Abstract
Screening for cancer involves the identification of preclinical disease by a relatively simple test. The objective of screening is to reduce the risk of death, i.e., mortality from cancer among subjects subjected to screening. For cervical cancer, the screening test is aimed at detection of preinvasive lesions. Therefore, reduction in the incidence of invasive disease results from screening for cervical cancer, and an indicator for the effect is change of incidence in time before and after application of the screening test, or difference in incidence between those subjected to screening and those not subjected to screening.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Miller AB, Knight J, Narod S. 1991. The natural history of cancer of the cervix, and the implications for screening policy. In Miller AB, Chamberlain J, Day NE, Hakama M, Prorok PC (eds.), Cancer screening. UICC Project on Evaluation of Screening for Cancer. Cambridge: International Union Against Cancer, pp. 141–152.
Fidler HK, Boyes DA, Worth AJ. 1968. Cervical cancer detection in British Columbia. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw 75: 392–404.
Day NE. 1986. The epidemiological basis for evaluating different screening policies. In Hakama M, Miller AB, Day NE (eds.), Screening for cancer of the uterine cervix. Lyon: IARC Scientific Publications No. 76, pp. 199–212.
Hakama M, Magnus K, Petterson F, Storm H, Tulinius H. 1991. Effect of organized screening on the risk of cervical cancer in the Nordic countries. In Miller A, Chamberlain J, Day N, Hakama M, Prorok P (eds.), Cancer Screening. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 153–162.
Hakama M, Chamberlain J, Day NE, Miller AB, Prorok PC. 1985. Evaluation of screening programmes for gynaecological cancer. Br J Cancer 52: 669–673.
Hakama M, Rasanen-Virtanen U. 1976. Effect of a mass screening program on the risk of cervical cancer. Am J Epidemiol 103: 512–517.
Hakama M. 1982. Trends in the incidence of cervical cancer in the Nordic countries. In Magnus K (ed.), Trends in Cancer Incidence, Causes and Practical Implications. New York: Hemisphere, pp. 279–292.
Aareleid T, Pukkala E, Thomson H, Hakama M. 1993. Cervical cancer incidence and mortality trends in Finland and Estonia: a screened vs. an unscreened population. Eur J Cancer 29A: 745–749.
Johannesson GE, Geirsson G, Day N, Tulinius H. 1982. Screening for cancer of the uterine cervix in Iceland 1965–1978. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 61 (Suppl): 199–203.
Petterson F, Bjorkholm E, Naslund I. 1985. Evaluation of screening for cervical cancer in Sweden: trends in incidence and mortality 1958–1980. Int J Epidemiol 14: 521–527.
Lynge E. 1983. Regional trends in incidence of cervical cancer in Denmark in relation to local smear-taking activity. Int J Epidemiol 12: 405–413.
Lynge E, Madsen M, Engholm G. 1989. Effect of organized screening on incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in Denmark. Cancer Res 149: 2157–2160.
Pedersen E, Hoeg K, Kolstad P. 1971. Mass screening for cancer of the uterine cervix in Ostfold county, Norway: an experiment. Second report of the Norwegian Cancer Society. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 11: 1–18.
Magnus K, Langmark R, Andersen A. 1987. Mass screening for cervical cancer in Ostfold country of Norway 1959–1977. Int J Cancer 39: 311–316.
Engeland A, Haldorsen T, Tretli S, Hakulinen T, Horte LG, Luostarinen T, Magnus K, Schou G, Sigvaldason H, Storm HH, Tulinius H, Vaittinen P. 1993. Prediction of cancer incidence in the Nordic countries up to the years 2000 and 2010. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica 101 (Suppl 38).
Hakulinen T, Andersen A, Malker B, Pukkala E, Schou G, Tulinius H. 1986. Trends in cancer incidence in the Nordic countries. Acta Path Microbiol Immunol Scand Sect A 94 (Suppl 288): 1–151.
Laara E, Day N, Hakama M. 1987. Trends in mortality from cervical cancer in the Nordic countries: association with organized programmes. Lancet i: 1247–1249.
Hristova L, Hakama M. In press. Effect of screening for cancer in the Nordic countries on deaths, costs and quality of life up to 2017. Acta Oncologica, supplement.
IARC Working Group on Evaluation of Cervical Cancer Screening Programmes. 1986. Screening for squamous cervical cancer: the duration of low risk after negative result of cervical cytology and its implication for screening policies. Br Med J 293: 659–664.
IARC Working Group on Cervical Cancer Screening. 1986. Summary chapter. In Hakama M, Miller AB, Day NE (eds.), Screening for Cancer of the Uterine Cervix. Lyon: IARC Scientific Publications No. 76, pp. 133–142.
Sigurdsson K. 1995. Quality assurance in cervical cancer screening: The Icelandic experience 1964–1993. Eur J Cancer 31 A: 728–734.
Gustafsson L, Sparen P, Gustafsson M, Wilander E, Bergstrom R, Adami HO. 1995. Efficiency of organized and opportunistic cytological screening for cancer in situ of the cervix. Br J Cancer 72: 498–505.
Nieminen P, Kallio M, Hakama M. In preparation. Effectiveness of the organized and spontaneous screening for cervical cancer.
Hristova L. 1995. Effect of screening for cancer on mortality, costs and quality of life in Finland. Acta Universitatis Tamperensis A 456. Tampere: University of Tampere.
Hakama M, Kallio M, Pukkala E. 1995. Kohdunkaulan syovan seulonnat — vaikuttavia tai oikeudenmukaisia? Suom Laakaril 50: 2527–2533.
Pukkala E. 1995. Cancer risk by social class and occupation. A Survey of 109,000 cancer cases among Finns of working age. In Contributions to Epidemiology and Biostatistics, vol. 7. Basel: Karger.
Sveriges Officiella Statistik. 1976. Gynekologisk halsoundersokning 1967–1973. Statistika meddelanden HS, 1.
Kauppinen M, Kauraniemi T, Koli T, Voipio N. 1970. Response to the written invitation in a gynaecological mass screening by cytology arranged in Helsinki in 1966. Acta Obstet Gynaecol Scand 49 (Suppl 7): 1–20.
Campion MJ, Brown JR, McCance DJ, et al. 1988. Psychosexual trauma of an abnormal cervical smear. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 95: 175–181.
Posner T, Vessey M. 1988. Prevention of cervical cancer. The Patient’s View. King Edward’s Hospital Fund for London. London: King’s Fund Publishing Office.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hakama, M. (1996). Screening for cervical cancer. In: Miller, A.B. (eds) Advances in Cancer Screening. Cancer Treatment and Research, vol 86. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1265-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1265-9_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8539-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-1265-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive