Abstract
The most commonly occurring human neoplasms are those arising in the skin. The nonmelanoma neoplasms are chiefly squamous and basal cell carcinomas that evolve slowly, generally permitting early recognition and cure by local. Less often, radiation and topical chemotherapeutic approaches are used. Melanoma is a less common but more aggressive cutaneous neoplasm that in up to 15% of patients, has a considerably more lethal progression pattern, involving regional and distant sites. Recently, new biologic therapies capable of preventing relapse after surgical excision and leading to sustained regression in patients with metastatic disease have been identified. Melanoma less frequently arises in a variety of noncutaneous sites, including the mucosae and subungual areas of the toes and fingers and the uveal tract of the eye. Indeed ocular melanoma is the most lethal tumor of the eye in adults. The incidence of melanoma has risen more rapidly than any other solid tumor. Approximately 45,000 patients develop melanoma annually, with one in 75 white patients expected to be at risk for developing melanoma in their lifetime at the beginning of this millennium [1]. Interestingly, the increase appears to be primarily in thin melanomas, those most readily cured with simple excision [2]. The following chapter will deal solely with cutaneous melanoma and basal and squamous cell carcinomas, the predominant skin cancers that confront the clinician.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Lotze MT, Dallai RM, Kirkwood JM, Flickinger JC: Cutaneous melanoma. In Principles and Practice of Oncology. Edited by DeVita V, Hellman S, Rosenberg S. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 2000
Lipsker DM, Hedelin G, Heid E,et al.: Striking increase of thin melanomas contrasts with stable incidence of thick melanomas.Arch Dermato1 1999, 135: 1451–1456
Skolnick, MH, Cannon-Albright LA, Kamb A: Genetic predisposition to melanoma. EurJCancer 1994, 30A: 1991–1995
Whelan AJ, Bartsch D, Goodfellow PJ: A familial syndrome of pancreatic cancer and melanoma with a mutation in the CDKN2 tumor-suppressor gene. N Eng1 JMed 1995, 333: 970–974
Goldstein AM, Struewing JP, Chidambaram A, Fraser MC, Tucker MA: Genotype-phenotype relationships in U.S. melanoma-prone families with CDKN2A and CDK4 mutations. J Nat/ Cancer Inst 2000, 92: 1006–1010
Wang Y, Rao U, Mascari R, Richards TJ, et al.: Molecular analysis of melanoma precursor lesions. Cell Growth Differ 1996, 7: 1733–1740
Titus-Ernstoff L, Duray PH, Ernstoff MS, et al.: Dysplastic nevi in association with multiple primary melanoma. Cancer Res 1998, 48: 1016–1018
Ziegler A, Jonason AS, Leffel DJ, et al.: Sunburn and p53 in the onset of skin cancer. Nature 1994, 372: 773–776
Rhodes AR: Public education and cancer of the skin. Cancer 1995, 75: 613–636
Wang C, Brodland DG, Su WPD: Skin cancers associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [abstract].Mayo Clin Proc 1995, 70: 766–772
Cheson BD, Vena DA, Barrett J, Freidlin B: Second malignancies as a consequence of nucleoside analog therapy for chronic lymphoid leukemias. J Clin Oncol 1999, 17: 2454–2460
Maeurer MJ, Lotze MT: Immune responses to melanoma antigens. In Cutaneous Melanoma, edn 3. Edited by Balch CM, Houghton AN, Sober AJ, Soong S-J. St. Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, Inc.; 1998: 517–534
Balch CM: A new AJCC staging system for cutaneous melanoma.Cancer 2000
Poo-Hwu WJ, Ariyan S, Lamb L, et al.: Follow-up recommendations for patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer Stages I-III malignant melanoma. Cancer 1999, 86: 2252–2258
Essner R, Bostick PJ, Glass EC, et al.: Standardized probe-directed sentinel node dissection in melanoma. Surgery 2000, 127: 26–31
Balch CM, Sengjaw S, Ross M, et al.: Long-term results of a multiinstitutional randomized trial: Comparing prognostic factors and surgical results for intermediate thickness melanoma (1.0–4.0 mm). Ann Surg Oncol 2000, 7: 87–97
Karakousis CP, Velez A, Driscoll DL, Takita H: Metastasectomy in malignant melanoma. Surgery 1994, 115: 295–302
Manola J, Atkins M, Ibrahim J, Kirkwood J: Prognostic factors in metastatic melanoma: a pooled analysis of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trials. J Clin Oncol 2000, 18: 3782–3793
Kondziolka D, Patel A, Lunsford LD, et al.: Stereotactic radiosurgery plus whole brain radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for patients with multiple brain metastases. IntJRadiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999, 45: 427–434
Falkson CI, Falkson G, Falkson HC: Improved results with the addition of interferon alfa-2b to dacarbazine in the treatment of patients with metastatic malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1991, 9: 1403–1408
Middleton MR, Grob JJ, Aaronson N, et al.: Randomized phase III study of temozolomide versus dacarbazine in the treatment of patients with advanced metastatic malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2000, 18: 158
Rustoven JJ, Quirt IC, Iscoe NA, et al.: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comparing the response rates of carmustine, dacarbazine, and cisplatin with and without tamoxifen in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1996, 14: 2083–2090
Fallcson CI, Ibrahim J, Kirkwood JM, et al.: Phase III trial of dacarbazine versus dacarbazine with interferon alfa-2b versus dacarbazine with tamoxifen versus dacarbazine with interferon alfa-2b and tamoxifen in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study (E3690). J Clin Oncol 1998, 16: 1743–1751
Del Prete SA, Maurer LH, O’Donnell J, et al.: Combination chemotherapy with cisplatin, carmustine, dacarbazine and tamoxifen in malignant melanoma. Cancer Treat Rep 1984, 68: 1403–1405
Chapman PB, Einhorn LH, Meyers ML, et al.: Phase III multicenter randomized trial of the Dartmouth regimen versus dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1999, 17: 2745–2751
Kirkwood JM: Biologic therapy with interferon a and b: clinical applications: melanoma. In Biologic Therapy of Cancer: Principles and Practice. Edited by DeVita VT, Jr., Hellman S, Rosenberg SA. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1995: 388–411
Lotze MT: The future role of interleukin-2 in cancer therapy. CancerJ Sci Am 2000, 6 (suppl 1): S58 – S60
Royal RE, Steinberg SM, Krouse RS, et al.: Correlates of response to IL-2 therapy in patients treated for metastatic renal cancer and melanoma. Sci Am 1996, 2: 91–98
Keilholz U, Scheibenbogen C, Tilgen W, et al.: Interferon-a and interleukin-2 in the treatment of metastatic melanoma: comparison of two phase II trials. Cancer 1993, 72: 607–614
Atkins MB, Lotze MT, Dutcher JP, et al.: High-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: analysis of 270 patients treated from 1985–1993. J Clin Oncol 1999, 17: 2105
Hoon DS, Yuzuki D, Hayashida M, et al.: Melanoma patients immunized with melanoma cell vaccine induce antibody responses to recombinant MAGE-1 antigen. J lmmunol 1995, 154: 730–737
Lotze MT, Shurin M, Esche C, et al.: Interleukin-2: developing additional cytokine gene therapies using fibroblasts or dendritic cells to enhance tumor immunity. Cancer J Sci Am 2000, 6 (suppl 1): S61 - S66
Lienard D, Ewalenko P, Delmotte JJ, et al.: High-dose recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha in combination with interferon gamma and melphalan in isolation perfusion of the limbs for melanoma and sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 1992, 10: 52–60
Lienard D, Eggermont AM, Koops HS, et al.: Isolated limb perfusion with tumor necrosis factor-alpha and melphalan with or without interferon-gamma for the treatment of in-transit melanoma metastases: a multicenter randomized phase II study. Melanoma Res 1999, 9: 491–502
Barth A, Wanke LA, Morton DL: Analysis of prognostic factors in 1521 patients with metastatic melanoma [abstract]. Proc ASCO 1995, 14: 410
Flaherty LE, Robinson W, Redman BG, et al.: A phase II study of dacarbazine and cisplatin in combination with outpatient administered interleukin-2 in metastatic malignant melanoma. Cancer 1993, 71: 3520–3525
Sirott MN, Bajorin DF, Wong GY, et al.: Prognostic factors in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma: a multivariate analysis. Cancer 1993, 72: 3091–3098
Kirkwood JM, Wilson J, Whiteside TL, et al.: Phase IB trial of picibanil (OK-432) as an immunomodulator in patients with resected high-risk melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1997, 44: 137–149
Lear JT, Strange RC, Fryer AA: Relationship between sunlight exposure and a key genetic alteration in basal cell carcinoma. JNatl Cancer Inst 1997, 89: 454–455
Spitler LE: A randomized trial of levamisole versus placebo as adjuvant therapy in malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1991, 9: 736–740
Kirkwood, JM, Strawderman MH, Ernstoff MS, et al.: Interferon alfa-2b adjuvant therapy of high-risk resected cutaneous melanoma: the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial EST1684. J Clin Oncol 1996, 14: 7–17
Cole BF, Gelber RD, Kirkwood JM, et al.: A quality-of-life-adjusted survival analysis of interferon alfa-2b adjuvant treatment for high-risk resected cutaneous melanoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study (E1684). J Clin Onco1 1996, 14: 2666–2673
Hillner BE, Kirkwood JM, Atkins MB, et al.: Economic analysis of adjuvant interferon alfa-2b in high-risk melanoma based on projections from ECOG 1684. J Clin Onco1 1997, 15: 2351–2358
Kirkwood JM, Ibrahim JG, Sondak VK, et al.: High- and low-dose interferon alfa-2b in high-risk melanoma: first analysis of intergroup trial E1690/S9111/C9190. J Clin Oncol 2000, 18: 2444–2458
Strom EA, Ross MI: Adjuvant radiation therapy after axillary lymphadenectomy for metastatic melanoma: toxicity and local control. Ann Surg Onco1 1995, 2: 445–449
Wallack MK, Sivanandham M, Balch CM, et al.: A phase III randomized, double-blind, multiinstitutional trial of vaccine melanoma oncolysate-active specific immunotherapy for patients with stage II melanoma. Cancer 1995, 75: 34–42
Mayordomo JI, Zorina T, Storkus WJ, et al.: Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells pulsed with synthetic tumor peptides elicit protective and therapeutic antitumor immunity.Nature Medicine 1995, 1: 1297–1302
Zitvogel L, Mayordomo JI, Tjandrawan T, et al.: Therapy of murine tumors with tumor peptide-pulsed dendritic cells: dependence on T cells, B7 costimulation, and T helper cell 1-associated cytokines. JExp Med 1996, 183: 87–97
Luft T, Pang KC, Thomas E, et al.: Type I IFNs enhance the terminal differentiation of dendritic cells.Jlmmunol 1998, 161: 1944–1953
Nestle FO, Alijagic S, Gilliet M, et al.: Vaccination of melanoma patients with peptide- or tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. Nature Medicine 1998, 4: 328–332
Favilla I, Favilla ML, Gosbell AD, et al.: Photodynamic therapy: a 5-year study of its effectiveness in the treatment of posterior uveal melanoma, and evaluation of haematoporphyrin uptake and photocytotoxicity of melanoma cells in tissue culture. Melanoma Res 1995, 5: 355–364
Coupland SE, Anastassiou G, Stang A, et al.: The prognostic value of cyclin D1, p53, and MDM2 protein expression in uveal melanoma. J Pathol 2000, 91: 120–126
Alexander HR, Libutti SK, Bartlett DL, et al.: A phase I-II study of isolated hepatic perfusion using melphalan with or without tumor necrosis factor for patients with ocular melanoma metastatic to liver. Clin Cancer Res 2000, 6: 3062–70
Preston DS, Stern RS: Nonmelanoma cancers of the skin. NEng1J Med 1992, 327: 1649–1662
Cullen SI: Topical fluorouracil therapy for precancer and cancers of the skin. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997, 27: 529–535
Ashton H, Beveridge GW, Stevenson CJ: Topical treatment of skin tumors with 5-flourouracil. BrJDermato1 1970, 82: 207–209
Soufir N, Daya-Grosjean L, de La Salmoniere P et al.: Association between INK4a-ARF and p53 mutation in skin carcinomas of xeroderma pigmentosum patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000, 92: 1841–1847
Miller SJ: The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines of care for nonmelanoma skin cancers. Dermatol Surg 2000 26: 289–292
Kirkwood J, Ibrahim J, Lawson D, et al.: E2696: a trial of vaccination with or without IFNα2b in high-risk resected melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2001, in press
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lotze, M.T., Kirkwood, J.M. (2001). Melanoma and Other Tumors of the Skin. In: Current Cancer Therapeutics. Current Medicine Group, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1099-0_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1099-0_11
Publisher Name: Current Medicine Group, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-57340-176-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-1099-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive