Abstract
For many years now, articles have appeared in the neuropsychological literature exploring the relationship between demographic variables and adult neuropsychological test performance. Unquestionably, the most commonly studied variable has been age, with studies first appearing in the 1950s. Educational achievement level has also been found to correlate with test performance and has received considerable attention, mostly in the last ten years. Gender has been considered in neuropsychology studies more recently, and socioeconomic status, race, and handedness have been mentioned in a few articles.
Chapter PDF
References
Abikoff, A., Alvir, J., Hong, G., Sukoff, R., Orazio, J., Solomon, S., & Saravay, S. (1987). Logical memory subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale: Age and education norms and alternate-form reliability of two scoring systems. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 9, 435–448.
Anthony, W. Z., Heaton, R. K., & Lehman, R. A. W. (1980). An attempt to cross-validate two actuarial systems for neuropsychological test interpretation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 317–326.
Arenberg, D. (1977). The effects of auditory augmentation on visual retention for young and old adults. Journal of Gerontology, 32, 192–195.
Bak, J., & Greene, R. L. (1981). A review of the performance of aged adults on various Wechsler Memory Scale subtests. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 186–188.
Barona, A., Reynolds, C. R., & Chastain, R. (1984). A demographically based index of premorbid intelligence for the WAIS-R. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 885–887.
Beardsley, J. V., Matthews, C. G., Cleeland, C. S., & Harley, J. P. (1978a). Experimental norms for CA 34—on the Wisconsin Neuropsychology Test Battery. Madison: University of Wisconsin Center for Health Sciences.
Beardsley, J. V., Matthews, C. G., Cleeland, C. S., & Harley, J. P. (1978b). Experimental T-score norms for CA 35+ on the Wisconsin Neuropsychology Test Battery. Madison: University of Wisconsin Center for Health Sciences.
Benton, A. L., & Sivan, A. B. (1984). Problems and conceptual issues in neuropsychological research in aging and dementa. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 6, 57–63.
Bleecker, M. L., Bolla-Wilson, K., Agnew, J., & Meyers, D. A. (1987). Simple visual reaction time: Sex and age differences. Developmental Neuropsychology, 3, 165–172.
Blusewicz, M. W., Schenkenberg, T., Dustman, R. E., & Beck, E. C. (1977). WAIS performance in young normal, young alcoholic, and elderly normal groups: An evaluation of organi- city and mental aging indices. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 1149–1153.
Bornstein, R. A. (1984). Unilateral lesions and the Wechser Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised: No sex differences. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 604–608.
Bornstein, R. A., & Matarazzo, J. D. (1982). Wechsler VIQ versus PIQ differences in cerebral dysfunction: A literature review with emphasis on sex differences. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 4, 319–334.
Borod, J. C., Goodglass, H., & Kaplan, E. (1980). Normative data on the Boston Diagnotic Aphasia Examination, Parietal Lobe Battery, and the Boston Naming Test. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2, 209–215.
Botwinick, J. (1967). Cognitive processes in maturity and old age. New York: Springer.
Botwinick, J. (1984). Aging and behavior. New York: Springer.
Buckelew, S., & Hannay, H. J. (1986). Relationships among anxiety, defensiveness, sex, task difficulty, and performance on various neuropsychological tasks. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 63, 711–718.
Cauthen, N. R. (1977). Extension of the Wechsler Memory Scale norms to older age groups. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 208–211.
Cauthen, N. (1978). Normative data for the Tactual Performance Test. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34, 456–460.
Chavez, E. L., Schwartz, M. M., & Brandon, A. (1982). Effects of sex of subject and method of block presentation on the Tactual Performance Test. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 600–601.
Chavez, E. L., Trautt, G. M., Brandon, A., & Steyaert, J. (1983). Effects of test anxiety and sex of subject on neuropsychological test performance: Finger Tapping, Trail Making, Digit Span and Digit Symbol Tests. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 56, 923–929.
Davies, A. D. M. (1968). The influence of age on Trail Making Test performance. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24, 96–98.
Dodrill, C. B. (1979). Sex differences on the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery and on other neuropsychological measures. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33, 236–241.
Doppelt, J. E., & Wallace, W. L. (1955). Standardization of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale for older persons. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 312–330.
Dustman, R. E., & Beck, E. C. (1980). Memory-For-Designs Test: Comparison of performance of young and old adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 770–774.
Eisdorfer, C, & Cohen, L. D. (1961). The generality of the WAIS standardization for the aged: A regional comparison. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 64, 520–527.
Ernst, J. (1988). Language, grip strength, sensory-perceptual, and receptive skills in a normal elderly sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 2, 30–40.
Filskov, S. B., & Catanese, R. A. (1986). Effects of sex and handedness on neuropsychological testing. In S. B. Filskov & T. J. Boll (Eds.), Handbook of clinical neuropsychology: Volume II (pp. 198–212). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Filskov, S. B., & Leli, D. A. (1981). Assessment of the individual in neuropsychological practice. In S. B. Filskov & T. J. Boll (Eds.), Handbook of clinical neuropsychology (pp. 545–576). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Finlayson, M. A. J., Johnson, K. A., & Reitan, R. M. (1977). Relationship of level of education to neuropsychological measures in brain-damaged and non-brain-damaged adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 536–542.
Fromm-Auch, D., & Yeudall, L. T. (1983). Normative data for the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological tests. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 5, 221–238.
Gordon, N. G., & O’Dell, J. W. (1983). Sex differences in neuropsychological performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 56, 126.
Goul, W., & Brown, M. (1970). Effects of age and intelligence on Trail Making Test performance and validity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 30, 319–326.
Gregory, R., & Paul, J. (1980). The effects of handedness and writing posture on neuropsychological test results. Neuropsychologia, 18, 231–235.
Haaland, K. Y., Linn, R. T., Hunt, W. C., & Goodwin, J. S. (1983). A normative study of Russell’s variant of the Wechsler Memory Scale in a healthy elderly population. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 878–881.
Harley, J. P., Leuthold, C. A., Matthews, C. G., & Bergs, L. E. (1980). T-score norms: Wisconsin Neuropsychological Test Battery (CA 55–79). Madison: University of Wisconsin Center for Health Sciences.
Heaton, R. K., Baade, L. E., & Johnson K. L. (1978). Neuropsychological test results associated with psychiatric disorders in adults. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 141–162.
Heaton, R. K., Chelune, G. J., & Lehman, R. A. W. (1978). Using neuropsychological and personality tests to assess the likelihood of patient employment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 166, 408–416.
Heaton, R. K., Grant, I., & Matthews, C. G. (1986). Differences in neuropsychological test performance associated with age, education, and sex. In I. Grant & K. M. Adams (Eds.), Neuropsychological assessment of neuropsychiatric disorders (pp. 100–120). New York: Oxford University Press.
Heaton, R. K., Grant, I., & Matthews, C. G. Demographic corrections for selected neuropsychological tests. Manuscript in preparation.
Horn, J. L., & Cattell, R. B. (1966). Age differences in primary mental ability factors. Journal of Gerontology, 21, 210–220.
Hulicka, I. (1966). Age differences in Wechsler Memory Scale scores. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 109, 135–145.
Inglis, J., Ruckman, M., Lawson, J. S., MacLean, A. W., & Monga, T. N. (1982). Sex differences in the cognitive effects of unilateral brain damage. Cortex, 18, 257–275.
Karzmark, P., Heaton, R. K., Grant, I., & Matthews, C. G. (1984). Use of demographic variables to predict overall level of performance on the Halstead-Reitan Battery. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 663–665.
Karzmark, P., Heaton, R. K., Grant, I., & Matthews, C. G. (1985). Use of demographic variables to predict Full Scale IQ: A replication and extension. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 7, 412–420.
King, G. D., Hannay, H. J., Masek, B. J. & Burns, J. W. (1978). Effects of anxiety and sex on neuropsychological tests. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 375–376.
Kupke, T. (1983). Effects of subject sex, examiner sex, and test apparatus on Halstead Category and Tactual Performance Tests. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 624–626.
LaBarge, E., Edwards D., & Knesevich, J. W. (1986). Performance of normal elderly on the Boston Naming Test. Brain and Language, 21, 380–384.
Lezak, M. D. (1983). Neuropsychological assessment: Second edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lezak, M. D. (1987). Norms for growing older. Developmental Neuropsychology, 3, 1–12.
Light, L. L., Singh, A., & Lapps, J. L. (1986). Dissociation of memory and awareness in young and older adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 8, 62–74.
Maccoby, E. E., &Jacklin, C. N. (1974). The psychology of sex differences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Matarazzo, J. D. (1972). Wechsler’s measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence: Fifth and enlarged edition. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Matarazzo, J. D., & Herman, D. O. (1984). Relationship of education and IQ in the WAIS-R standardization sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 631–634.
McCarty, S. M., Logue, P. E., Power, D. G., Ziesat, H. R, & Rosenstiel, A. K. (1980). Alternate-form reliability and age-related scores for Russell’s revised Wechsler Memory Scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 296–298.
McGee, M. G. (1979). Human spatial abilities: Psychometric studies and environmental, genetic, hormonal, and neurological influences. Psychology Bulletin, 86, 889–918.
McGlone, J. (1977). Sex differences in the cerebral organization of verbal functions in patients with unilateral brain lesions. Brain, 100, 775–793.
McGlone, J. (1978). Sex differences in functional brain asymmetry. Cortex, 14, 122–128.
McGlone, J. (1986). The neuropsychology of sex differences in human brain organization. In G. Goldstein & R. E. Tarter (Eds.), Advances in clinical neuropsychology, Volume 3 (pp. 1–30). New York: Plenum Press.
Miceli, G., Caltagirone, C., Gainotti, G., Masullo, C., Silveri, M. C., & Villa, G. (1981). Influence of age, sex, literacy and pathologic lesion on incidence, severity and type of aphasia. Acta Neurologica Scandinavia, 64, 370–382.
Morrison, M. W., Gregory, R. J., & Paul, J. J. (1979). Reliability of the Finger Tapping Test and a note on sex differences. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 48, 139–142.
Nicholas, M., Obler, L., Albert, M., & Goodglass, H. (1985). Lexical retrieval in healthy aging. Cortex, 21, 595–606.
Norman, R. D., & Daley, M. F. (1959). Senescent changes in intellectual ability among superior older women. Joumal of Gerontology, 14, 457–464.
Osborne, D., & Davis, L. J., Jr. (1978). Standard scores for Wechsler Memory Scale subtests. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34, 115–116.
Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1972). Organicity versus old age in objective and projective test performance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 412–416.
Parsons, O. A., & Prigatano, G. P. (1978). Methodological considerations in clinical neuropsychological research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 608–619.
Pauker, J. D. (1977). Adult norms for the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Preliminary data. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society, Albuquerque, NM.
Pendleton, M. G., Heaton, R. K., Lehman, R. A. W., Hulihan, D., & Anthony, W. Z. (1985). Word Finding Test performance: Effects of localization of cerebral damage, level of neuropsychological impairment, age and education. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 82–85.
Poon, L. W., Fozard, J. L., Germak, L. S., Arenberg, D., & Thompson, L. W. (Eds.). (1980). New directions in memory and aging. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, Associates.
Price, L. J., Fein, G., & Feinberg, I. (1980). Neuropsychological assessment of cognitive function in the elderly. In L. W. Poon (Ed.), Aging in the 1980s: Psychological issues (pp. 78–85). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Prigatano, G. P., & Parsons, O. A. (1976). Relationship of age and education to Halstead Test performance in different patient populations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 44, 527–533.
Rabinowitz, J. C. (1984). Aging and recognition failure. Journal of Gerontology, 39, 65–71.
Reed, H. B. C., & Reitan, R. M. (1963). A comparison of the effects of the normal aging process with the effects of organic brain-damage on adaptive abilities. Journal of Gerontology, 18, 177–179.
Reitan, R. M. (1955). The distribution according to age of a psychologic measure dependent upon organic brain functions. Journal of Gerontology, 10, 338–340.
Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1985). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and clinical interpretation. Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.
Ruff, R. M., Light, R. H., & Evans, R. W. (1987). The Ruff Figurai Fluency Test: A normative study with adults. Developmental Neuropsychology, 3, 37–51.
Russell, E. W. (1975). A multiple scoring method for the assessment of complex memory functions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 800–809.
Russell, E. W., Neuringer, C., & Goldstein, G. (1970). Assessment of brain damage: A neuropsychological key approach. New York: Wiley — Interscience.
Seidenberg, M., Gamache, M. P., Beck, N. C., Smith M., Giordani, B., Berent, S., Sackellares, J. C., & Boll, T. (1984). Subject variables and performance on the Halstead Neuropsychological Test Battery: A multivariate analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 658–662.
Shichita, K., Hatano, S., Ohashi, Y., Shibata, H., & Matuzaki, T. (1986). Memory changes in the Benton Visual Retention Test between ages 70 and 75. Journal of Gerontology, 41, 385–386.
Snow, W., & Sheese, S. (1985). Lateralized brain damage, intelligence, and memory: A failure to find sex differences. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 940–941.
Snow, W. G., Freedman, L., & Ford, L. (1986). Lateralized brain damage, sex differences, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales: A reexamination of the literature. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 8, 179–189.
Stanton, B. A., Jenkins, C. D., Savagcau, J. A., Zyzanski, S. J., & Aucoin, R. (1984). Age and education differences on the Trail Making Test and Wechsler Memory Scales. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 58, 311–318.
Stuss, D. T., Stcthcm, L. L., & Poirier, C. A. (1987). Comparison of three tests of attention and rapid information processing across six age groups. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 1, 139–152.
Thompson, L. L., Heaton, R. K., Grant, I., & Matthews, C. G. (1989) A comparison of the WAIS and WAIS-R using T-score conversions that correct for age, education, and sex. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 11, 478–488.
Thompson, L. L., Heaton, R. K., Matthews, C. G. & Grant, I. (1987). Comparison of preferred and nonpreferred hand performance on four neuropsychological motor tasks. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 1, 324–334.
VanGorp, W. G., Satz, P., Kiersch, M. E., & Henry, R. (1986). Normative data on the Boston Naming Test for a group of normal older adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 8, 702–705.
Vega, A., & Parsons, O. A. (1967). Cross-validation of the Halstead-Reitan tests for brain damage. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 31, 619–625.
Wechsler, D. (1944). The measurement of adult intelligence. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Wechsler, D. (1955). Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. New York: Psychological Corporation.
Wechsler, D. (1981). WAIS-R manual: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation.
Wechsler, D. (1987). Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R) manual. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.
White, K. R. (1982). The relation between socioeconomic status and academic achievement. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 461–481.
Wilson, R. S., Rosenbaum, G., Brown, G., Rourke, D., Whitman, D., & Grisell, J. (1978). An index of premorbid intelligence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 1554–1555.
Yeudall, L., Reddon, J., Gill, D., & Stefanyk, W. (1987). Normative data for the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological tests stratified by age and sex. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 346–367.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Thompson, L.L., Heaton, R.K. (1990). Use of Demographic Information in Neuropsychological Assessment. In: Tupper, D.E., Cicerone, K.D. (eds) The Neuropsychology of Everyday Life: Assessment and Basic Competencies. Foundations of Neuropsychology, vol 2. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1503-2_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1503-2_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8808-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-1503-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive