Abstract
The institution of neonatal intensive care units has resulted in a revolutionary improvement in the survival of severely premature infants in the past 10 years. This chapter reviews the diagnostic evaluation of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), which along with respiratory distress syndrome and necrotizing enterocolitis represents the major source of morbidity and mortality in this patient group.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Leech RW, Kohnen P. Subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhages in the newborn. Am J Pathol 1974;77:465–476.
Caen RW, Sutherland JM, Bove K, McAdams AJ. Anatomic and epidemiologic features of the stroke lesion of newborn infants. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1970;95:36–40.
Volpe JJ. Neurology of the Newborn. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 1987:282–361.
Grant EG. Sonography of the premature brain: intracranial hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia. In: Naidich TP, Quencer RM (eds). Clinical Neurosonography, Ultrasound of the Central Nervous System. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987:110–124.
Papile L-A, Burstein J, Burstein R, Koffler H. Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage: a study of infants with birth weights less than 1,500 gm. J Pediatr 1978;92:529–534.
Burstein J, Papile L, Burstein R. Intraventricular hemorrhage and hydrocephalus in premature newborns: a prospective study with CT. AJR 1979; 132:631–635.
Lee BP, Grassi AE, Schecner S, Auld PAM. Neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage: a serial computed tomography study. J Comput Assist Tomog 1979;3:483–490.
Kosmetatos N, Dinter C, Williams ML, Lourie H, Berne AS. Intracranial hemorrhage in the premature. AJDC 1980;134:855–859.
Bejar R, Curbelo V, Coen RW, Leopold G, James H, Gluck L. Diagnosis and follow-up of intraventricular and intracerebral hemorrhages by ultrasound studies of infant’s brain through the fontanelles and sutures. Pediatrics 1980;66:661–673.
Cooke RWI. Factors associated with periventricular haemorrhage in very low birth weight infants. Arch Dis Child 1981;56:425–431.
Grant EG, Borts FT, Schellinger D, McCullough D, Sirasulramanian KN, Smith Y. Real-time ultrasonography of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage and comparison with computed tomography. Radiology 1981;139:687–691.
Smith WL, McGuinness G, Cavanaugh D, Courtney S. Ultrasound screening of premature infants: longitudinal follow-up of intracranial hemorrhage. Radiology 1983;147:445–448.
Flodmark O, Fitz CH, Harwood-Nash DC. CT diagnosis and short-term prognosis of intracranial hemorrhage and hypoxic/ischemic brain damage in neonates. J Comput Assist Tomog 1980;4:775–787.
Grant EG (ed). Neurosonography of the Pre-term Neonate. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986.
Hayden CK Jr, Shattuck KE, Richardson CJ, Ahrendt DK, House R, Swischuk LE. Subependymal germinal matrix hemorrhage in full-term neonates. Pediatrics 1985;75:714–718.
Wiggles worth JS, Pape KE. Pathophysiology of intracranial haemorrhage in the newborn. J Perinat Med 1980;8:119–133.
Harwood-Nash DC, Flodmark O. Diagnostic imaging of the neonatal brain: review and protocol. AJNR 1982;3:103–115.
Volpe JJ. Cerebral blood flow in the newborn infant: relation to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and periventricular hemorrhage. J Pediatr 1979;94:170–173.
Rayburn WF, Donn SM, Kolin MG, Schork MA. Obstetric care and intraventricular hemorrhage in the low birth weight infant. Obstet Gynecol 1983; 62:408–413.
Lipscomb AP, Reynolds EOR, Blackwell RJ, Thorburn RJ, Stewart AL, Cusick G, Whitehead MD. Pneumothorax and cerebral haemorrhage in preterm infants. Lancet 1981:414–416.
Goddard-Finegold J. Periventricular, intraventricular hemorrhages in the premature newborn. Update on pathologic features, pathogenesis, and possible means of prevention. Arch Neurol 1984;41:766–771.
Tejani N, Rebold B, Tuck S, Ditroia D, Sutro W, Verma U. Obstetric factors in the causation of early periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage. Obstet Gynecol 1984;64:510–515
Hill A, Perlman JM, Volpe JJ. Relationship of pneumothorax to occurrence of intraventricular hemorrhage in the premature newborn. Pediatrics 1982; 69:144–149.
Hill A, Volpe JJ. Seizures, hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, and intraventricular hemorrhage in the newborn. Ann Neurol 1981;10:109–121.
Bartlett RH, Gazzaniga AB, Toomasian J, Corwin AG, Roloff D, Rucker R. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in neonatal respiratory failure. Ann Surg 1986;204:236–245.
Rumack CM, Guggenheim MA, Rumack BH, Peterson RG, Johnson ML, Braithwaite WR. Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage and maternal use of aspirin. Obstet Gynecol 1981;58:52S–56S.
Setzer ES, Webb IV, Wassenaar JW, Reeder JD, Mehta PS, Fitzman DV. Platelet dysfunction and coagulopathy in intraventricular hemorrhage in the premature infant. J Pediatr 1982;100:599–605.
Chaou W-T, Chou M-L, Eitzman DV. Intracranial hemorrhage and vitamin К deficiency in early infancy. J Pediatr 1984;105:880–884.
Sia CG, Amigo NC, Harper RG, Farahani G, Kochen J. Failure of caesarean section to prevent intracranial hemorrhage in siblings with isoimmune neonatal thrombocytopenia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 153: 79–81.
Bowerman RA, Zwischenberger JB, Andrews AF, Bartlett RH. Cranial sonography of the infant treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. AJNR 1985;6:377–382.
Rumack CM, Manco-Johnson ML, Manco-Johnson MJ, Koops BL, Hathaway WE, Appareti K. Timing and course of neonatal intracranial hemorrhage using real-time ultrasound. Radiology 1985;154:101–105.
Hecht ST, Filly RA, Callen PW, Wilson-Davis SL. Intracranial hemorrhage: late onset in the preterm neonate. Radiology 1983;149:697–699.
Ment LR, Duncan CC, Ehrenkranz RA, Lange RC, Taylor KJ, Kleinman CS, Scott DT, Sivo J, Gettner P. Intraventricular hemorrhage in the preterm neonate: timing and cerebral blood flow changes. J Pediatr 1984;104:419–425.
Hawgood S, Spong J, Yu VYH. Intraventricular hemorrhage. Incidence and outcome in a population of very-low-birth-weight infants. AJDC 1984; 138: 136–139.
Lebed MR, Schifrin BS, Waffran F, Hohler CW, Afriat CI. Real-time B scanning in the diagnosis of neonatal intracranial hemorrhage. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;142:851–861.
Gilstrap LC III, Hauth JC, Bell RE, Ackerman NB Jr, Yoder BA, Delemos R. Survival and short-term morbidity of the premature neonate. Obstet Gynecol 1985;65:37–41.
Baerts W, Meradji M. Cranial ultrasound in preterm infants: long-term follow-up. Arch Dis Child 1985; 60:702–705.
Allan WC, Holt PJ, Sawyer LR, Tito AM, Meade SK. Ventricular dilation after neonatal periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage. AJDC 1982; 136:589–593.
Thorburn RJ, Stewart AL, Hope PL, Lipscomb AP, Reynolds EOR, Pape KE. Prediction of death and major handicap in very preterm infants by brain ultrasound. Lancet 1981; 1119–1121.
Papile L-A, Munsick-Bruno G, Schaefer A. Relationship of cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage and early childhood neurologic handicaps. J Pediatr 1983; 103:273–277.
Kirks DR, Bowie JD. Cranial ultrasonography of neonatal periventricular/intraventricular hemorrhage: who, how, why and when? Pediatr Radiol 1986; 16:114–119.
Graziani LJ, Pasto M, Stanley C, Steben J, Desai H, Desai S, Foy PM, Branca P, Goldberg BB. Cranial ultrasound and clinical studies in preterm infants. J Pediatr 1985;106:269–276.
Bennett FC, Chandler LS, Robinson NM, Sells CJ. Spastic diplegia in premature infants. Am J Dis Child 1981;135:732–737.
Krishnamoorthy KS, Shannon DC, DeLong GR, Todres ID, Davis KR. Neurologic sequelae in the survivors of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage. Pediatrics 1979;64:233–237.
TeKolste KA, Bennett FC, Mack LA. Follow-up of infants receiving cranial ultrasound for intracranial hemorrhage. Am J Dis Child 1984;139:299–303.
Williamson WD, Desmond MM, Wilson GS, Murphy MA, Rozelle J, Garcia-Prats JA. Survival of low-birth-weight infants with neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage. Am J Dis Child 1983;137:1181–1184.
Levene MJ, Wigglesworth JS, Dubowitz V. Cerebral structure and intraventricular haemorrhage in the neonate: a real-time ultrasound study. Arch Dis Child 1981;56:416–424.
Rose WS, Wolfson M. Real-time ultrasonography of the neonatal head. JAMA 1983;250:3212–3215.
Allan WC, Roveto CA, Sawyer LR, Courtney SE. Sector scan ultrasound imaging through the anterior fontanelle. Am J Dis Child 1980;134:1028–1031.
Rumack CM, Johnson ML. Perinatal and Infant Brain Imaging: Role of ultrasound and Computed Tomography Chicago: Yearbook Medical Publishing Co., 1984.
Bowerman RA, Donn SM, Silver TM, Jaffee MH. Natural history of neonatal periventricular/intraven-tircular hemorrhage and its complications: sonographic observations. AJR 1984;143:1041–1052.
Warren P, Garrett W, Lam A, Berry A, Kossoff G. Neonatal echoencephalography. Ultrasound in Med & Biol 1984;10:117–131.
Maklad NF. Ultrasound of the neonatal brain. In: Ultrasound in Perinatology. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1986:129–156.
Sauerbrei EE, Digney M, Harrison PB, Cooperberg PL. Ultrasonic evaluation of neonatal intracranial hemorrhage and its complications. Radiology 1981; 139:677–685.
Fiske CE, Filly RA, Callen PN. The normal choroid plexus. Ultrasonographic appearance of the neonatal head. Radiology 1981;141:467–471.
Siedler DE, Mahony BS, Hoddick WK, Callen PW. A specular reflection arising from the ventricular wall: a potential pitfall in the diagnosis of germinal matrix hemorrhage. J Ultrasound Med 1985;4:109–112.
Veyrac C, Couture A. Normal and pathologic choroid plexus ultrasound. Ann Radiol 1985;28:215–223.
Reeder JD, Kaude JV, Setzer ES. Choroid plexus hemorrhage in premature neonates. AJNR 1982; 3:619–622.
Armstrong DW, Sauls CD, Goddard-Finegold J. Neuropathologic findings in short-term survivors of intraventricular hemorrhage. Am J Dis Child 1987; 141:617–621.
Slabaugh RD, Smith JA, Lemons J, Schreiner R, Macdonald N, Cohen MD. Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage and complicating hydrocephalus. J Clin Ultrasound 1984;12:261–266.
Kreusser KL, Tarby TJ, Taylor D, Kovnar E, Hill A, Conry JA, Volpe JJ. Rapidly progressive posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Am J Dis Child 1984; 138:633–637.
Levene MI, Starte DR. A longitudinal study of post-haemorrhagic ventricular dilatation in the newborn. Arch Dis Child 1981;56:905–910.
Kreusser KL, Tarby J, Kovnar E, Taylor DA, Hill A, Volpe JJ. Serial lumbar punctures for at least temporary amelioration of neonatal posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Pediatrics 1985;75:719–724.
Kaiser AM, Whitelaw AGL. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure during post haemorrhagic ventricular dilatation in newborn infants. Arch Dis Child 1985;60:920–924.
Marlin AE. Protection of the cortical mantle in premature infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 1980;7:464–468.
Chow PP, Horgan JG, Burns PN, Weltin G. Taylor KJW. Choroid plexus papilloma: detection by realtime and doppler sonography AJNR 1986;7:168–170.
Levene MI, De Vries L. Extension of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage. Arch Dis Child 1984;59: 631–636.
Banker BQ, Larroche J-C. Periventricular leukoma-lacia of infancy. Arch Neurol 1962;7:386–409.
Grant EG, Schellinger D. Sonography of neonatal periventricular leukomalacia: recent experience with a 7.5-MHz scanner. AJNR 1985;6:781–785.
Chow PP, Horgan JG, Taylor KJW. Neonatal periventricular leukomalacia: real-time sonographic diagnosis with CT correlation. AJNR 1985;6:383–388.
Bowerman RA, Donn SM, DiPietro MA, D’Amato CJ, Hicks SP. Periventricular leukomalacia in the pre-term newborn infant: sonographic and clinical features. Radiology 1984;151:383–388.
Grant ED, Schellinger D, Richardson JD, Coffey ML, Smirniotopoulous JG. Echogenic periventricular halo: normal sonographic finding or neonatal cerebral hemorrhage. AJR 1983;140:793–796.
Slovis TL, Shankaran S, Bedard MP, Poland RL. Intracranial hemorrhage in the hypoxic-ischemic infant: ultrasound demonstration of unusual complications. Radiology 1984;151:163–169.
Schellinger D, Grant EG, Richardson JD. Neonatal leukencephalopathy: a common form of cerebral ischemia. Radio Graphics 1985;5:221–242.
Manger MN, Feldman RC, Brown WJ, Mitchell LS, Waffarn F, Shields WD. Intracranial ultrasound diagnosis of neonatal periventricular leukomalacia. J Ultrasound Med 1984;3:59–63.
Martin R, Roessmann U, Fanaroff A. Massive intra-cerebellar hemorrhage in low-birth-weight infants. J Pediatr 1976;89:290–293.
Grunnet ML, Shields DW. Cerebellar hemorrhage in the premature infant. J Pediatr 1976;88:605–608.
Peterson CM, Smith WL, Franken EA. Neonatal intracerebellar hemorrhage: detection by real-time ultrasound. Radiology 1984;150:391–392.
Aoki N, Masuzawa H. Infantile acute subdural hematoma. Clinical analysis of 26 cases. J Neurosurg 1984; 61:273–280.
Fenichel GM, Webster DL, Wong KT. Intracranial hemorrhage in the term newborn. Arch Neurol 1984; 41:30–34.
Ennis MG, Kaude JV, Williams JL. Sonographic diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage in premature newborn infants: a retrospective study with histopathologic and CT correlation. J Ultrasound Med 1985;4:183–187.
Dewbury KC, Bates RI. Neonatal intracranial haemorrhage: the cause of the ultrasound appearances. Br J Radiol 1983;56:783–789.
Han JS, Benson JE, Kaufman, B, et al. MR imaging of pediatric cerebral abnormalities. JCAT 1985; 9(1):103–114.
Pennock JM, Bydder GM, Dubowitz LMS, Johnson MA. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in children. MRI 1986;4(l):l–9.
Dubowitz LMS, Pennock JM, Johnson MA, Bydder GM. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in children. Clin Radiol 1986;37:113–117.
Gomori JM, Grossman RI, Goldberg HI, et al. Intracranial hematomas: Imaging by high yield MR. Radiology 1985;157:87–93.
Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT. Applications of magnetic resonance imaging in diseases of the pediatric central nervous system. MRl 1986;4:11–24.
Mills CM, Brant-Zawadzki M, et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance: Principles of blood flow imaging. AJR 1984;142:165–170.
Bydder GM. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Radiol Clin NA 1984;22:779–793.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rosenthal, S.J., Johnson, J.A., Batnitzky, S. (1989). Neonatal Intracranial Hemorrhage. In: Sarwar, M., Batnitzky, S. (eds) Imaging of Non-Traumatic Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Disorders of the Central Nervous System. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1653-4_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1653-4_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8918-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-1653-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive