Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Herpesvirus infections in immunocompromised patients

  • Chapter
Infectious Complications of Cancer

Part of the book series: Cancer Treatment and Research ((CTAR,volume 79))

Abstract

Among infections of cancer patients, the relative importance of viral infections has increased in the last decade. More aggressive and prolonged immunosuppression, together with improved supportive care, have led to an increased survival of cancer patients. Meanwhile, a parallel increase in opportunistic infections, mainly viral infections, has been noted in such patients. Over the last few years, a better understanding of the physiopathology of these viral infections has enabled us to optimize both prophylaxis and treatment. At the same time, both molecular biology and monoclonal antibody technology have helped to improve diagnostic procedures, leading to more rapid and more accurate diagnosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Nahmias AJ, Dowdle WR. 1968. Antigenic and biologic differences in herpesvirus hominis. Progr Med Virol 10:110–159.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Nahmias AJ, Whitley RJ, Visintine AN, Takei Y, Alford CA. 1982. Herpes simplex encephalitis: Laboratory evaluations and their diagnostic significance. J Infect Dis 145:829–836.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Whitley RJ, Levin M, Barton N, Hershey BJ, Davis G, Keeney RE, Whelchel J, Diethelm AG, Kartus P, Soong SJ. 1984. Infections caused by herpes simplex virus in the immunocompromised host: Natural history and topical acyclovir therapy. J Infect Dis 150:323–329.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Wolfsen HC, Bolen JW, Bowen JL, Fenster LF. 1993. Fulminant herpes hepatitis mimicking hepatic abscesses. J Clin Gastroenterol 16:61–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kusne S, Schwartz M, Breinig MK, Dummer JS, Lee RE, Selby R, Starzl TE, Simmons RL, Ho M. 1991. Herpes simplex virus hepatitis after solid organ transplantation in adults. J Infect Dis 163:1001–1007.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bergmann OJ, Mogensen SC, Ellegaard J. 1990. Herpes simplex virus and intraoral ulcers in immunocompromised patients with haematologic malignancies. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 9:184–190.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Schuller D, Spessert C, Fraser VJ, Goodenberger DM. 1993. Herpes simplex virus from respiratory tract secretions: Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcome in immunocompromised and nonimmunocompromised hosts. Am J Med 94:29–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Seigal FP, Lopez C, Hammer GS, Brown AE, Kornfeld SJ, Gold J, Hassett J, Hirschman SZ, Cunningham-Rundles C, Adelesberg BR, Parham DM, Siegal M, Cunningham-Rundles S, Armstrong D. 1981. Severe acquired immunodeficiency in male homosexuals, manifested by chronic perianal ulcerative herpes simplex lesions. N Engl J Med 305:1439–1444.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Quinnan GV Jr, Masur H, Rook AH, Armstrong G, Frederick WR, Epstein J, Manischewitz JF, Macher AM, Jackson L, Ames J, Smith HA, Parker M, Pearson GR, Parrillo J, Mitchell C, Straus SE. 1984. Herpesvirus infections in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. JAMA 252:72–77.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Bagdades EK, Pillay D, Squire SB, O’Neil C, Johnson MA, Griffiths PD. 1992. Relationship between herpes simplex virus ulceration and CD4+ cell counts in patients with HIV infection. AIDS 6:1317–1320.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Wade JC, Newton B, McLaren C, Flournoy N, Keeney RE, Meyers JD. 1982. Intravenous acyclovir to treat mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection after marrow transplantation: A double-blind study. Ann Intern Med 96:265–269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Meyers JD, Flournoy N, Thomas ED. 1982. Nonbacterial pneumonia after allogeneic marrow transplantation: A review of ten years’ experience. Rev Infect Dis 4:1119–1132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Shepp DH, Newton BA, Dandliker PS, Flournoy N, Meyers JD. 1985. Oral acyclovir therapy for mucocutaneous marrow transplant recipients. Ann Intern Med 102:783–785.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Wade JC, Newton B, Flournoy N, Meyers JD. 1984. Oral acyclovir for prevention of herpes simplex virus reactivation after marrow transplantation. Ann Intern Med 100:823–828.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Gold D, Corey L. 1987. Acyclovir prophylaxis for herpes simplex virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 31:361–367.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Shepp DH, Dandliker PS, Flournoy N, Meyers JD. 1987. Sequential intravenous and twice-daily oral acyclovir for extended prophylaxis of herpes simplex virus infection in marrow transplant patients. Transplantation 43:654–658.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Furman PA, St. Clair MH, Spector T. 1984. Acyclovir triphosphate is a suicide inactivator of the herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase. J Biol Chem 259: 9575–9579.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Collins P, Darby G. 1991. Laboratory studies of herpes simplex virus strains resistant to acyclovir. Rev Med Virol 1:19–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Collins P. 1988. Viral sensitivity following the introduction of acyclovir. Am J Med 85 (Suppl 2a): 129–134.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Straus SE, Takiff HE, Seidlin M, Bachrach S, Lininger L, DiGiovanna JJ, Western KA, Smith HA, Lehrman SN, Creagh-Kirk T, Alling DW. 1984. Suppression of frequently recurrent genital herpes. A placebo-controlled double-blinding trial of acyclovir. N Engl J Med 310:1545–1550.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Lehrman SN, Hill EL, Rooney JF, Ellis MN, Barry DW, Straus SE. 1986. Extended acyclovir therapy for herpes genitalis: Changes in virus sensitivity and strain variation. J Antimicrob Chemother 18(Suppl B):85–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ljungman P, Ellis MN, Hackman RC, Shepp DH, Meyers JD. 1990. Acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus causing pneumonia after marrow transplantation. J Infect Dis 162:244–248.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Snoeck R, Andrei G, De Clercq E, Gérard M, Clumeck N, Tricot G, Sadzot-Delvaux C. 1993. A new topical treatment for resistant herpes simplex infections. N Engl J Med 329:968–969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Vinckier F, Boogaerts M, De Clerck D, De Clercq E. 1987. Chronic herpetic infection in an immunocompromised patient: Report of a case. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 45:723–728.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Birch CJ, Tachedjian G, Doherty RR, Hayes K, Gust ID. 1990. Altered sensitivity to antiviral drugs of herpes simplex virus isolates from a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Infect Dis 162: 731–734.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Gatley A, Gander RM, Johnson PC, Kit S, Otsuka H, Kohl S. 1990. Herpes simplex type 2 meningoencephalitis resistant to acyclovir in a patient with AIDS. J Infect Dis 161:711–715.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Larder BA, Darby G. 1984. Virus drug resistance: Mechanisms and consequences. Antiviral Res 4:1–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Chatis PA, Crumpacker CS. 1991. Analysis of the thymidine kinase gene from clinically isolated acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus. Virology 180:793–797.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Hill EL, Hunter GA, Ellis MN. 1991. In-vitro and in-vivo characterization of herpes simplex virus clinical isolates recovered from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35:2322–2328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Eriksson B, Larsson A, Helgstrand E, Johansson NG, Öberg B. 1980. Pyrophosphate analogues as inhibitors of herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA polymerase. Biochim Biophys Acta 607:53–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Sacks SL, Wanklin RJ, Reece DE, Hicks KA, Tyler KL, Coen DM. 1989. Progressive esophagitis from acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex. Clinical roles for DNA polymerase mutants and viral heterogeneity? Ann Intern Med 111:893–899.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Hwang CBC, Ruffner KL, Coen DM. 1992. A point mutation within a distinct conserved region of the herpes simplex virus DNA polymease gene confers drug resistance. J Virol 66: 1774–1776.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Snoeck R, Andrei G, Gerard M, Silverman A, Hedderman A, Balzarini J, Sadzot-Delvaux C, Tricot G, Clumeck N, De Clercq E. 1994. Successful treatment of progressive mucocutaneous acyclovir-and foscarnet-resistant herpes simplex virus infection with (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonyl-methoxypropyl)cytosine (HPMPC). Clin Infect Dis 18:570–578.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Triebwasser JH, Harris RE, Bryant RE, Choades ER. 1967. Varicella pneumonia in adults. Medicine 46: 409–421.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Wallace MR, Bowler WA, Murray NB, Brodine SK, Oldfield EC. 1992. Treatment of adult varicella with oral acyclovir. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 117:358–363.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Weiler TH. 1983. Varicella and herpes zoster. Changing concepts of the natural history, control, and importance of a not-so-benign virus (first of two parts). N Engl J Med 309:1362–1368.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Weller, TH. 1983. Varicella and herpes zoster. Changing concepts of the natural history, control, and importance of a not-so-benign virus (second of two parts). N Engl J Med 309: 1434–1440.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Meyers JD. 1985. Infection in recipients of bone marrow transplants. In: Remington JS, Schwartz MN, eds Current Clinical Topics in Infectious Diseases. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp 261–292.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Taylor CE, Sviland L, Pearson ADJ, Dobb M, Reid MM, Kernahan J, Craft AW, Hamilton PJ, Proctor S. 1990. Virus infections in bone marrow transplant recipients: A three year prospective study. J Clin Pathol 43:633–637.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Christiansen NP, Haake RJ, Hurd DD. 1991. Early herpes zoster infection in adult patients with Hodgkin’s disease undergoing autologous bone marrow transplant. Bone Marrow Transplant 7:435–437.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Cockerell CJ. 1991. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and the skin. A crucial interface. Arch Intern Med 151:1295–1303.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Liebovitz E, Kaul A, Rigaud M, Bebenorth D, Krasinski K, Borkowsky W. 1992. Chronic varicella zoster in a child infected with human immunodeficiency virus: Case report and review of the literature. Cutis 49:27–31.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Dueland AN, Devlin M, Martin JR, Mahalingam R, Cohrs R, Manz H, Trombley I. 1991. Fatal varicella-zoster virus meningoradiculitis without skin involvement. Ann Neurol 29:569–572.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Gilden DH, Dueland AN, Devlin ME, Mahalingam R, Cohrs R. 1992. Varicella-zoster virus reactivation without rash. J Infect Dis 166 (Suppl 1):S30-S34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Snoeck R, Gérard M, Sadzot-Delvaux C, Andrei G, Balzarini J, Reymen D, Piette J, Rentier B, Clumeck N, De Clercq E. 1993. Meningoradiculoneuritis due to acyclovir-resistant varicella zoster virus in a patient with AIDS. J Infect Dis 168:1330–1331.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Brunell PA, Ross A, Miller LH, Kuo B. 1969. Prevention of varicella by zoster immune globulin. N Engl J Med 280:1191–1194.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Gershon AA, Steinberg S, Brunell PA. 1974. Zoster immune globulin: A further assessment. N Engl J Med 290:243–245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Takahashi M, Otsuka T, Okuno Y, Asano Y, Yazaki T, Isomura S. 1974. Live vaccine used to prevent the spread of varicella in children in hospital. Lancet 2:1288–1290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Kuter BJ, Weibel RE, Guess HA. 1991. Oka/Merck varicella vaccine in healthy children: Final report of a 2-year effiicacy study and 7-year follow-up studies. Vaccine 9:642-647.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Asano Y, Negai T, Miyata T, Yazaki T, Ito S, Yamanishi K, Takahashi M. 1985. Long-term protective immunity of recipients of the Oka strain of live varicella vaccine. Pediatrics 75:667–671.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. White CJ, Kuter BJ, Ngai A, Hildebrand CS, Isganitis KL, Patterson CM, Capra A, Miller WJ, Krah DL, Provost PJ, Ellis RW, Calandra GB. 1992. Modified cases of chickenpox after varicella vaccination: Correlation of protection with antibody response. Pediatr Infect Dis J 11:19–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Diaz PS, Au D, Smith S, Amylon M, Link M, Smith S, Arvin AM. 1991. Lack of transmission of the live attenuated varicella vaccine virus to immunocompromised children after immunization of their siblings. Pediatrics 87:166–170.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Gershon AA. 1991. Human immune responses to live attenuated varicella vaccine. Rev Infect Dis 13(Suppl 11):S957-S959.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Tsolia M, Gershon A, Steinberg S, Gelb L. 1990. Live attenauted varicella vaccine: Evidence that the virus is attenuated and the importance of skin lesions in transmission of varicella-zoster virus. J Pediatr 116:184–189.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Gershon AA, Steinberg S. 1989. NIAID Collaborative Varicella Vaccine Study Group. Persistence of immunity to varicella in children with leukemia immunized with live attenuated varicella vaccine. N Engl J Med 320:892–897.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Lawrence R, Gershon A, Holzman R, Steinberg S, 1988. The risk of zoster after varicella vaccination in children with leukemia. N Engl J Med 318:543–548.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. NIAID Varicella Vaccine Collaborative Study Group. 1988. The risk of zoster after varicella vaccination in children with leukemia. N Engl J Med 318:543–548.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Gershon AA, LaRussa P, Hardy I, Steinberg S, Silverstein S. 1992. Varicella vaccine: The American experience. J Infect Dis 166(Suppl 1):S63-S68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Hardy IB, Gershon A, Steinberg S, LaRussa P, 1991. The incidence of zoster after immunization with live attenuated varicella vaccine. A study in children with leukemia. N Engl J Med 325:1545–1550.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. NIAID Collaborative Varicella Vaccine Study Group. 1991. The incidence of zoster after immunization with live attenuated varicella vaccine. A study in children with leukemia. N Engl J Med 325:1545–1550.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Stevens DA, Jordan GW, Waddall TP, Merigan TC. 1973. Adverse effects of cytosoine arabinoside on disseminated zoster in a controlled trial. N Engl J Med 289:873–878.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Whitley RJ, Gnann JW Jr. 1992. Acyclovir: A decade later. N Engl J Med 327:782–789.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Whitley RJ, Hilty M, Haynes R, Bryson Y, Connor JD, Soong SJ, Alford CA. 1982. Vidarabine therapy of varicella in immunosuppressed patients. J Pediatr 1:125–131.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Prober DG, Kirk LE, Keeney RE. 1982. Acyclovir therapy of chickenpox in immunosuppressed children—a collaborative study. J Pediatr 101:622–625.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Nyerges G, Heszner Z, Gyarmati E, Kerpel-Fronius S. 1988. Acyclovir prevents dissemination of varicella in immunocompromised children J Infect Dis 157:309–313.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Meszner Z, Nyerges G, Bell AR. 1993. Oral acyclovir to prevent dissemination of varicella in immunocompromised children. J Infect 26:9–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Balfour HH Jr, Bean B, Laskin OL, Ambinder RF, Meyers JD, Wade JC, Zaia JA, Aeppli D, Kirk LE, Segreti AC, Keeney RE. 1983. Acyclovir halts progression of herpes zoster in immunocompromised patients. N Engl J Med 308: 1448–1453.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Shepp D, Dandliker PS, Meyers JD. 1986. Treatment of varicella-zoster virus in severely immunocompromised patients: A randomized comparison of acyclovir and vidarabine. N Engl J Med 314:208–212.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Whitley RJ. 1992. Therapeutic approaches to varicella-zoster virus infections. J Infect Dis 166(Suppl 1):S51-S57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. De Clercq E, Descamps J, De Somer P, Barr PJ, Jones AS, Walker RT. 1979. (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2′-deoxyuridine: A potent and selective anti-herpes agent. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76: 2947–2951.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Wildiers J, De Clercq E. 1984. Oral (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2′-deoxyuridine treatment of severe herpes zoster in cancer patients. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 4:471–476.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Benoit Y, Laureys G, Delbeke M-J, De Clercq E. 1985. Oral BVDU treatment of varicella and zoster in children with cancer. Eur J Pediatr 143:198–202.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Tricot G, De Clercq E, Boogaerts MA, Verwilghen RL. 1986. Oral bromovinyldeoxyuridine therapy for herpes simplex and varicella-zoster virus infections in severely immunosuppressed patients: A preliminary clinical trial. J Med Virol 18:11–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Wutzler P, De Clercq E, Wutke K-D, Färber I. 1995. Oral brivudin versus intravenous acyclovir in the treatment of herpes zoster in immunocompromised patients: A randomized double-blind trial. J Med Virol, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Maudgal PC, Dralands L, Lamberts L, De Clercq E, Descamps J, Missotten L. 1981. Preliminary results of oral BVDU treatment of herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol 193: 49–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. De Clercq E, Degreef H, Wildiers J. 1980. Oral (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2′-deoxyuridine in severe herpes zoster. Br Med J 281: 1, 178.

    Google Scholar 

  77. 75. Niimura M. 1990. A double-blind clinical study in patients with herpes zoster to establish YN-72 (Brovavir) dose. Adv Exp Med Biol 278:267–275.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Niimura M, Nishikawa T, Ogawa H, Asada Y, Ishii J, Takahashi M. 1990. YN-72 dose-finding double-blind clinical study in patients with herpes zoster. The study of clinical efficacy. Clin Virol 18:115–126.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Jacobson MA, Berger TG, Fikrig S, Becherer P, Moohr JW, Stanat SC, Biron KK. 1990. Acyclovir-resistant varicella zoster virus infection after chronic oral acyclovir therapy in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med 112:187–191.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Linnemann CC Jr, Biron KK, Hoppenjans WG, Solinger AM. 1990. Emergence of acyclovir-resistant varicella zoster virus in an AIDS patient on prolonged acyclovir therapy. AIDS 4:577–579.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Smith KJ, Kahlter C, Davis C, James WD, Skelton HG, Angritt B. 1991. Acyclovir-resistant varicella zoster responsive to foscarnet. Arch Dermatol 127:1069–1071.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Pahwa S, Biron K, Lim W, Swenson P, Kaplan MH, Sadick N, Pahwa R. 1988. Continuous varicella-zoster infection associated with acyclovir resistance in a child with AIDS. JAMA 260:2879–2882.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Lacey SF, Suzutani T, Powell KL, Purifoy DJM, Honess RW. 1991. Analysis of mutations in the thymidine kinase genes of drug-resistant varicella-zoster virus populations using the polymerase chain reaction. J Gen Virol 72:623–630.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Suzutani T, Lacey SF, Powell KL, Purifoy DJM, Honess RW. 1992. Random mutagenesis of the thymidine kinase gene of varicella-zoster virus. J Virol 66:2118–2124.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Safrin S, Berger TG, Gilson I, Wolfe PR, Wofsy CB, Mills J, Biron KK. 1991. Foscarnet therapy in five patients with AIDS and acyclovir-resistant varicella-zoster virus infection. Ann Intern Med 115:19–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Gentry LO, Zeluff B. 1988. Infection in the cardiac transplant patient. In: Rubin RH, Young LS, eds Clinical Approach to Infection in the Compromised Host. New York: Plenum, pp 623–648.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Singh N, Dummer JS, Kusne S, et al. 1988. Infections with cytomegalovirus and other herpesviruses in 121 liver transplant recipients: Transmission by donated organ and the effect of OKT3 antibodies. J Infect Dis 158:124–131.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Ho M. 1991. Observations from transplantation contributing to the understanding of pathogenesis of CMV infection. Transplant Proc 23(Suppl 3): 104–109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Wingard JR, Chen DY-H, Burns WH, et al. 1988. Cytomegalovirus infection after autologous bone marrow transplantation with comparison to infection after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Blood 71:1432–1437.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Wingard JR, Sostrin MB, Vriesendorp HM, Mellits ED, Santos GW, Fuller DJ, Braine HG, Yeager AM, Burns WH, Sarai R. 1988. Interstitial pneumonitis following autologous bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 46:61–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Miller W, Flynn P, McCullough J, Balfour HH Jr, Goldman A, Haake R, McGlave P, Ramsay N, Kersey J. 1986. Cytomegalovirus infection after bone marrow transplantation: An association with acute graft-v-host disease. Blood 67:1162–1167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Wingard JR, Mellits ED, Sostrin MB, Chen DY, Burns WH, Santos GW, Vriesendorp HM, Beschorner WE, Sarai R. 1988. Interstitial pneumonitis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: Nine-year experience at a single institution. Medicine 67:175–186.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Quinn TC, Piot P, McCormick JB, Feinsod FM, Taelman H, Kapita B, Stevens W, Fauci AS. 1987. Serologic and immunologic studies in patients with AIDS in North America and Africa. The potential role of infectious agents as cofactors in human immunodeficiency virus infection. JAMA 257:2617–2621.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Tyms AS, Taylor DL, Parkin JM. 1989. Cytomegalovirus and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Antimicrob Chemother 23(Suppl A):89–105.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Collier AC, Meyers JD, Corey L, Murphy VL, Roberts PL, Handsfield HH. 1987. Cytomegalovirus infection in homosexual men. Relationship to sexual practices, antibody to human immunodeficiency virus, and cell-mediated immunity. Am J Med 82:593–601.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Paya CV, Hermans PE, Wiesner RH, Ludwig J, Smith TF, Rakela J, Krom RAF. 1989. Cytomegalovirus hepatitis in liver transplantation: Prospective analysis of 93 consecutive orthotopic liver transplantations. J Infect Dis 160:752–758.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Bronsther O, Makowka L, Jaffe R, Demetris AJ, Breinig MK, Ho M, Esquivei CO, Gordon RD, Iwatsuki S, Tzakis A, Marsh JW Jr, Mazzaferro V, Van Thiel D, Starzl TE. 1988. Occurrence of cytomegalovirus hepatitis in liver transplant patients. J Med Virol 24:423–434.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Winston DJ, Ho WG, Champlin RE. 1990. Cytomegalovirus infections after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Rev Infect Dis 12(Suppl 7):S776-S792.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Cunningham I. 1992. Pulmonary infections after bone marrow transplant. Semin Respir Infect 7:132–138.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Forman SJ. 1991. Bone marrow transplantation. Transplant Proc 23(Suppl 3):110–114.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Wingard JR, Santos GW, Sarai R. 1985. Late-onset interstitial pneumonia following allogeneic bone marrow transplant. Transplantation 39:21–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Jules-Elysee K, Stover DE, Yahalom J, White DA, Gulati SC. 1992. Pulmonary complications in lymphoma patients treated with high-dose therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis 146:485–491.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Duncan SR, Paradis IL, Dauber JH, Yousem SA, Hardesty RL, Griffith BP. 1992. Ganciclovir prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus infections in pulmonary allograft recipients. Am Rev Respir Dis 146:1213–1215.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Drew WL. 1993. Cytomegalovirus infection and treatment in immunocompromised patients. In: Root RK, Sande MA, eds Contemporary Issues in Infections Diseases: Viral Infections. New York: Churchill Livingstone, pp 57–71.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Kusne S, Dummer JS, Sing N, Iwatsuki S, Makowka L, Esquivei C, Tzakis AG, Starzl TE, Ho M. 1988. Infections after liver transplantation: An analysis of 101 consecutive cases. Medicine 67:132–143.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Dummer JS. 1990. Cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplantation: Clinical manifestations and strategies for prevention. Rev Infect Dis 12(Suppl 7):S767-S775.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Ho M. 1990. Epidemiology of cytomegalovirus infections. Rev Infect Dis 12(Suppl 7):S701-S710.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Foucar E, Mukai K, Foucar K, Sutherland DE, Van Buren CT. 1981. Colon ulceration in lethal cytomegalovirus infection. Am J Clin Pathol 76:788–801.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Franzin G, Muolo A, Griminelli T. 1981. Cytomegalovirus inclusions in the gastroduodenal mucosa of patients after renal transplantation. Gut 22:698–701.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Arabia FA, Rosado LJ, Huston CL, Sethi GK, Copeland JG. 1993. Incidence and recurrence of gastrointestinal cytomegalovirus infection in heart transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 55:8–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Meiselman MS, Cello JP, Margaretten W. 1985. Cytomegalovirus colitis. Report of the clinical, endoscopic, and pathologic findings in two patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Gastroenterology 88:171–175.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Freeman WR, Lerner CW, Mines JA, Lash RS, Nadel AJ, Starr MB, Tapper ML. 1984. A prospective study of the ophthalmologic findings in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 97:133–142.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Kestelyn P, Lepage P, Van de Perre P. 1985. Perivasculitis of the retinal vessels as an important sign in children with AIDS-related complex. Am J Ophthalmol 100:614–615.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. De Smet MD. 1992. Differential diagnosis of retinitis and choroiditis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med 92(Suppl 2A): 17S-21S.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Yeager AS, Grumet FC, Hafleigh EB, Arvin AM, Bradley JS, Prober CG. 1981. Prevention of transfusion-acquired cytomegalovirus infections in newborn infants. J Pediatr 98:281–287.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Plotkin SA. 1991. Cytomegalovirus vaccine development—past and present. Transplant Proc 23(Suppl 3):85–89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Plotkin SA, Huang E-S. 1985. Cytomegalovirus vaccine virus (Towne strain) does not induce latency. J Infect Dis 152:395–397.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Plotkin SA, Smiley ML, Friedman HM, Starr SE, Fleisher GR, Wlodaver C, Dafoe DC, Friedman AD, Grossman RA, Barker CF. 1984. Towne-vaccine-induced prevention of cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplants. Lancet 1:528–530.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Plotkin SA, Starr SE, Friedman HM, Gönczöl E, Weibel RE. 1989. Protective effects of Towne cytomegalovirus vaccine against low-passage cytomegalovirus administered as a challenge. J Infect Dis 159:860–865.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Chou S, Dennison KM. 1991. Analysis of interstrain variation in cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B sequences encoding neutralization-related epitopes. J Infect Dis 163:1229–1234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Winston DJ, Ho WG, Lin C-H, Bartoni K, Budinger MD, Gale RP, Champlin RE. 1987. Intravenous immune globulin for prevention of cytomegalovirus infection and interstial pneumonia after bone marrow transplantation. Ann Intern Med 106:12–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Snydman DR. 1991. Prevention of cytomegalovirus-associated diseases with immunoglobulin. Transplant Proc 23 (Suppl 3):131–135.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Meyers JD, Reed EC, Shepp DH, Thornquist M, Dandliker PS, Vicary CA, Flournoy N, Kirk LE, Kersey JH, Thomas ED, Balfour HH Jr. 1988. Acyclovir for prevention of cytomegalovirus infection and disease after allogeneic marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 318:70–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Atkinson K, Downs K, Golenia M, Biggs J, Marshall G, Dodds A, Concannon A. 1991. Prophylactic use of ganciclovir in allogeneic base marrow transplantation: Absence of clinical cytomegalovirus infection. B J Haematol 79:57–62.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Yau JC, Dimopoulos MA, Huan SD, Tarrand JJ, Spencer V, Spitzer G, Meneghetti CM, Wallerstein RO, Andersson BS, Memaistre CF. 1991. Prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus infection with ganciclovir in allogeneic marrow transplantation. Eur J Haematol 47:371–376.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Schmidt GM, Horak DA, Niland JC, Duncan SR, Forman SJ, Zaia JA. 1991. A randomized, controlled trial of prophylactic ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus pulmonary infection in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow transplants. N Engl J Med 324:1057–1059.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Goodrich JM, Mori M, Gleaves CA, Du Mond C, Cays M, Ebeling DF, Buhles WC, DeArmond B, Meyers JD. 1991. Early treatment with ganciclovir to prevent cytomegalovirus disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 325:1601–1607.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Balfour HH Jr. 1990. Management of cytomegalovirus disease with antiviral drugs. Rev Infect Dis 12(Suppl 7):S849-S860.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Sidwell RW, Arnett G, Dixon GJ, Schabel FM Jr. 1969. Purine analogs as potential anticytomegalovirus agents. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 131:1223–1230.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Plotkin SA, Drew WL, Felsenstein D, Hirsch MS. 1985. Sensitivity of clinical isolates of human cytomegalovirus to 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine. J Infect Dis 152:833–834.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Balfour HH Jr, Bean B, Mitchell CD, Sachs GW, Boen JR, Edelman CK. 1982. Acyclovir in immunocompromised patients with cytomegalovirus disease: A controlled trial at one institution. Am J Med 73(Suppl 1A):241–248.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Wade JC, McGuffin RW, Springmeyer SC, Newton B, Singer JW, Meyers JD. 1983. Treatment of cytomegaloviral pneumonia with high-dose acyclovir and human leukocyte interferon. J Infect Dis 148:557–562.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Sommadossi JP, Carlisle R. 1987. Toxicity of 3′ azido-3′-deoxythymidine and 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine for normal human hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 31:452–454.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Snoeck R, Lagneaux L, Delforge A, Bron D, Van der Auwera P, Stryckmans P, Balzarini J, De Clercq E. 1990. Inhibitory effects of potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus and cytomegalovirus on the growth of human granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells in vitro. Eur J Clin Microbiol 9:615–619.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Erice A, Jordan MC, Chace BA, Fletcher C, Chinnock BJ, Balfour HH Jr. 1987. Ganciclovir treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in transplant recipients and other immunocompromised hosts. JAMA 257:3082–3087.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Bühles WC Jr, Mastre BJ, Tinker AJ, 1988. Ganciclovir treatment of life-or sight-threatening cytomegalovirus infection: Experience in 314 immunocompromised patients. Rev Infect Dis 10(Suppl 3):S495-S506.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. The Syntex Collaborative Ganciclovir Treatment Study Group. 1988. Ganciclovir treatment of life-or sight-threatening cytomegalovirus infection: Experience in 314 immunocompromised patients. Rev Infect Dis 10(Suppl 3):S495-S506.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Chrisp P, Clissold SP. 1991. Foscarnet. A review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in immunocompromised patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis. Drugs 41:104–129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Jacobson MA. 1992. Review of the toxicities of foscarnet. J AIDS 5(Suppl 1):S11-S17.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Mills J, Jacobson MA, O’Donnell JJ, Cederberg D, Holland GN. 1988. Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. Rev Infect Dis 10(Suppl 3):S522-S531.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Jacobson MA, Mills J. 1988. Serious cytomegalovirus disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Clinical findings, diagnosis, and treatment. Ann Intern Med 108:585–594.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Jabs DA, Enger C, Bartlett JG. 1989. Cytomegalovirus retinitis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 107:75–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Jabs DA. 1992. Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Arch Ophthalmol 110:185–187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Grossberg HS, Bonnern EM, Buhles WC Jr. 1989. GM-CSF with ganciclovir for the treatment of CMV retinitis in AIDS. Correspondence. N Engl J Med 320:1560.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Jacobson MA, O’Donnell JJ, Rousell R, Dionian B, Mills J. 1990. Failure of adjunctive cytomegalovirus intravenous immune globulin to improve efficacy of ganciclovir in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and cytomegalovirus retinitis: A phase 1 study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 34:176–178.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Cantrill HL, Henry K, Melroe H, Knobloch WH, Ramsay RC, Balfour HH Jr. 1989. Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis with intravitreal ganciclovir: Long-term results. Ophthalmology 96:367–374.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Büchi ER, Fitting PL, Michel AE. 1988. Long-term intravitreal ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus retinitis in a patient with AIDS [correspondence]. Arch Ophthalmol 106:1349–1350.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Fanning MM, Read SE, Benson M, Vas S, Rachlis A, Kozousek V, Mortimer C, Harvey P, Schwartz C, Chew E, Brunton J, Matlow A, Salit I, Vellend H, Walmsley S. 1990. Foscarnet therapy of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS. J AIDS 3:472–479.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Polis MA. 1992. Design of a randomized controlled trial of foscarnet in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med 92 (Suppl 2A): 22S-25S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Jacobson MA. 1992. Maintenance therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Foscarnet Am J Med 92 (Suppl 2A): 26S-29S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Smyth RL, Scott JP, Borysiewicz LK, Sharpies LD, Stewart S, Wreghitt TG, Gray JJ, Higenbottam TW, Wallwork J. 1991. Cytomegalovirus infection in heart-lung transplant recipients: Risk factors, clinical associations, and response to treatment. J Infect Dis 164:1045–1050.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Winston DJ, Ho WG, Bartoni K, Holland GN, Mitsuyasu RT, Gale RP, Busuttil RW, Champlin RE. 1988. Ganciclovir therapy for cytomegalovirus infections in recipients of bone marrow transplants and other immunosuppressed patients. Rev Infect Dis 10(Suppl 3):S547-S553.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Hecht DW, Snydman DR, Crumpacker CS, Werner BG, Heinze-Lacey B, 1988. Ganciclovir for treatment of renal transplant-associated primary cytomegalovirus pneumonia. J Infect Dis 157:187–190.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Boston Renal Transplant CMV Study Group. 1988. Ganciclovir for treatment of renal transplant-associated primary cytomegalovirus pneumonia. J Infect Dis 157:187–190.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Stoffel M, Pirson Y, Squifflet JP, Lamy M, Gianello P, Alexandre GP. 1988. Treatment of cytomegalovirus pneumonitis with ganciclovir in renal transplantation. Transplant Int 1:181–185.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Shepp DH, Dandliker PS, de Miranda P, Burnette TC, Cederberg DM, Kirk LE, Meyers JD. 1985. Activity of 9-[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxymethyl]guanine in the treatment of cytomegalovirus pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 103:368–373.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Crumpacker C, Marlowe S, Zhang JL, Abrams S, Watkins P, 1988. Treatment of cytomegalovirus pneumonia. Rev Infect Dis 10(Suppl 3):S538-546.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Ganciclovir Bone Marrow Transplant Treatment Group 1988. Treatment of cytomegalovirus pneumonia. Rev Infect Dis 10(Suppl 3):S538-546.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Emanuel D, Cunningham I, Jules-Elysee K, Brochstein JA, Kerman NA, Laver J, Stover D, White DA, Fels A, Polsky B, Castro-Malaspina H, Peppard JR, Bartus P, Hammerling U, O’Reilly RJ. 1988. Cytomegalovirus pneumonia after bone marrow transplantation successfully treated with the combination of ganciclovir and high-dose intravenous immune globulin. Ann Intern Med 109:777–782.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Reed EC, Bowden RA, Dandliker PS, Lilleby KE, Meyers JD. 1988. Treatment of cytomegalovirus pneumonia with ganciclovir and intravenous cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin in patients with bone marrow transplants. Ann Intern Med 109:783–788.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Schooley RT. 1990. Cytomegalovirus in the setting of infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Rev Infect Dis 12(Suppl 7):S811-S819.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Faulds D, Heel RC. 1990. Ganciclovir. A review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy in cytomegalovirus infections. Drugs 39:597–638.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Schmidt GM. 1991. Treatment of CMV infections and disease in transplantation. Transplant Proc 23(Suppl 3): 126–130.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Klintmalm G, Lonnqvist B, Oberg B, Gahrton G, Lernestedt J-O, Lundgren G, Ringden O, Robert K-H, Wahren B, Groth C-G. 1985. Intravenous foscarnet for the treatment of severe cytomegalovirus infection in allograft recipients. Scand J Infect Dis 17:157–163.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Ringden O, Wilczek H, Lonnqvist B, Gahrton G, Wahren B, Lernestedt JO. 1985. Foscarnet for cytomegalovirus infections. Lancet 1:1503–1504.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. de Hemptinne B, Lamy ME, Salizzoni M, Cornu C, Mostin J, Fevery J, De Groote V, Otte JB. 1988. Successful treatment of cytomegalovirus disease with 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl guanine). Transplant Proc 20(Suppl 1):652-655.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. D’Alessandro AM, Pirsch JD, Stratta RJ, Sollinger HW, Kalayoglu M, Beizer FO. 1989. Successful treatment of severe cytomegalovirus infections with ganciclovir and CMV hyperimmune globulin in liver transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 21:3560–3561.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Neyts J, De Clercq E. 1993. Strategies for the treatment and prevention of cytomegalovirus infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 3:187–204.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Drew WL, Lalezari JP, Glutzer E, Lynch T, Flaherty J, Martin JC, Fisher PE, Jaffe HS. 1993. The safety, pharmacokinetics and anti-HCMV activity of weekly HPMPC in HIV positive patients excreting CMV. In: Michelson S, Plotkin S, eds Multidisciplinary Approach to Understanding Cytomegalovirus Disease. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, Elsevier, pp 287–292.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Polis MA, Baud B, Manischewitz J, Jaffe HS, Fisher PE, Walker R, Falloon J, Davey RT, Kovacs C, Lane HC, Masur H. 1993. A phase I/II dose escalation trial of (S)-1-(3)-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine (HPMPC) in HIV-infected persons with CMV viremia. Abstracts of the 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, Louisiana, 17–20 October 1993, p 137.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Littler E, Stuart AD, Chee MS. 1992. Human cytomegalovirus UL97 open reading frame encodes a protein that phosphorylates the antiviral nucleoside analogue ganciclovir. Nature 358:160–164.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Sullivan V, Talarico CL, Stanat SC, Davis M, Coen DM, Biron KK. 1992. A protein kinase homologue controls phosphorylation of ganciclovir in human cytomegalovirus-infected cells. Nature 358:162–164.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Biron KK, Fyfe JA, Stanat SC, Leslie LK, Sorrell JB, Lambe CU, Coen DM. 1986. A human cytomegalovirus mutant resistant to the nucleoside analog 9-[[2-hydroxy-1- (hydroxymethyl)ethoxy]-methyl]guanine (BW B759U) induces reduced levels of BW B759U triphosphate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:8769–8773.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Stanat SC, Reardon JE, Erice A, Jordan MC, Drew WL, Biron KK. 1991. Ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus clinical isolates: Mode of resistance to ganciclovir. Antimicrob Agents chemother 35:2191–2197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Jacobson MA, Drew WL, Feinberg J, O’Donnell JJ, Whitmore PV, Miner RD, Parenti D. 1991. Foscarnet therapy for ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. J. Infect Dis 163:1348–1351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Sullivan V, Biron KK, Talarico C, Stanat SC, Davis M, Pozzi LM, Coen DM. 1993. A point mutation in the human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase gene confers resistance to ganciclovir and phosphonylmethoxyalkyl derivatives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37:19–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Knox KK, Drobyski WR, Carrigan DR. 1991. Cytomegalovirus isolate resistant to ganciclovir and foscarnet from a marrow transplant patient. Lancet 337:1292–1293.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Robert Snoeck
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Erik De Clercq
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Service de Medecine Interne et Laboratoire d’Inverstigation, Clinique, H.J. Tagnon, Institut Jules Bordet, Centre des Tumeurs de L’Universite, Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium

    Jean Klastersky

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Snoeck, R., De Clercq, E. (1995). Herpesvirus infections in immunocompromised patients. In: Klastersky, J. (eds) Infectious Complications of Cancer. Cancer Treatment and Research, vol 79. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1239-0_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1239-0_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8527-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-1239-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation