177–82, 1987.
Tan EL, Snyder F: Metabolism of platelet activating factor by capillary enthothelial cells isolated from rat epididymal adipose tissue. Thromb Res 38: 713–717, 1985.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rabinovitch, M. (1988). Pulmonary Vascular Disease. In: Konstam, M.A., Isner, J.M. (eds) The Right Ventricle. Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, vol 83. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1773-9_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1773-9_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8994-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-1773-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive