Abstract
Psychotropic drugs are those prescribed by a medical doctor to alter the behavior or emotions of children with severe childhood disorders (Gadow, 1986a; Sprague & Ullmann, 1981). Pharmacotherapy is the active use of psychotropic drugs to change behavior or emotions, and it has enabled many children to function well in school and to live fuller, happier lives (Aman, 1978, 1980; Kauffman, 1985). Although generally useful, the effects of psychotropic drugs need to be monitored closely because children’s learning ability and social performance can be adversely affected (DiMascio & Shader, 1970). Therapists, teachers, and others who work with disturbed children need to understand both the benefits and the costs associated with the use of psychotropic drugs. The purpose of this chapter is to explain basic pharmacotherapy concepts and to discuss the effects of psychotropic drugs.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Agran, M., & Martin, J. E. (1982). Use of psychotropic drugs by mentally retarded adults in community programs. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 7, 54–59.
Aman, M. G. (1978). Drugs, learning and the psychotherapies. In J. S. Werry (Ed.), Pediatric psychopharmacology: The use of behavior modifying drugs in children (pp. 79–108). New York: Brunner/ Mazel.
Aman, M. G. (1980). Psychotropic drugs and learning problems—A selective review. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 13, 36–46.
Aman, M. G., & Singh, N. N. (1980). The usefulness of thioridazine for treating childhood disorders—Fact or folklore? American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 84, 331–338.
Aman, M. G., & Singh, N. N. (1983). Pharmacological interventions. In J. L. Matson & J. A. Mulick (Eds.), Handbook of mental retardation (pp. 317–337). New York: Pergamon Press.
Aman, M. G., Field, C. J., & Bridgman, G. D. (1985). City—wide survey of drug patterns among noninstitutionalized retarded persons. Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 6, 159–171.
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.— DSM-III). Washington, DC: Author.
Baldessarini, R. J.(1980). Drugs and the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In A. G. Gilman, L. S. Goodman, T. W. Rail., & F. Murad (Eds.), The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (6th ed., pp. 391–447). New York: Macmillan.
Barkley, R. A. (1981). Hyperactive children: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.
Brown, R. T., & Sleator, E. K. (1979). Methylphenidate in hyperkinetic children: Differences in dose effects on impulsive behavior. Pediatrics, 64, 408–411.
Burk, H. W., & Menolascino, F. J. (1968). Haloperidol in emotionally disturbed mentally retarded individuals. American Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 1589–1591.
Charalampous, K. D., & Keepers, G. A. (1978). Major side effects of antipsychotic drugs. Journal of Family Practice, 6, 993–1002.
Davis, K. V., Sprague, R. L., & Werry, J. S. (1969). Stereotyped behavior and activity level in severe retardates: The effect of drugs. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 73, 721–727.
Denhoff, E., Feldman, S., Smith, M. G., Litchman, H., & Holden, W. (1975). Treatment of spastic cerebral—palsied children with sodium dantrolene. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 25, 67–80.
DiMascio, A., & Shader, R. I. (1970). Behavioral toxicity: Part 1. Definition; Part 2. Psychomotor functions. In R. I. Shader & A. DiMascio (Eds.), Psychotropic drug side effects (pp. 124–141). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Engelhardt, D. M., & Polizos, P. (1978). Adverse effects of pharmacotherapy in childhood psychosis. In M. A. Lipton, A. DiMascio, & K. F. Killam (Eds.), Psychopharmacology: A generation of progress (pp. 1463–1469). New York: Raven Press.
Gadow, K. D. (1983). Effects of stimulant drugs on academic performance in hyperactive and learning disabled children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 16, 290–299.
Gadow, K. D.(1986a). Children on medication (Vol. 1). San Diego: College-Hill Press.
Gadow, K. D.(1986b). Children on medication (Vol. 2). San Diego: College-Hill Press.
Gadow, K. D., & Kalachnik, J. (1981). Prevalence and pattern of drug treatment for behavior and seizure disorders of TMR students. American Journal of Mental Deficienty, 85, 588–595.
Gadow, K. D., & Swanson, H. L. (1985). Assessing drug effects on academic performance. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 877–886.
Gittelman-Klein, R. (1978). Psychopharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and Tourette’s disorder in children. In M. A. Lipton, A. DiMascio, & K. F. Killam (Eds.), Psychopharmacology: A generation of progress (pp. 1471–1480). New York: Raven Press.
Gittelman-Klein, R., & Klein, D. F. (1971). Controlled imipramine treatment of school phobia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 25, 204–207.
Gross, M. D., & Wilson, W. C. (1974). Minimal brain dysfunction. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Hill, B. K., Balow, E. A., & Bruininks, R. H. (1985). A national study of prescribed drugs in institutions and community residential facilities for mentally retarded people. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 279–284.
Kauffman, J. M. (1985). Characteristics of children’s behavior disorders (3rd ed.). Columbus, OH: Merrill.
LaVeck, G. D., & Buckley, P. (1961). The use of psychopharmacologic agents in retarded children with behavior disorders. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 13, 174–183.
Leavitt, F. (1982). Drugs and behavior (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
Lerer, R. J., Lerer, P. M., & Artner, J. (1977). The effects of methylphenidate on the handwriting of children with minimal brain dysfunction. Journal of Pediatrics, 91, 127–132.
McNair, D. M. (1973). Antianxiety drugs and human performance. Archives of General Psychiatry, 29, 611–617.
Marholin, D., & Phillips, D. (1976). Methodological issues in psychopharmacological research: Chlorpromazine—A case in point. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 46, 477–495.
Martin, J. E., & Agran, M. (1985). Psychotropic and anticonvulsant drug use by mentally retarded adults across community residential and vocational placements. Applied Research in Mental Retardation, 6, 33–49.
Menolascino, F. J., Ruedrich, S. L., Golden, C. J., & Wilson, J. E. (1985). Diagnosis and pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia in the retarded. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 316–322.
Michael, R. L., Klorman, R., Salzman, L. F., Borgstedt, A. D., & Painer, K. B. (1981). Normalizing effects of methylphenidate on hyperactive children’s vigilance performance and evoked potentials. Psychophysiology, 18, 665–667.
Pomeroy, J., & Gadow, K. E. (1986). Adolescent psychiatric disorders. In K. E. Gadow (Ed.), Children on medication (Vol. 2, pp. 132–172). San Diego: College-Hill Press.
Rapoport, J. L., Buschbaum, M., Weingartner, H., Zahn, T. P., & Ludlow, C. (1980). Dextroamphetamine: Cognitive and behavioral effects in normal and hyperactive boys and normal men. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 933–943.
Ray, O. S. (1978). Drugs, society, and human behavior. St. Louis: Mosby.
Reid, M. K., & Borkowski, J. G. (1984). Effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on information processing in hyperactive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 12, 169–185.
Ross, D. M., & Ross, S. A. (1982). Hyperactivity: Research, theory, and action (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
Safer, D. J., & Allen, R. P. (1975). Stimulant drug treatment of hyperactive adolescents. Diseases of the Nervous System, 36, 454–457.
Safer, D. J., & Allen, R. P. (1976). Hyperactive children: Diagnosis and management. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Safer, D. J., & Krager, J. M. (1984). Trends in medication therapy for hyperactivity: National and international perspectives. In K. D. Gadow (Ed.), Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities (Vol. 3, pp. 125–149). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Safer, D. J., Allen, R., & Barr, E. (1972). Depression of growth in hyperactive children on stimulant drugs. New England Journal of Medicine, 287, 217–220.
Safer, D. J., Allen, R., & Barr, E. (1975). Growth rebound after termination of stimulant drugs. Pediatrics, 86, 113–116.
Schroeder, S. R., & Gualtieri, C. T. (1985). Behavioral interactions induced by chronic neuroleptic therapy in persons with mental retardation. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 310–315.
Schwartz, S., & Johnson, J. H. (1985). Psychopathology of childhood. New York: Pergamon Press.
Shaywitz, S. E., & Shawitz, B. A. (1984). Diagnosis and management of attention deficit disorders: A pediatric perspective. The Pediatric Clinics of North America, 31, 429–457.
Singh, N. N., & Aman, M. G. (1981). Effects of thioridazine dosage on the behavior of severely mentally retarded persons. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 85, 580–587.
Singh, N. N., & Millichamp, C. J. (1985). Pharmacological treatment of self—injurious behavior in mentally retarded persons. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 15, 257–267.
Sleator, E. K. (1982). Office diagnosis of hyperactivity by the physician. In K. D. Gadow & I. Bialer (Eds.), Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities (Vol. 1, pp. 341–364). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Sleator, E. K., & Ullmann, R. K. (1981). Can the physician diagnose hyperactivity in the office? Pediatrics, 67, 13–17.
Sleator, E. K., von Neumann, A., & Sprague, R. L. (1974). Hyperactive children: A continuous long—term placebo controlled follow-up. Journal of the American Medical Association, 229, 316–317.
Spiegel, R., & Aebi, H. J. (1983). Psychopharmacology (English ed.). New York: Wiley.
Sprague, R. L. (1984). Preliminary report of cross—cultural study and cognitive strategies of ADD children. In L. M. Bloomingdale (Ed.), Attention deficit disorder: Diagnostic, cognitive, and therapeutic understanding (pp. 211–219). New York: Spectrum.
Sprague, R. L., & Sleator, E. K. (1975). What is the proper dose of stimulant drugs in children? International Journal of Mental Health, 4, 75–104.
Sprague, R. L., & Sleator, E. K. (1977). Methylphenidate in hyperkinetic children: Differences in dose effects on learning and social behavior. Science, 198, 1274–1276.
Sprague, R. L., & Ullmann, R. (1981). Psychoactive drugs and child management. In J. M. Kauffman & D. P. Hallahan (Eds.), Handbook of special education (pp. 749–766). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Sprague, R. L., & Werry, J. S. (1971). Methodology of psychopharmacological studies with the retarded. In N. R. Ellis (Ed.), International review of research in mental retardation (Vol. 5, pp. 147–219). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Ullmann, R. K., Sleator, E. K., & Sprague, R. L. (1985). Introduction to the use of ACTERS. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 915–930.
Wade, M. G. (1976). Effects of methylphenidate on motor skill acquisition of hyperactive children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 9, 443–447.
Whalen, C. K., & Henker, B. (1984). Hyperactivity and the attention deficit disorders: Expanding frontiers. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 31, 399–427.
Whitehouse, D., Shah, U., & Palmer, F. B. (1980). Comparison of sustained—release and standard methylphenidate in treatment of minimal brain dysfunction. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 41, 282–285.
Wysocki, T., Fuqua, W., Davis, V. J., & Breuning, S. E. (1981). Effects of thioridazine on titrating delayed matching to sample performance of mentally retarded adults. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 85, 539–547.
Zimmerman, R. L., & Heistad, G. T. (1982). Studies of the long term efficacy of antipsychotic drugs in controlling the behavior of institutionalized retardates. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 21, 136–143.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Martin, J.E., Agran, M. (1988). Pharmacotherapy. In: Matson, J.L. (eds) Handbook of Treatment Approaches in Childhood Psychopathology. Applied Clinical Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0983-3_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0983-3_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8277-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0983-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive