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Alphaviruses

  • Chapter
Clinical and Molecular Aspects of Neurotropic Virus Infection

Part of the book series: Developments in Medical Virology ((DIMV,volume 5))

Abstract

Alphaviruses are arthropod-borne togaviruses of which several are causal agents of human and animal disease. The viruses are maintained in nature by alternate cycles of replication in invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Alphavirus particles are roughly spherical and are composed of an isosahedral nucleocapsid surrounding an RNA genome and an envelope in which viral glycoproteins are imbedded. The single-stranded RNA genome is infectious and is transcribed into polycistronic mRNA, which encodes six nonstructural and three structural proteins. The structural proteins are translated from a subgenomic messenger transcribed from the 3’-third of the genome. Antibodies to the envelope proteins provide protective immunity and a means for serologic identification of the viruses and the specific diagnosis of infection.

Alphaviruses invade the central nervous system (CNS) through the blood. Infections usually result in acute self-limited illnesses with no evidence of persistent infection. Case-fatality ratios range from 5% for western equine encephalitis to 50% in cases of eastern equine encephalitis. Infants are at greatest risk of residual neurologic damage after recovery, and there is some evidence that the alphaviruses can cause infections in utero and that they may be teratogenic.

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  1. Division of Vector-Borne Viral Diseases, Center of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, P.O. Box 2087, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80522, USA

    D. W. Trent, J. T. Roehrig & T. F. Tsai

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  1. Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, 80262, USA

    Donald H. Gilden M.D. (Professor and Chairman) (Professor and Chairman)

  2. Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA

    Howard L. Lipton M.D. (Professor and Acting Chairman) (Professor and Acting Chairman)

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Trent, D.W., Roehrig, J.T., Tsai, T.F. (1989). Alphaviruses. In: Gilden, D.H., Lipton, H.L. (eds) Clinical and Molecular Aspects of Neurotropic Virus Infection. Developments in Medical Virology, vol 5. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1675-6_1

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