Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Uremic Toxins

  • Chapter
Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure

Part of the book series: Topics in Renal Medicine ((TIRM,volume 7))

Abstract

Uremic manifestations are unanimously regarded as a consequence of the accumulation of waste products of protein (PR) metabolism (“uremic toxins”) that probably exert their toxic effects by inhibiting enzymatic activities [1].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Knochel JP, Seidin DW: (1976) The pathophysiology of uremia. In: Brenner BM, Rector FC Jr (eds) The Kidney. Philadelphia: Saunders, pp 1448–1485.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Balestri PL, Rindi P, Biagini M, Giovannetti S: (1972). Effect of uremic serum, urea, creatinine and methylguanidine on glucose metabolism. Clin Sci 42:395–404.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Dzurik R: (1980) Metabolic alteration caused by uremia. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 17:577–584.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Kopple JD: (1978) Abnormal amino acid and protein metabolism in uremia. Kidney Int 14:340–348.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bagdade J, Casaretto A, Albers J: (1976) Effects of chronic uremia, hemodialysis, and renal transplantation on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in man. J Lab Clin Med 87:37–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Emmanouel DS, Lindheimer MH, Katz AL: (1980) Endocrine abnormalities in chronic renal failure. Endocrine Rev 1:28–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Brennan BL, Yasumura S, Letteri JM, Cohn SH: (1980) Total body electrolyte composition and distribution of body water in uremia. Kidney Int 17:364–374.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Wallner SF, Vautrin RM: (1981) Evidence that inhibition of erythropoiesis is important in the anemia of chronic renal failure. J Lab Clin Med 97:170–178.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Navalesi R, Pilo A, Lenzi S, Donato L: (1975) Insulin metabolism in chronic uremia and in the anephric state: Effect of the dialytic treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 40:70–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Mawer EB, Backhouse J, Taylor C: (1973) Failure of formation of 1, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol in chronic renal insufficiency. Lancet 1:626–627.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bilbrey GL, Faloona GR, White MG: (1974) Hyperglucagonemia of renal failure. J Clin Invest 53:841–846.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Massry SG: (1977) Is parathyroid hormone a uremic toxin? Nephron 19:125–130.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Massry SG, Goldstein DA: (1979) The search for uremic toxin(s) “X”: “X” = PTH. Clin Nephrol 11:181–186.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Massry SG: (1983) The toxic effect of parathyroid hormone in uremia. Semin Nephrol 3:306–312.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Drivas G, Farb M, Kenward D. (1980) Small molecules in chronic renal failure. Lancet 11:367–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Balestri PL, Rindi P, Biagini M: (1971) Chronic urea intoxication in dogs. Experientia 27:811.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gilboe DD, Javid MJ: (1964) Breadown products of urea and uremic syndrome. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 115:633–637.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Hutchings RM, Hegstrom RM, Scribner BH: (1966) Glucose intolerance in patients on long-term hemodialysis. Ann Intern Med 65:275–285.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ingham JD: (1971) Cyanate ion and the uremic syndrome. JPL Quart Technical Rev 1:45–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Balestri PL, Biagini M, Rindi P, Giovannetti S: (1970) Uremic toxins. Arch Intern Med 126:843–845.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Perkoff GT, Thomas CL, Newton JD, Sellmann JC, Tyler FM: (1958) Mechanism of impaired glucose tolerance in uremia and experimental hyperazotemia. Diabetes 7:375–383.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Gonella M, Barsotti G, Lupetti S, Giovannetti S, Campa V, Falcone G.: (1976) Role of the aerobic gut flora on the creatinine and methylguanidine metabolism. In: Karger(ed) Proc 6th Int Congr Nephrol. Florence 1975, pp 595–599.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Mitch WE, Collier VU, Walser M: (1980) Creatinine metabolism in chronic renal failure. Clin Sci 58:327–335.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Shannon JA: (1935) The renal excretion of creatinine in man. J Clin Invest 14:403–408.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Giovannetti S, Balestri PL, Cioni L: (1965) Spontaneous in vitro autohemolysis in blood from chronic uremic patients. Clin Sci 29:407–416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Giovannetti S, Cioni L, Balestri PL, Biagini M: (1968) Evidence that guanidine and some related compounds cause haemolysis in chronic uraemia. Clin Sci 34:141–148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Gonella M, Barsotti G, Lupetti S, Giovannetti S: (1975) Factors affecting the metabolic production of methylguanidine. Clin Sci and Nucl Med 48:341–347.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Nagase S, Aoyagi K, Narita M, Tojo S: (1986) Active oxygen in methylguanidine synthesis. Nephron 44:299–303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Orita Y, Tsubakihara Y, Ando A: (1978) The effect of arginine or creatinine administration on the urinary excretion of methylguanidine. Nephron 22:328–334.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Giovannetti S, Barsotti G: (1973) Methylguanidine in uremia. Arch Int Med 131:709–713.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Carr MH, Schloerb PR: (1960) Analysis for guanidine and methylguanidine in uremic plasma. Anal Biochem 1:221–227.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Giovannetti S, Barsotti G: (1974) Dialysis of methylguanidine. Kidney Int 6:177–183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Orita Y, Ando A, Tsubakihara Y: (1981) Tissue and blood cell concentration of methylguanidine in rats and patients with chronic renal failure. Nephron 27:35–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Giovannetti S, Biagini M, Balestri PL, Navalesi R, Giagnoni P, De Matteis A, Ferro-Milone P, Perfetti C: (1969) Uraemia-like syndrome in dogs chronically intoxicated with methylguanidine and creatinine. Clin Sci 36:445–452.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Barsotti G, Bevilacqua G, Morelli E, Cappelli P, Balestri PL, Giovannetti S: (1975) Toxicity arising from guanidine compounds: Role of methylguanidine as a uremic toxin. Kidney Int 7:S299–S301.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Balestri PL, Barsotti G, Camici M, Giovannetti S: (1974) High plasma fibrinogen levels and reduced fibrinolytic activity in dogs intoxicated with methylguanidine. Clin Nephrol 2:81–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Lamperi S, Bandiani G, Fiorio P, Muttini P, Scaringi G: (1974) Effects of some substances retained in uremia on erythropoiesis: The effect on bone marrow cell culture. Nephron 13:278–287.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Ando J, Reye AB, Fisher JW: (1978) Inhibitors of erythroid colony forming cells (CFU-E and BFU-E) in sera of azotemic patients with anemia of renal disease. J Lab Clin Med 92:916–922.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Tison P, Ceracek P, Silvanova E: (1981) Uremic toxins and blood platelet carbohydrate metabolism. Nephron 28:182–188.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Cole CH, Balfe JW, Welt LG: (1968) Induction of ouabain sensitive ATPase defect by uremic plasma. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 81:213–218.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kramer HJ, Gospodinov D, Kruck F: (1972) Inhibition of transport ATPase by uremic toxins. Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc Eur Ren Assoc 9:521–528.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Menichini GC, Giovannetti S: (1973) A new method for measuring guanidine in uremia. Experientia 29:506–507.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Stein I, Cohen B, Cornhauser R: (1969) Guanidinosuccinic acid in renal failure, experimental azotemia and inborn error of the urea cycle. N Engl J Med 280:928–930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Horowitz HI, Stein IM, Cohen BD, White JG: (1970) Further studies on the platelet inhibitory effect of guanidinosuccinic acid and its role in uremic bleeding. Am J Med 49:336–342.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Horowitz HJ: Uremic toxins and platelet function. (1970) Arch Intern Med 126:823–831.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Shaikin R, Giatt Y, Berlyne G: (1975) The presence and toxicity of gamma-guanidinopropio-nic acid in uremia. Kidney Int 7:302–305.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Simenhoff ML, Asatoor AM, Milne MD, Silva JF: (1963) Retention of aliphatic amines in uremia. Clin Sci 25:65–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Morgan RE, Morgan JM: (1966) Plasma levels of aromatic amines in chronic renal failure. Metabolism 15:479–481.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Aigner-Eld R, Daves D: (1980) Polyamine metabolites in man and higher animals: A review of the literature. Physiol Chem Phys Med 12:239–252.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Campbell RA: (1983) Polyamines, uremia and anemia. Semin Nephrol 3:237–245.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Radtke HW, Rege AB, La Marche MB: (1981) Studies of the inhibition of erythroid colony formation by polyamines and serum from uremic patients. J Clin Invest 67:1623–1630.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kramer HJ, Keller HE, Kramer HK, Jutzier GA: (1968) Studies on concentration of single phenolic compounds in the serum of patients treated with chronic, intermittent hemodialysis. Proc EDTA 5:213–218.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Weinbach EC, Garbos J: (1965) The interaction of uncoupling phenols with mitochondria and with mitochondrial proteins. J Biol Chem 4:1811–1819.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Rabiner SF, Molinas F: (1970) The role of phenol and phenolic acids on the thrombocytopathy and defective platelet aggregation of patients with renal failure. Am J Med 49:346–351.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Byrd DJ, Berthold HW, Trefz KF, Kochen W, Gilli G, Sharer K, Schuler HW, Asbach HW: (1976) Indolic tryptophan metabolism in uremia. Proc EDTA 12:347–354.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Hagler L, Herman RH: (1973) Oxalate metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 26: 758–762, 882–886, 1006–1010, 1073–1081, 1242–1248.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Zarembski PM, Hodgkinson A, Parsons FM: (1966) Elevation of the concentration of plasma oxalic acid in renal failure. Nature 212:511–512.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Barsotti G, Cristofano C, Morelli E, Meola M, Lupetti S, Giovannetti S: (1984) Serum oxalic acid in uremia: Effect of a low-protein diet supplemented with essential amino acids and keto analogues. Nephron 38:54–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Op de Hoeck CT, Diderich PPNM, Gratama S: (1980) Oxalosis in chronic renal failure. Proc EDTA 17:730–735.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Borland WW, Payton CD, Simpson K, Macdonyall AI: (1987) Serum oxalate in chronic renal failure. Nephron 45:119–121.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Clarkson BA: (1966) Uric acid related to uraemic symptoms. Proc EDTA 3:3–8.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Danovitch GM, Weimberger J, Berlyne GM: (1972) Uric acid in advanced renal failure. Clin Sci 43:341–338.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Sorensen LB, Levinson DJ: (1975) Origin and extrarenal elimination of uric acid in man. Contr Nephrol 14:7–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Schneider W, Jutzier GA: (1974) Implications of cyclic adenosine 3’-5’ monophosphate in chronic renal failure. N Engl J Med 291:155–166.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Masumo F, Sakai T, Shiratoka M: (1980) A multivariate factor analysis of the high plasma concentration of cyclic AMP in patients with chronic renal failure. Int J Artif Organs 2:18–27.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Babb AL, Popovich RP, Christopher TG, Scribner BH: (1971) The genesis of the square meter-hour hypothesis. Trans ASAIO 17:81–91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Clements RS, Jesus PV, Winegrad AT: (1973) Raised plasma myoinositol in uremia and experimental neuropathy. Lancet 1:1137–1139.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Rabin EZ, Albom D, Freeman MH, Guenthier L, Dardick I, Tattrie B: (1981) Ribonuclease activity in renal failure. Nephron 27:274–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Wibell L, Evrin PE, Berggard IP: (1973) Serum beta2–microglobulin in renal disease. Nephron 10:320–329.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. G. Barsotti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Clinica Medica I°, University of Pisa, 56100, Pisa, Italy

    Sergio Giovannetti

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Barsotti, G. (1989). Uremic Toxins. In: Giovannetti, S. (eds) Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure. Topics in Renal Medicine, vol 7. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1583-4_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1583-4_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8877-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-1583-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation