Abstract
This chapter surveys the application of behavioral techniques to probationers and parolees. As we discuss later in the chapter, probation and parole officers face a set of demands that can be reconceptualized in behavioral terms. Principles of behavioral intervention and case management can then be derived that would be predicted to be effective change techniques for the probationers/ parolees. Polakow (1974), an early advocate of behavioral approaches to probation, has developed behavioral reconceptualizations of traditional probation activities such as record keeping, treatment plans, structures of contact with the probationer, accountability, and the use of incentives with probationers (see Nietzel, 1979, p. 191). The goals of these reconceptualizations have been to (1) reduce the use of aversive control with offenders, (2) tailor interventions to the individual needs of each client, (3) provide efficient, relatively easily learned techniques that can be applied in the natural environment, and (4) increase the chances that probation and parole will lead to the successful adjustment of the offender in the community.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abadinsky, H. (1977). Probation and parole: Theory and practice. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Alexander, J. F., & Parsons, B. V. (1973). Short-term behavioral intervention with delinquent families: Impact on family process and recidivism. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 81, 219–225.
Allen, H. E., & Simonsen, C. E. (1975). Corrections in America: An introduction. Beverly Hills: Glencoe Press.
Bagley, J. J. (1979). Why Illinois adopted determinate sentencing. Judicature, 62, 390–397.
Bernstein, G. S. (1982). Training behavior change agents: A conceptual review. Behavior Therapy, 13, 1–23.
Boudin, H., Valentine, V., Ingraham, R., Brantley, J., Ruiz, M., Smith, G., Catlin, R., & Regan, E. (1974). Contingency contracting with drug addicts in the natural environment. Unpublished manuscript, University of Florida.
Brown, R. A. (1980). Conventional education and controlled drinking education courses with convicted drunken drivers. Behavior Therapy, 11, 632–642.
Burkhart, B. R., Behles, M., & Stumphauzer, J. S. (1976). Training juvenile probation officers in behavior modification: Knowledge, attitude change, or behavioral competence. Behavior Therapy, 7, 47–53.
Carey, W. T. (1979). Determinate sentencing in California and Illinois: Its effect on sentence disparity and prisoner rehabilitation. Washington University Law Quarterly, 1979, 551–569.
Carney, L. P. (1977). Probation and parole: Legal and social dimensions. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Cavender, C. (1982). Parole: A critical analysis. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press.
Cohen, N. P., & Gobert, J. J. (1983). The law of probation and parole. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Cohn, A. W. (1982). Behavioral objectives in probation and parole: A new approach to staff accountability. Federal Probation, 46, 19–28.
Deibert, A. N., & Golden, F. (1973). Behavior modification workshop with juvenile offenders: Brief report. Behavior Therapy, 4, 586–588.
Doctor, R. M., & Polakow, R. L. (1973). A behavior modification program for adult probationers. Proceedings of the 81st Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association (pp. 941–942). Washington, DC: APA.
Empey, L. T., & Rabow, J. (1961). The Provo experiment in delinquency rehabilitation. American Sociological Review, 26, 679–695.
Glaser, D. (1969). The effectiveness of a prison and parole system. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
Gottfredson, M. R. (1979). Parole guidelines and the reduction of sentencing disparity: A preliminary study. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 16, 218–231.
Griswold, D. B., & Wiatrowski, M. D. (1983). The emergence of determinate sentencing. Federal Probation, 47, 28–35.
Hall, S. M., Loeb, P., Coyne, K., & Cooper, J. (1981). Increasing employment in ex-heroin addicts I: Criminal justice sample. Behavior Therapy, 12, 443–452.
Hall, S. M., Loeb, P., LeVois, M., & Cooper, J. (1981). Increasing employment in ex-heroin addicts II: Methadone maintenance sample. Behavior Therapy, 12, 453–460.
Hartinger, W., Eldefonso, E., & Coffey, A. (1973). Corrections: A component of the criminal justice system. Pacific Palisades, CA: Goodyear Publishing.
Hazel, J. S., Schumaker, J. B., Sherman, J. A., & Sheldon-Wildgen, J. (1982). Group training for social skills. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 9, 35–53.
Irving, L. H., & Sandhu, H. S. (1973). Offender typology and family interaction: An evaluation of probation success in Oklahoma. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Jamieson, R. B. (1965). Can conditioning principles be applied to probation? TrialJudges Journal, 4, 7–8.
Jones, R. J., & Azrin, N. H. (1973). An experimental application of a social reinforcement approach to the problem of job finding. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6, 345–353.
Kolko, D. J., & Milan, M. A. (1983). Reframing and paradoxical instruction to overcome “resistance” in the treatment of delinquent youths: A multiple baseline analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 655–660.
Krasnegor, L., & Boudin, H. (1973). Behavior modification and drug addiction: The state of the art. Proceedings of The 81st Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association (pp. 913–914). Washington, DC: APA.
Lipton, D., Martinson, R., & Wilks, J. (1975). The effectiveness of correctional treatment: A survey of treatment evaluation studies. New York: Praeger Publishers.
Maletzky, B. M. (1980). Self-referred versus court-referred sexually deviant patients: Success with assisted covert sensitization. Behavior Therapy, 11, 306–314.
Manson, J. R. (1977). Determinate sentencing. Crime and Delinquency, 23, 204–207.
Martinson, R. (1974). What works? Questions and answers about prison reform. Public Interest, 35, 22–54.
Martinson, R., & Wilks, J. (1977). Save parole supervision. Federal Probation, 41, 23–26.
Newman, C. L. (Ed.). (1968). Source book on probation, parole and pardons (3rd ed.). Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
Nietzel, M. T. (1979). Crime and its modification: A social learning prospective. New York: Pergamon Press.
Polakow, R. L. (1974). Establishing behavior therapy in a public agency. Paper presented at the annual meeting of The Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Chicago, IL.
Polakow, R. L. (1975). Covert sensitization treatment of a probationed barbiturate addict. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 6, 53–54.
Polakow, R. L., & Doctor, R. M. (1973). Treatment of marijuana and barbiturate dependency by contingency contracting. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 4, 375–377.
Polakow, R. L., & Doctor, R. M. (1974). A behavioral modification program for adult drug offenders. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 11, 63–69.
Polakow, R. L. & Peabody, D. (1975). Behavioral treatment of child abuse. InternationalJournal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 19, 100–103.
Rubin, S. (1973). Law of criminal correction. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing.
Rumney, J., & Murphy, J. P. (1968). Probation and social adjustment. New York: Greenwood Press.
Sparks, R. F. (1971). The effectiveness of probation. In L. Radzinowiez & M. E. Wolfgang (Eds.), The criminal in confinement (pp. 211–218 ). New York: Basic Books.
Spence, S. (1982). Social skills training with young offenders. In P. Feldman (Ed.), Developments in the study of criminal behavior (Vol. 1): The prevention and control of offending (pp. 107–134 ). New York: Wiley.
Stumphauzer, J. S. (1986). Helping delinquents change: A treatment manual of social learning approaches. New York: The Haworth Press.
Stumphauzer, J. S., Candelora, K., & Venema, H. B. (1976). A follow-up of probation officers trained in behavior modification. Behavior Therapy, 7, 713–715.
Tappan, P. (1960). Crime, justice and correction. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Tharp, R. G., & Wetzel, R. J. (1969). Behavior modification in the natural environment. New York: Academic Press.
Thorne, G. L., Tharp, R. G., & Wetzel, R. J. (1967). Behavior modification techniques: New tools for probation officers. Federal Probation, 31, 21–27.
Twentyman, C. T., Jensen, M., & Kloss, J. D. (1978). Social skills training for the complex offender: Employment seeking skills. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34, 320–326.
U.S. Department of Justice (1974). Success and failure of federal offenders released in 1970. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of Justice (1982). Bureau of Justice Statistics: Bulletin, Probation and Parole 1981. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
von Hirsch, A. (1976). Doing justice. NY: Hill & Wang.
von Hirsch, A., & Hanrahan, K. (1979). The question of parole: Retention, reform, or abolition. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
von Hirsch, A., & Hanrahan, K. (1981). Determinate penalty systems in America: An overview. Crime and Delinquency, 27, 289–316.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nietzel, M.T., Himelein, M.J. (1987). Probation and Parole. In: Morris, E.K., Braukmann, C.J. (eds) Behavioral Approaches to Crime and Delinquency. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0903-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0903-1_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8237-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0903-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive