Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Atherosclerotic Extracranial Occlusive Cerebrovascular Disease

  • Chapter
Imaging of Non-Traumatic Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Disorders of the Central Nervous System

  • 53 Accesses

Abstract

The term stroke denotes acute vascular and brain changes leading to rapid development of neurologic deficits. This condition was first described by Hippocrates as apoplexy, a term still in use today. The original Greek word, apoplexia, means to strike down —hence, the term stroke [1]. Hippocrates thought that the reason for apoplexy was hot blood vessels filled with white phlegm and black bile. Since Hip-pocrates’s time, a large body of knowledge about brain circulation, metabolism, and pathology has been acquired, especially over the last 30 years, and it is now well recognized that stroke may be caused by both intracranial and extracranial disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Fields WS. Aortocranial occlusive disease (Stroke). Clin Symp 1974;26:3–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Sarwar M. Cerebrovascular disease and nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage. In: Sarwar M., AzarKia B, Batnitzky S (eds). Basic Neuroradiology. St. Louis: Warren H. Green, 1983:486–534.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Wylie EJ, Ehrenfeld WK. Extracranial Occlusive Cerebrovascular Disease: Diagnosis and Management. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Drayer BP. Diseases of the cerebral vascular system. In; Rosenberg RN, Heinz ER (eds). The Clinical Neurosciences, Vol. 4. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1984:247–360.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Taveras JM, Wood EH. Diagnostic Neuroradiology. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1976:850–876.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Hunt JR. The role of the carotid arteries in the causation of vascular lesions of the brain with remarks on certain special features of the symptomatology. Am J Med Sci 1914;147:704–713.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Fisher M. Occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Arch Neurol Psychiat 1951;65:346–377.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Lyons C, Galbraith G. Surgical treatment of atherosclerotic occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Ann Surg 1957;146:487–498.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Stehbens WE. Pathology of the Cerebral Blood Vessels. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby Co., 1972:98–130.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Imparato AM, Riles RS, Gorstein F. The carotid bifurcation plaque: Pathologic findings associated with cerebral ischemia. Stroke 1979;53:665–674.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Kricheff II. Arteriosclerotic ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Radiology 1987;162:101–109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Osborne AG. Introduction to Cerebral Angiography. Hagerstown: Harper and Row, 1980:41.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Wood EH, Correll JW. Atheromatous ulceration in major neck vessels as a cause of cerebral embolism. Acta Radiol 1969;9(special issue):520–536.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Fisher CM. Transient monocular blindness associated with hemiplegia. Trans Am Neurosurg Assoc 1951; 154–158.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Grady PA. Pathophysiology of extracranial cerebral arterial stenosis: A critical review. Stroke 1984; 15: 224–236.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kilgore BB, Fields WS. Arterial occlusive disease in adults. In: Newton TH, Potts GD (eds). Radiology of the Skull and Brain. St Louis: C.V. Mosby Co., 1974: 2310–2343.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Verter J. Risk factors for stroke. In: Smith RR (ed). Stroke and the Extracranial Vessels. New York: Raven Press, 1984:47–85.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Sandok BA, Furlan AJ, Whisnant JP, Sundt TF Jr. Guidelines for the management of transient ischemic attacks. Mayo Clin Proc 1978;53:665–674.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Whisnant JP. A population study of stroke and TIA: Rochester, Minnesota. In: Gillingham FJ, Mawdsley C, Williams AE (eds). Stroke. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1976:21–39.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Whisnant JP, Matsumoto N, Elveback LR, Transient cerebral ischemic attacks in a community: Rochester, Minnesota, 1955 through 1969. Mayo Clin Proc 1973; 48:194–198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Matsumoto N, Whisnant JP, Kurland LT, Okazaki H. Natural history of stroke in Rochester, Minnesota, 1955 through 1969: An extension of a previous study, 1945 through 1954. Stroke 1973;4:20–29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Marshall J. The natural history of transient ischemic cerebro-vascular attacks. QJ Med 1964;33:309–324.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Baker RN, Ramseyer JC, Schwartz WS. Prognosis in patients with transient cerebral ischemic attacks. Neurology (Minneapolis) 1968;18:1157–1165.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Easton JD, Sherman DG. Carotid endarterectomy. Mayo Clin Proc 1983;58:205–206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hachinski V. Carotid endarterectomy. Arch Neurol 1987;44:654.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Jonas S. Can carotid endarterectomy be justified? No Arch Neurol 1987;44:652–654.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Patterson RH. Can carotid endarterectomy be justified? Yes. Arch Neurol 1987;44:651–652.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Whisnant JP, Sandok BW, Sundt TM Jr. Carotid endarterectomy for unilateral carotid system transient cerebral ischemia. Mayo Clin Proc 1983;58:171–175.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. 29- Riles TH, Lieberman A, Kopelman I, Imparato AM. Symptoms, stenosis and bruit: interrelationships in carotid artery disease. Arch Surg 1981:218–220.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Thompson JE, Autin DJ, Patman RD. Carotid endarterectomy for cerebrovascular insufficiency: long-term results in 592 patients followed up to thirteen years. Ann Surg 1970; 172:663.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Mohr JP. Asymptomatic carotid artery disease. Stroke 1982;13:431–433.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Yatsu FM, Hart RG. Asymptomatic carotid bruit and stenosis: a reappraisal. Curr Concepts Cerebrovasc Dis 1982;17:21–25.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Hart RE, Easton JD. Management of cervical bruits and carotid stenosis in preoperative patients. Stroke 1983;14:290–297.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ropper AH, Wechsler LR, Wilson LS. Carotid bruit and the risk of stroke in elective surgery. N Engl J Med 1982;307:1388–1390.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Barnett HJM, Plum F, Walton JN. Carotid endarterectomy: an expression of concern. Editorial. Stroke 1984;15:941–943.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Heyman A, Wilkinson WE, Heyden S, Helms MJ, Bartel AG, Karp HR, Tyroler HA, Harnes CG. Risk of stroke in asymptomatic persons with cervical arterial bruits: a population study in Evans County, Georgia. N Engl J Med 1980;302:838–841.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Wolf PA, Kannel WB, Sarlie P, McNamara P. Asymptomatic carotid bruit and risk of stroke: the Framingham study. JAMA 1981;245:1442–1445.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Berry SM, O’Donnell JA, Hobson RW II. Capabilities and limitations of pulsed Doppler sonography in carotid imaging. J. Clin Ultrasound 1980;7:405–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. O’Leary DH, Persson AV, Clouse ME. Noninvasive testing for carotid artery sclerosis: 1. prospective analysis of three methods. AJR 1981;137:1189–1194.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Doorley TPG, Atkinson PI, Kingston V, Shanik DG. Carotid ultrasonic arteriography combined with real time spectral analysis: a comparison with angiography. J Cardiovase Surg 1982;23:243–245.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Wasserman DH, Hobson RW II, Lynch TG, Berry SM, Jamil Z. Ultrasonic imaging and oculoplethysmography in diagnosis of carotid occlusive disease. Arch Surg 1983;117:1161–1163.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Manga P, Dhurandhar RW, Stockard B. Doppler frequency ratio and peak frequency in the assessment of carotid artery disease: a comparative study with angiography. Ultrasound Med Biol 1986;12:573–576.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Bandyk DF, Levine AW, Phol L, Towne JB. Classification of carotid bifurcation disease using quantitative Doppler spectrum analysis. Arch Surg 1985; 120:306–314.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Ginsberg MD, Greenwood SA, Goldberg HI. Noninvasive diagnosis of extracranial cerebrovascular disease: oculoplethysmography-phonoangiography and directional Doppler ultrasonography. Neurology (New York) 1979;29:623–632.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Berguer R. Carotid artery noninvasive testing is being overused. Stroke 1983;14:819–821.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Bluth EI, Kay D. Merritt CRB, Sullivan M, Farr G, Mills NL, Foreman M, Sloan D, Schlater M, Stewart J. Sonographic characterization of carotid plaque: detection of hemorrhage. AJR 1986;146:1061–1065.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Reilly L, Lusby R, Hughes L, Ferrell L, Stoney R, Ehrenfeld W. Carotid plaque histology using realtime ultrasonography. Am J Surg 1983;146:188–193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. O’Donnell TF Jr, Erdoes L, Mackey WC, McCullough J-, Shepard A, Heggerick P, Isner J, Callow AD. Correlation of B-mode ultrasound imaging and arteriography with pathologic findings at carotid endar- terectomy. Arch Surg 1985;120:443–449.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Wolverson MK, Heiberg E, Sundaram M, Tantanasirviongse S, Shields JB. Carotid atherosclerosis: high-resolution real-time sonography correlated with angiography. AJR 1983;140:355–361.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Jacobs NM, Grant EG, Schellinger D, Byrd MC, Richardson JD, Cohan SL. Duplex carotid sonography: criteria for stenosis, accuracy and pitfalls. Radiology 1985;154:385–391.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Zwiebel WJ, Austin CW, Sacken JF, Strother CM. Correlation of high-resolution, B-mode and continuous-wave Doppler sonography with arteriography in the diagnosis of carotid stenosis. Radiology 1983;149:523–532.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Clark WH, Hatten HP. Noninvasive screening of extracranial carotid disease: Duplex sonography with angiographic correlation. AJNR 1981;2:443–447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Cardullo PA, Culter BS, Wheeler HB. Accuracy of duplex scanning in the detection of carotid artery disease. Bruit 1984;8:181–186.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Heinz DR, Pizer SM, Fuchs J, Fram EK, Burger P, Drayer BP, Osborne DR. Examination of the extracranial carotid bifurcation by thin section dynamic CT. AJNR 1984;5:355–359.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Heinz DR, Fuchs J, Osborne D, Drayer B, Yeates H, Fuchs H, Pizer S. Examination of the extracranial carotid bifurcation by thin section dynamic CT. AJNR 1984;5:361–366.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Tress BN, Davis S, Lavain J, Kaye A, Hopper J. Incremental dynamic computed tomography. AJNR 1986;7:49–54.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Goldberg HI, Spognoli MV, Berkowitz HD, Hamilton BT, Alexander J, Grossman RI. MR imaging evaluation of carotid artery atheromatous disease Scientific exhibit, 72nd scientific assembly and annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America, Chicago, Nov 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Vonruden WJ, Blaisdell WF, Hall AD, Thomas AN. Multiple arterial stenoses: effect on blood flow, an experimental study. Arch Surg 1964;89:307–351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Carmody RF, Smith JRL, Seeger JF, Ovitt TW, Capp MP. Intracranial applications of digital intravenous subtraction angiography. Radiology 1982; 144:529–534.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Chilcote WA, Modic MT, Pavlicek WA, Little JR, Furlan AJ, Duchesneau PM, Weinstein MA. Digital subtraction angiography of the carotid arteries: a comparative study in 100 patients. Radiology 1981; 139:287–295.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Christenson PC, Ovitt TW, Fisher HD, Frost MM, Nudelman S, Roehrig H. Intravenous angiography using digital video subtraction: intravenous cervicocer-ebrovascular angiography. AJNR 1980;1:379–386.

    Google Scholar 

  62. de Lahitte MD, Marc-Vergnes JP, Rascoi A, Guirad B, Manelfe C. Intravenous angiography of the extracranial cerebral arteries. Radiology 1980;137:705–711.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Modic MT, Weinstein MA, Chilcote WA, Pavlicek, Duchesneau PM, Furlan AJ, Little JR. Digital subtraction angiography of the intracranial vascular system: comparative study in 55 patients. AJR 1982;138:299–306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Strother CM, Sackett JF, Crummy AB, Lilleas FG, Zwiebel WJ, Turnipseed WD, Javid M, Mistretta CA, Kruger RA, Ergum DL, Shaw CTG. Clinical applications of computerized fluoroscopy. The extracranial carotid arteries. Radiology 1980;136:781–783.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Earnest F IV, Houser OW, Forbes GS, Kispert DB, Folger WN, Sundt TM Jr. The accuracy and limitations of intravenous digital subtraction angiography in the evaluation of atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease: angiographic and surgical correlation. Mayo Clin Proc 1983;58:735–746.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Turnipseed WD, Sackett JF, Strother CM, Crummy AB, Mistretta CA, Kruger RA. Computerized arteriography of the cerebrovascular system. Arch Surg 1981;116:470–473.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Meaney TF, Weinstein MA, Buonocore E, Pavlicek W, Borkowski GP, Gallagher JH, Sufka B, Maclntyre WJ. Digital subtraction angiography of the human cardiovascular system. AJR 1980;135:1153–1160.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Russell JB, Watson TM, Modi JR, Lambeth A, Sumner DS. Digital subtraction angiography for evaluation of extracranial carotid occlusive disease: comparison with conventional arteriography. Surgery 1983;94:604–611.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Cronqvist S. Total angiography in evaluation of cerebro-vascular disease. A correlative study of aorto-cervical and selective cerebral angiography. Br J Radiol 1966;39:805–810.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Grabrielsen TO, Seeger JF, Knake JE, Burke DP, Stillwill EW. The nearly occluded internal carotid artery: a diagnostic trap. Radiology 1981;138:611–618.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Yonas H, Meyer J. Extreme pseudo-occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Neurosurgery 1982;11:681–686.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Goldberg HI. Radiology of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. In: Wilkens RH, Rengachary SS (eds) Neurosurgery. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co, 1985; 1219–1236.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Earnest F, Forbes G, Sandok BA, Piedgras DG, Faust RJ, Ilstrup DM, Arndt LJ. Complications of cerebral angiography: prospective assessment of risk. AJNR 1983;4:1191–1197.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Ausman JI, Diaz FG, de la Reyes RA. Vertebral artery atherosclerosis. In: Wilkens RH, Rengachary SS (eds). Neurosurgery. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co., 1985:1248–1254.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Sheehan S, Bauer RB, Meyer JS. Vertebral artery compression in cervical spondylosis: arteriographic demonstration during life of vertebral artery insufficiency due to rotation and extension of the neck. Neuroradiology 1960;10:968–986.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Edwards JH, Kricheff II, Riles T. Angiographically undetected ulceration of the carotid bifurcation as a course of embolic stroke. Radiology 1979; 132: 369–373.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Edwards JH, Kricheff II, Gorstein F, Riles T, Imparato A. Atherosclerotic subintimal hematoma of the carotid artery. Radiology 1979;133:123–129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Eikelboom B, Riles TR, Mintzer R, Baumann FG, Defillip G, Lin J, Imparato AM. Inaccuracy of angiography in the diagnosis of carotid ulceration. Stroke 1983;14:882–885.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Spencer MP, Rein JM. Quantitation of carotid stenosis with continuous-wave (C-W) Doppler ultrasound. Stroke 1979;10:326–330.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Crawford ES, Wukasch DW, Debakey ME. Hemodynamic changes associated with carotid artery occlusion: an experimental and clinical study. Cardiovasc Res 1962;1:3–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Kishore PRS, Kricheff II. Carotid stenosis and intracranial emboli. Radiology 1971;100:351–356.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Liebeskind AL, Cohen S, Anderson R, Schechter MM, Zingesser LH. Unusual segmental cerebrovascular changes. Radiology 1973;106:119–122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Solomon Batnitzky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. John H. McMillan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Glendon G. Cox
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Stanton J. Rosenthal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA

    Mohammad Sarwar M.D. (Professor of Radiology, Chief of Neuroradiology) (Professor of Radiology, Chief of Neuroradiology)

  2. Cook County Hospital, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA

    Mohammad Sarwar M.D. (Professor of Radiology, Chief of Neuroradiology) (Professor of Radiology, Chief of Neuroradiology)

  3. Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, 66103, USA

    Solomon Batnitzky M.D. (Professor of Diagnostic Radiology and Chief of Neuroradiology) (Professor of Diagnostic Radiology and Chief of Neuroradiology)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Batnitzky, S., McMillan, J.H., Cox, G.G., Rosenthal, S.J. (1989). Atherosclerotic Extracranial Occlusive Cerebrovascular Disease. In: Sarwar, M., Batnitzky, S. (eds) Imaging of Non-Traumatic Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Disorders of the Central Nervous System. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1653-4_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1653-4_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8918-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-1653-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation