Abstract
The Flaviviridae are the most medically important group of arthropod-borne viruses. Previously classified as members of the Togaviridae, in 1984 flaviviruses were put into the new virus family Flaviviridae (1). This reclassification was the result of recent research that clearly demonstrated the significant differences in genome structure, gene order, replication strategy and virus morphogenesis between the flaviviruses and other togaviruses. Because of inherent, as well as technical difficulties, the analysis of flaviviruses at the molecular level has been particularly slow. However, the recent successful cloning and sequencing of several flavivirus genomes (2, 3, 4) has dramatically increased our knowledge of the genetic organization of the flaviviruses. Current research efforts are focused on identifying the proteases which are responsible for processing the viral precursor polypeptide, characterizing the functions of the 7 viral non-structural proteins, delineating the nucleic acid signals which regulate viral RNA transcription, determining whether host cell proteins function as components of the viral replication complexes, and analyzing viral mutations which affect virulence.
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
- West Nile Virus
- Japanese Encephalitis Virus
- Cerebral Spinal Fluid
- Japanese Encephalitis Virus
- Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
Westaway, E.G., Brinton, M.A., Gaidamovich, S.Ya., Horzinek, M.C., Igarashi, A., Kaariainen, L., Lvov, D.K., Porterfield, J.S., Russell, P.K., and Trent, D.W. Intervirology 24, 183–192, 1986.
Rice, C.M, Lenches, E.M., Eddy, S.R., Shin, S.J., Sheets, R.L., and Strauss, J.H. Science 229, 726–733, 1985.
Castle, E., Leidner, U., Nowak, T., Wengler, G., and Wengler, G. Virology 149, 10–26, 1986.
Zhao, B., Mackow, E., Buckler-White, A., Markoff, L., Chanock, R.M., Lai, C-J., and Makino, Y. Virology 155, 77–88, 1986.
Shope, R.E. In: The Togaviruses. (Ed. R.W. Schlesinger) Academic Press, New York, 1980, pp. 47–82.
Monath, T.P.In: Virology (Ed. B.N. Fields) Raven Press, New York, 1985, pp. 955–1004.
Monath, T.P.In: : The Togaviridae and Flaviviridae (Eds. S. Schlesinger and M. Schlesinger)., Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, 1986, pp. 375–440.
Halstead, S.B. Am. J. Epidemiol. 114, 632–648, 1981.
Grimstad, P.R., Ross, Q.E., and Craig, G.B. Jr., J. Med. Entomol. 17, 1–17, 1980.
Eckels, K.H., Brandt, W.E., Harrison, V.R., McConn, J.M., and Russell, P.K. Infect. Immun. 14, 1221–1227, 1976.
Trent, D.W., Grant, J.A., Vorndam, A.V. and Monath, T.P. Virology 114, 319–332, 1981.
Malkova, D. Acta. Virol. (Praha) 4, 233, 1960.
Huang, C.H. and Wong, C. Acta. Virol. (Praha) 7, 322–330, 1963.
Nathanson, N. In: St. Louis encephalitis (Ed. T.P. Monath), APHA, Washington, D.C., 1980, pp. 201–236.
Zisman, B., Wheelock, E.F., and Allison, A.C. J. Immunol. 107, 236–243, 1971.
Monath, T.P., Cropp, C.B., and Harrison, B.S. Lab. Invest. 48, 399–410, 1983.
Gardner, J.J. and Reyes, M.G.In: St. Louis encephalitis (Ed. T.P. Monath), APHA, Washington, D.C., 1980, pp. 551–570.
Reyes, M.G., Gardner, J.J., Poland, J.D. Arch. Neruol. 38, 329–334, 1981.
Buescher, E.L. and Scherer W.F. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 8, 719–722, 1959.
Chaturvedi, U.C., Mathur, A., Chandra, A., Das, S.K., Tandon, H.O. and Singh, U.K. J. Infect. Dis. 141, 712–715, 1980.
Dickerson, R.B., Newton, J.R., and Hansen, J.E. Am. J. Med. 12, 277–290, 1952.
Shiraki, H. In: Clinical Virology (Eds. R. Debre and J. Celers), Saunders, Philadelphia, 1970, pp. 156–175.
Ketel, W.B. and Ognibene, A.J. Am. J. Med. Sci. 26, 271–279, 1971.
Miyake, M., Bull. WHO 30, 153–160, 1964.
Edelman, R. and Paryanonda, A. Am. J. Epidemiol. 98, 29–38, 1973.
Burke, D.S. and Nisalak, A. J. Clin. Microbiol. 15, 353–361, 1982.
Rubin, S.G. and Chumakov, M.P. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. (Suppl. 9), 231–236.
Heinz, F.X. and Kunz, C. J. Gen. Virol. 62, 271–285, 1982.
Trent, D.W., Grant, J.A., Vorndam, A.V. and Monath, J.P. Virology 114, 319–332, 1981.
Trent, D.W., Grant, J.A., Rosen, L., and Monath, T.P. Virology 128, 271–284, 1983.
Blaskovic, D., Pucekova, G. and Kubinyi, L. Bull. WHO 36, 89–94, 1967.
Gresikova, M., Sekeyova, M., Stupalova, S. and Necas, S. Intervirology 5, 57–61, 1975.
Gresikova, M. and Beran, G.W.In: CRC Handbook Series in Zoonoses, Section B: Viral Zoonoses, Vol. I (Ed. G.W. Beran) CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1981, pp. 201–208.
Radsel-Medvescek, A., Marolt-Gomiscek, M., and Gajsek-Zima, M. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. (Suppl. 9): 277–280, 1980.
Pogodina, V.V., Levina, L.S., Fokina, G.I., Koreshkova, G.V., Malenko, G.V., Bochkova, N.G., and Rzhakhowa, O.E. Acta Virol. 25, 352–360, 1981.
Price, W.H., Virology 29, 679–801, 1966.
Zlotnik, I., Grant, D.P., and Carter, G.B. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 57, 200–210, 1976.
Ogawa, M., Okubo, H., Tsuji, Y., Yasui, N., and Someda, K.J. Neurol. Sci. 19, 363–373, 1973.
Mueller, W.K. and Schaltenbrand, G. J. Neurol. 220, 1–20, 1979.
Lopes, O., Coimbra, T.L.M., Sacchetta, L. deA., and Calisher, C.H. Am. J. Epidemiol. 107, 444–449, 1978.
Lopes, O., Sacchetta, L. deA., Coimbra, T.L.M., Pinto, G.H., and Glasser, C.M., Am. J. Epidemiol. 108, 394–401, 1978.
Doherty, R.L., Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 55, 103–130, 1977.
Essed, W.C.A.H., and Van Tongeren, H.A.E. Trop. Geogr. Med. 17, 52–55, 1965.
Bennett, N.McK., Med. J. Aust. 2, 446–450, 1976.
Webb, H.E. and Rao, R.L. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 55, 284–298, 1961.
Murphy, F.A., Iris The Togaviruses. (Ed. R.W. Schlesinger) Academic Press, New York, 1980, pp. 241–316.
Smith, G.W. and Wright, P.J., J. Gen. Virol. 66 559–571, 1985.
Schlesinger, J.J., Brandriss, M.W., and Monath, T.P. Virology 125, 8–17, 1983.
Shapiro, D., Brandt, W.E., and Russell, P.K., Virology 50, 906–911, 1972.
Stephenson, J.R., Lee, J.M., and Wilton-Smith, P.D., J. Gen. Virol. 62, 81–89, 1984.
Heinz, F.X., Berger, R., Turna, W., and Kunz, C. Virology 126, 525–537, 1983.
Peiris, J.S.M., Porterfield, J.S., and Roehrig, J.T., J. Gen. Virol. 58, 283–289, 1982.
Roehrig, J.T., Mathews, J.H., and Trent, D.W., Virology 128, 118–126, 1983.
Henchal, E.A., Gentry, M.K., McCown, J.M., and Brandt, W.E., Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 31, 830–836, 1982.
Rossmann, M.G., Arnold, E., Erickson, J.W., Frankenberger, E.A., Griffith, J.P., Hecht, H-J., Johnson, J.E., Kamer, G., Luo, M., Mosser, A.G., Rueckert, R.R., Sherry, B., and Vriend, G. Nature 317, 145–153, 1985.
Luo, M., Vriend, G., Kamer, G., Minor, I., Arnold, E., Rossman, M.G., Boege, U., Scraba, D.G., Duke, G.M., and Palmenberg, A.C. Science 235, 182–191, 1987.
Hogle, J.M., Chow, M., and Filman, D.J., Science 229, 1358–1365, 1985.
Gollins, S.W. and Porterfield, J.S. J. Gen. Virol. 67, 1941–1950, 1986.
Gollins, S.W. and Porterfield, J.S. J. Gen. Virol. 67, 157–166, 1986.
Cleaves, G.R., Ryan, T.E., and Schlesinger, R.W. Virology 111, 73–83, 1981.
Deubel, V., Crouset, J., Benichou, D., Digoutte, J.-P., Bouloy, M., and Girard, M., Ann. Virol. 134E, 581–588, 1983.
Cleaves, G.R. and Dubin, D.T., Virology 96, 159–165, 1979.
Wengler, G., Wengler, G., and Gross, H.J., Virology 89, 423–437, 1978.
Wengler, G. and Wengler, G., Virology 113, 544–555, 1981.
Brinton, M.A., Fernandez, A.V., and Dispoto, J.H., Virology 153, 113–121, 1986.
Rueckert, R. In: Virology (Ed. B.N. Fields) Raven Press, New York, 1985, pp. 705–738.
Brinton, M.A. and Dispoto, J.H. Virology, 162, 290–299, 1988.
Strauss, E.G. and Strauss, J.H., Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 105, 1–98, 1983.
Dalgarno, L., Trent, D.W., Strauss, J.H., and Rice, CM., J. Mol. Biol. 187, 309–323, 1986.
Rice, C.M., Strauss, E.G. and Strauss, J.H.In: Togaviridae and Flaviviridae, the viruses (Eds. S. Schlesinger and M. Schlesinger), Plenum Publishing Corp., New York, 1986, pp. 279–326.
Lubiniecki, A.S. and Henry, C.J., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 145, 1165–1169, 1974.
Ng, M.L., Pederson, J.S., Toh, B.H., and Westaway, E.G., Arch. Virol. 78, 177–190, 1983.
Brinton, M.A.In: Togaviridae and Flaviviridae, the viruses (Eds. S. Schlesinger and M. Schlesinger), Plenum Publishing Corp., New York, 1986, pp. 329–376.
Chu, P.W.G. and Westaway, E.G., Virology 140, 68–79, 1984.
Grun, J.B. and Brinton, M.A. J. Virol. 60, 1113–1124, 1986.
Grun, J.B. and Brinton, M.A., J. Virol. 61, 3641–3644, 1987.
Landers, T.A., Blumenthal, T., and Weber, K., J. Biol. Chem. 249, 5801–5808.
Blumenthal, J. Methods Enzymol. 60, 628–638, 1979.
Dasgupta, A., Zabel, P. and Baltimore, D. Cell 19, 423–429, 1980.
Morrow, C.D., Lubinski, J., Hocko, J., Gibbons, G.F. and Dasgupta, A. J. Virol. 53, 266–272, 1985.
Brinton, M.A. J. Virol. 46, 860–870, 1983.
Brinton, M.A., Blank, K.J., and Nathanson, N. In: Concepts in viral pathogenesis (Eds. A.L. Notkins and M.B.A. Oldstone), Springer Verlag, New York, pp. 71–78, 1984.
Smith, A., Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 30, 1319–1323, 1981.
Reid, H.W. J. Comp. Pathol. 85, 223–229, 1975.
Reid, H.W. and Moss, R. Int Arbovirus in the Mediterranean Countries (eds. J. Vesenjak-Hirjan; J.S. Porterfield, and E. Arslanagic), Abh. Bakteriol. Suppl. 9, pp. 219–223, 1980.
Warren, A.J. In: Yellow Fever (ed. G.K. Strode), McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 6–37, 1951.
Huang, C.H. Adv. Virus Res. 27, 71–101, 1982.
Monath, T.P., Cropp, C.B., Bowen, G.S., Kemp, G.E., Mitchell, C.J., and Gardner, J.J., Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 29, 948–962, 1980.
Fitzgeorge, R. and Bradish, C.J. J. Gen. Virol. 46, 1–13, 1980.
Bowen, G.S., Monath, T.P., Kemp, G.E., Kerschner, J.H., and Kirk, L.J. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 29, 1411–1419, 1980.
Mitchell, C.J., Gubler, D.J., and Monath, T.P., J. Med. Entomol. 20, 526–533, 1983.
Parks, J.J., Ganaway, J.R. and Price, W.H. Am. J. Hyg. 68, 106–119, 1958.
Holland, J.J. In: Concepts in Viral Pathogenesis (eds. A.L. Notkins and M.B.A. Oldstone), Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 137–143, 1984.
Trent, D.W., Monath, T.P., Bowen, G.S., Vorndam, A.V., Cropp, C.B. and Kemp, G.E. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 354, 219–237, 1980.
Guirakhoo, F. and Heinz, F. J. Gen. Virol. 67,859–864, 1987.
Davis, N.L., Fuller, F.J., Dougherty, W.G., Olmsted, R.A., and Johnston, R.E. PNAS 83, 6771–6775, 1986.
Dietzschold, B., Wunner, W.H., Wiktor, T.J., Lopes, A.D., Lafon, M., Smith, CL., and Koprowski, H. PNAS 80, 70–74, 1983.
Schmaljohn, C. and Blair, C.D. J. Virol. 24, 580–589, 1977.
Katz, E. and Goldblum, N. Arch. Gesamte. Virusforsch. 25, 69–82, 1968.
Brinton, M.A. Virology 116, 84–98, 1982.
Matthews, J.H. and Vorndam, A.V. J. Gen. Virol. 61, 177–186, 1982.
Kuno, G. Intervirology 18, 45–55, 1982.
Brinton, M.A., Davis, J. and Schaefer, D. Virology 140, 152–158, 1985.
Webster, L.T. and Clow, A.D. J. Exp. Med. 63, 827–845, 1936.
Slavin, H.B. J. Bacteriol. 46, 113–118, 1943.
Hotta, H., Murakami, I., Miyasaki, K., Takeda, Y., Shirane, H., and Hotta, S. J. Gen. Virol. 52, 71–76, 1981.
Mathur, A., Arora, K.L., and Chaturvedi, U.C. J. Gen. Virol. 59, 213–217, 1982.
Malenko, G.V., Fokina, G.I., Levina, L.S., Mamonenko, L.E., Rzhakhova, O.E., Pogodina, V.V. and Frolova, M.P. Acta Virol. 26, 362–368, 1982.
Fokina, G.I., Malenko, G.V., Levina, L.S., Koreshkova, G.V., Rzhakhova, O.E., Mamonenko, L.L., Pogodina, V.V. and Frolova, M.P. Acta. Virol. 26, 369–375, 1982.
Frolova, M.P. and Pogodina, V.V. Acta Virol. 28, 232–239, 1984.
Pogodina, V.V., Frolova, M.P., Malenko, G.V., Fokina, G.I., Koreshkova, L.L., Kiseleva, N.G., Bochkova, N.G. and Ralph, N.M. Arch. Virol. 75, 71–86, 1983.
Edelman, R., Schneider, R.J., Vejjajiva, A., Pornpibul, R., and Voodhikul, P. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 23, 733–738, 1976.
Monath, T.P. Am. J. Epidemiol. 93, 122–129, 1971.
Weiner, L.P., Cole, G.A., and Nathanson, N. J. Hyg. 68, 435–446, 1970.
Albrecht, P. In: Biology of Viruses of the Tick-borne encephalitis complex (Ed. H. Libikova), Academic Press, New York, pp. 247–257, 1960.
Peck, J.L. Jr. and Savin, A.B. J. Exp. Med. 85, 647–662, 1947.
Speight, C., Coia, G., Parker, M.D., and Westaway, E.B. J. Gen. Virol. 69, 23–34, 1988.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brinton, M. (1989). Flaviviruses. In: Gilden, D.H., Lipton, H.L. (eds) Clinical and Molecular Aspects of Neurotropic Virus Infection. Developments in Medical Virology, vol 5. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1675-6_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1675-6_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8935-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-1675-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive