Skip to main content

Epidemiology of endometrial cancer

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Cancer Treatment and Reasearch ((CTAR,volume 49))

Abstract

The incidence of endometrial cancer rose sharply in the United States in the early 1970s, paralleling changes in the use of postmenopausal estrogens by American women. A sizable body of evidence supports the role of both excessive endogenous estrogen and exogenous estrogen in the etiology of endometrial cancer. There is growing evidence that adequate progesterone has the opposite effect and that progestogen supplementation of postmenopausal estrogen therapy reduces the incidence of endometrial cancer.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Weiss NS, Szekely DR, Austin DF, 1976. Increasing incidence of endometrial cancer in the United States. N Engl J Med 294:1259–1262.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Lyon JL, Gardner JW, 1977. The rising frequency of hysterectomy: Its effect on uterine cancer rates. Am J Epidemiol 105:439–443.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Howe HL, 1984. Age-specific hysterectomy and oophorectomy prevalance rates and the risks for cancer of the reproductive system. Am J Public Health 74:560–563.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Koepsell TD, Weiss NS, Thompson DJ, et al., 1980. Prevalence of prior hysterectomy in the Seattle-Tacoma area. Am J Public Health 70:40–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Szekely DR, Weiss NS, Schweid AI, 1978. The incidence of endometrial carcinoma in King Country, Washington: A standarized histologic review. JNCI 60:985–989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Gordon J, Regan JW, Finkel WD, et al., 1977. Estrogen and endometrial carcinoma: An independent pathology review supporting original risk estimate. N Engl J Med. 297:570–571.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Pagel J, Bock JE, 1984. Endometrial cancer. Dan Med Bull 31:333–345.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Jick H, Walker AM, Rothman KJ, 1980. The epidemic of endometrial cancer: A commentary. Am J Public Health 70:264–267.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Doll R, Kinlen LJ, Skegg DCG, 1976. Incidence of endometrial carcinoma. Br Med J 1:1071–1072.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Austin DF, Rode KM, 1982. The decreasing incidence of endometrial cancer: Public health implications. Am J Public Health 72:65–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Standeven M, Criqui MH, Klauber MR, et al., 1986. Correlates of change in postmenopausal estrogen use in a population-based study. Am J Epidemiol 124:268–274.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Gruber JS, Luciani CT, 1986. Physicians changing postmenopausal sex hormone prescribing regimens. In Advances in Cancer Control: Health Care Financing and Research. Alan R. Liss, pp. 325–335.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Ross RK, Paganini-Hill A, Roy S. et al., 1988. Past and present preferred prescribing practices of hormone replacement therapy among Los Angeles gynecologists: Possible implications for public health. Am J Public Health 78:516–519.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Kennedy DL, Baum C, Forbes MB, 1985. Noncontraceptive estrogens and progestins: Use patterns over time. Obstet Gynecol 65:441–446.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Waterhouse J, Muri C, Correa P, et al. (eds), 1976. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol III. Lyon: IARC Scientific Publications No 15.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Doll R, Muir CS, Waterhouse J. (eds), 1970. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol II. Geneva: UICC.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Harlow BL, Weiss NS, Lofton S, 1986. The epidemiology of sarcomas of the uterus. JNCI 76:399–402

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Ryser HJP, 1971. Chemical carcinogenesis. N Engl. J Med 285:721–734.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Pitot C, 1986. Fundamentals of oncology. New York: Dekker.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Diddle AW, 1952. Granulosa and theca cell ovarian tumors: Prognosis. Cancer 5:215–228.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Larson JA, 1954. Estrogens and endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol 3:551–572.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Salerno LJ, 1962. Feminizing mesenchymomas of the ovary — An analysis of 28 granulosa-theca cell tumors and their relationship to coexistent carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 84:731–738.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Gusberg SB, Kardon P, 1971. Proliferative endometrial response to theca-granulosa cell tumors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 111:633–643.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Siiteri PK, MacDonald PC, 1973. The role of extra-glandular estrogen in human endocrinology. Handbook of Physiology 2:615.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Dockerty MB, Lovelady SB, Foust GT, Jr, 1951. Carcinoma of the corpus uteri in young women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 61:966–981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Farhi DC, Nosanchuk J, Silverberg SG, 1986. Endometrial adenocarcinoma in women under 25 years of age. Obstet Gynecol 68:741–745.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Charmlian DL, Taylor HB, 1970. Endometrial hyperplasia in young women. Obstet Gynecol 36:659–666.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Stein IF, 1958. The Stein-Leventhal syndrome — A curable form of sterility. N Engl J Med 259:420–423.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Leventhal ML, 1958. The Stein-Leventhal syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 76:825–836.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Schneider J, Bradlow HL, Strain G, et al., 1983. Effects of obesity on estradiol metabolism: Decreased formation of nonuterotropic metabolites. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56:973–978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. MacDonald PC, Siiteri PK, 1974. The relationship between the extraglandular production of estrone and the occurrence of endometrial neoplasia. Gynecol Oncol 2:259–263.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. McDonald PC, Edman CD, Hemsell DL, et al., 1978. Effect of obesity on conversion of plasma androstenedione to estrone in postmenopausal women with and without endometrial cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 130:448–455.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Edman CD, MacDonald PC, 1978. Effect of obesity on conversion of plasma androstenedione to estrone in ovulatory and anovulatory young women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 130:456–461.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Davidson BJ, Gambone JC, Lagasse LD, et al., 1981. Free estradiol in postmenopausal women with and without endometrial cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52:404–408.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Damon A, 1960. Host factors in cancer of the breast and uterine cervix and corpus. JNCI 24:483–516.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Wynder EL, Escher GC, Mantel N, 1966. An epidemiological investigation of cancer of the endometrium. Cancer 19:489–520.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Elwood JM, Cole P, Rothman KJ, et al., 1977. Endometrial cancer: Fertility and other factors. JNCI 59:1055–1060.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Weiss NS, Farewell VT, Szekely DR, et al., 1980. Oestrogens and endometrial cancer: Effect of other risk factors on the association. Maturitas 2:185–190.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. LaVecchia C, Franceshi S, Gallus G, et al., 1982. Oestrogens and obesity as risk factors for endometrial cancer in Italy. Int J Epidemiol 11:120–126.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Spengler RF, Clarke EA, Woolever A, et al., 1981. Exogenous estrogens and endometrial cancer: A case-control study and assessment of potential bias. Am J Epidemiol 114:497–506.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Stavraky KM, Collins J A, Donner A, et al., 1981. A Comparison of estrogen use by women with endometrial cancer, gynecologic disorders, and other illnesses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 141:547–555.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. LaVecchia C, Franceschi S, DeCarli A, et al., 1984. Risk factors for endometrial cancer at different ages. JNCI 73:667–671.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Kelsey JL, Livolsi VA, Holford TR, et al., 1982. A case-control study of cancer of the endometrium. Am J Epidemiol 116:333–342.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Henderson BE, Casagrande JT, Pike MC, et al., 1983. The epidemiology of endometrial cancer in young women. Br J Cancer 47:749–756.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Petterson B, Adami HO, Bergstrom R, 1985. Obesity, hypertension and diabetes as risk factors for endometrial cancer. In Risk Factors for Endometrial Carcinoma. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Hulka BS, Fowler WC, Kaufman DG, et al., 1980. Estrogen and endometrial cancer: Cases and two control groups from North Carolina. Arti J Obstet Gynecol 137:91–101.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Lawrence C, Tessaro I, Durerian S, et al., 1987. Smoking, body weight and early stage endometrial cancer. Cancer 59:1665–1669.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Hammond CB, Jelovsek FR, Lee KL, Creasman WT, Parker RT, 1979. Effects of long-term replacement therapy: I. metabolic effects. Am J Obstet Gynecol 133:525–536.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Siddle NC, Townsend PT, Young O, et al., 1982. Dose-dependent effects of synthetic progestins on the biochemistry of the estrogenized post-menopausal endometrium. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Supp 106:17–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Whitehead MI, King RJB, Mcqueen J, et al., 1979. Endometrial histology and biochemistry in climacteric women during oestrogen and oestrogen/progestogen therapy. J Roy Soc Med 72:322–327.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. King RJB, Whitehead MI, 1983. Estrogen and progestin effects on epithelium and stroma from pre- and postmenopausal endometria: Application to clinical studies of the climacteric syndrome. In Steroids and Endometrial Cancer (Jasonni VM, ed). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  52. King RJB, Dyer G, Collins WP, et al., 1980. Intracellular estradiol, estrone, and estrogen receptor levels in endometria from postmenopausal women receiving estrogens and progestins. J Steroid Biochem 13:377–382.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Leeson TS, Roland LC, 1981. Histology, Fourth Edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Lucas WE, 1974. Causal relationships between endocrine-metabolic variables in patients with endometrial carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol Surv 29:507–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Yen SSC, 1980. The polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxf) 12:177–208.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Sherman BM, Korenman SG, 1974. Measurement of serum LH, FSH, estradiol and progesterone in disorders of the human menstrual cycle: The inadequate luteal phase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39:145–149.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Coulam CB, Annegers JF, Kranz JS, 1983. Chronic anovulation syndrome and associated neoplasia. Obstet and Gynecol 61:403–407.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Johansson EDB, 1984. The sterile menstrual cycle. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 123:147–150.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Pettersson B, Adami HO, Berstrom R, et al., 1986. Menstrual span — A time limited risk factor for endometrial cancer. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 65:247–255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Sherman BM, 1987. Endocrinologic and menstrual alterations. In Menopause: Physiology and Pharmacology (Mishell DR, ed). Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., pp. 41–51.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Benson RC, 1980. Handbook of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Los Altos, CA: Lange Medical Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Gusberg SB, 1947. Precursors of corpus carcinoma estrogens and adenomatous hyperplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 54:905–927.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Schiff I, Sela HK, Cramer D, 1982. Endometrial hyperplasia in women on cyclic or continuous estrogen regimens. Fertil Steril 37:79–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Sturdee DW, Wade-Evans T, Paterson MEL, et al., 1978. Relations between bleeding pattern, endometrial histology and oestrogen treatment in menopausal women. Br Med J 1:1575–1577.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Whitehead MI, McQueen RJ, Beard RJ, et al., 1977. The effects of cyclical oestrogen therapy and sequential oestrogen/progestogen therapy on the endometrium of postmenopausal women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 65:91–101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Krieger N, Marrett LD, Clarke AE, et al., 1986. Risk factors for adenomatous endometrial hyperplasia: A case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 123:291–301.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Kistner RW, 1973. Endometrial alterations associated with estrogen and estrogen-progestin combinations. In The Uterus (Norris HJ, Hertig AT, Abell MR, eds). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Gusberg SB, Hall RE, 1961. Precursors of corpus cancer III. The appearance of cancer of the endometrium in estrogenically conditioned patients. Obstet Gynecol 17:397–412.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Pettersson B, Adami HO, Lindgren A, et al., 1985. Endometrial polyps and hyperplasia as risk factors for endometrial carcinoma. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 64:653–659.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Deligdisch L, Holinka CF, 1987. Endometrial carcinoma: Two Diseases? Cancer Detect Prev 10:237–246.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Kurman RJ, Kaminski PF, Norris HJ, 1985. The behavior of endometrial hyperplasia: A long term study of ‘untreated’ hyperplasia in 170 patients. Cancer 56:403–412.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Antunes CMF, Stolley PD, Rosenshein NB, et al., 1979. Endometrial cancer and estrogen use: Report of a large case-control study. N Engl J Med 300:9–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Gray, LA, Christopherson WM, Hoover RN, 1977. Estrogens and endometrial carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol 49:385–389.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Hoogerland DL, Buchler DA, Crowley JJ, Carr WF. Estrogen use — risk of endometrial carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 6:451–458.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Jelovsek FR, Hammond CB, Woodard BH, et al., 1980. Risk of exogenous estrogen therapy and endometrial cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 137:85–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Jick H, Watkins RN, Hunter JR, et al., 1979. Replacement estrogens and endometrial cancer. N Engl J Med 300:218–222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. McDonald TW, Annegers JF, O’Fallon WM, et al., 1977. Exogenous estrogen and endometrial carcinoma: Case-control and incidence study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 127:572–580.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Shapiro S, Kaufman DW, Slone D, et al., 1980. Recent and past use of conjugated estrogens in relation to adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. N Engl J Med 303:485–489.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Ziel HK, Finkle WD, 1975. Increased risk of endometrial carcinoma among users of conjuated estrogens. N Engl J Med 293:1167–1170.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Ziel HK, Finkle WD, 1976. Association of estrone with the development of endometrial carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 124:735–740.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Buring JE, Bain CJ, Ehrmann RL, 1986. Conjugated estrogen use and risk of endometrial cancer. Am J Epidemiol 124:434–441.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Shapiro S, Kelly JP, Rosenberg L, et al., 1985. Risk of localized and widespread endometrial cancer in relation to recent and discontinued use of conjugated estrogens. N Engl J Med 313:969–972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Pettersson B, Adami HO, Persson I, et al., 1986. Climacteric symptoms and estrogen replacement therapy in women with endometrial carcinoma. Acta obstet Gynecol Scand 65:81–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Mack TM, Pike MC, Henderson BE, et al., 1976. Estrogens and endometrial cancer in a retirement community. N Engl J Med 294:1262–1267.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Weiss NS, Szekely DR, English DR, Schweid AI, 1979. Endometrial cancer in relation to patterns of menopausal estrogen use. JAMA 242:261–264.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Salmi T, 1980. Endometrial carcinoma risk factors, with special reference to the use of oestrogens. Acta Endocrinol 233:37–43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Holst J, Cajander S, von Schoultz B, 1983. Cellular morphometric analysis of the postmenopausal endometrium during treatment with percutaneous estradiol-17B with and without oral gestagen. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 62:267–270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Persson IR, Adami HO, Eklund G, et al., 1986. The risk of endometrial neoplasia and treatment with estrogens and estrogen-progestogen combinations. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 65:211–217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Hunt K, Vessey M, McPherson K, et al., 1987. Long-term surveillance of mortality and cancer incidence in women receiving hormone replacement therapy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 94:620–635.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Cutler BS, Forbes AP, Ingersoll FM, et al., 1972. Endometrial carcinoma after stilbesterol therapy in gonadal dysgenesis. N Engl J Med 287:628–631.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Hoover R, Fraumeni JF, Everson R, et al., 1976. Cancer of the uterine corpus after hormonal treatment for breast cancer. Lancet 1:885–887.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Robboy SJ, Bradley R, 1979. Changing trends and prognostic features in endometrial cancer associated with exogenous estrogen therapy. Obstet Gynecol 54:269–277.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Elwood JM, Boyes DA, 1980. Clinical and pathological features and survival of endometrial cancer patients in relation to prior use of estrogens. Gynecol Oncol 10:173–187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Collins J, Allen LH, Donner A, et al., 1980. Oestrogen use and survival in endometrial cancer. Lancet 2:961–963.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Chu J, Schweid AI, Weiss NS, 1982. Survival among women with endometrial cancer: A comparison of estrogen users and nonusers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 143:569–573.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Weiss NS, 1978. Noncontraceptive estrogens and abnormalities of endometrial proliferation. Ann Intern Med 88:410–412.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Smith DC, Prentice R, Thompson DJ, et al., 1975. Association of exogenous estrogen and endometrial carcinoma. N Engl J Med 293:1164–1167.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Staland B, 1985. Continuous treatment with a combination of estrogen and gestagen — A way of avoiding endometrial stimulation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 130:29–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Mattsson L, Samsioe G, 1985. Estrogen-progestogen replacement in climacteric women, particularly as regards a new type of continuous regimen. Acta Obstet Gynecol Supp 130:53–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Magos AL, Brincat, M, Dowd T, et al., 1985. Amenorrhoea and endometrial atrophy following continuous oral oestrogen and progestogen therapy in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 65:496–499.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Whitehead MI, 1978. The Effects of oestrogens and progestogens on the post-menopausal endometrium. Maturitas 1:87–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Whitehead MI, Townsend PT, Pryse-Davies J, 1981. Effects of estrogens and progestins on the biochemistry and morphology of the postmenopausal endometrium. N Engl J Med 305:1599–1605.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. King RJB, Whitehead MR, 1986. Assessment of the potency of orally administered progestins in women. Fertil Steril 46:1062–1066.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Whitehead MI, Townsend PT, Pryse-Davies J, et al., 1982. Effects of various types of progestogens on the postmenopausal endometrium. J Reprod Med 27:539–548.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Thorn MH, White PJ, Williams RM, et al., 1979. Prevention and treatment of endometrial disease in climacteric women receiving oestrogen therapy. Lancet 2:455–457.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Paterson MEL, Wade-Evans T, Sturdee DW, et al., 1980. Endometrial disease after treatment with oestrogens and progestogens in the climacteric. Br Med J 280:822–824.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Weiss NS, Sayvetz T, 1980. Incidence of endometrial cancer in relation to the use of oral contraceptives. N Engl J Med 302:551–554.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Silverberg SG, Makowski EL, Roche WD, 1977. Endometrial carcinoma in women under 40 years of age. Cancer 39:592–598.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Kaufman DW, Shapiro S, Slone D, et al., 1980. Decreased risk of endometrial cancer among oral-contraceptive users. N Engl J Med 303:1045–1047.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. The Centers for Disease Control, 1983. Oral contraceptive use and the risk of endometrial cancer. JAMA 249:1600–1604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Hulka BS, Chambless LE, Daufman DG, et al., 1982. Protection against endometrial carcinoma by combination-product oral contraceptives. JAMA 247:475–477.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Trapido EJ, 1983. A prospective cohort study of oral contraceptives and cancer of the endometrium. Int J Epidemiol 12:297–300.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Armstrong BK, Ray RM, Thomas DB, 1988. Endometrial cancer and combined oral contraceptives. Int J Epidemiol 17:263–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Lavecchia C, DeCarli A, Fasoli M, et al., 1986. Oral contraceptives and cancers of the breast and of the female genital tract. Interim results from a case-control study. Br J Cancer 54:311–317.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Gambreil RD, Jr, 1986. Prevention of endometrial cancer with progestogens. Maturitas 8:159–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Kessler II, 1970. Cancer mortality among diabetics. JNCI 44:673–680.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Ragozzino M, Melson LJ, Chu C-P, et al., 1982. Subsequent cancer risk in the incidence cohort of Rochester, Minnesota residents with diabetes mellitus. J Chronic Dis 35:13–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Corscaden JA, Fertig JW, Gusberg SB, 1946. Carcinoma subsequent to the radiother-apeutic menopause. Am J Obstet Gynecol 51:1–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Stander RW, 1957. Irradiation castration: A follow-up study of results in benign pelvic disease. Obstet Gynecol 10:223–229.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Wagoner JK, 1984. Leukemia and other malignancies following radiation therapy for gynecologic disorders. In Radiation Carcinogenesis: Epidemiology and Biological Significance (Boice JD, Fraumeni JF, Jr eds). New York: Raven Press, pp. 153–159.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Hunter RM, Ludwick V, Motley JF, et al., 1954. The use of radium in the treatment of benign lesions of the uterus: A critical twenty-year survey. Am J Obstet Gynecol 67:121–129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Doll R, Smith PG, 1968. The long-term effects of X irradiation in patients treated for metropathia haemorrhagica. Br J Radiol 41:362–368.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Boice JD, Day NE, Andersen A, et al., 1984. Cancer risk following radiotherapy of cervical cancer: A preliminary report. In Radiation Carcinogeneses: Epidemiology and Biological Significance (Boice JD, Fraumeni JF, eds). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Czesnin K, Wronkowski Z, 1978. Second malignancies of the irradiated area in patients treated for uterine cervix cancer. Gynecol Oncol 6:309–315.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Kato H, Schull WJ, 1982. Studies of the mortality of A-bomb survivors, 7. Mortality, 1950–1978: Part 1. Cancer mortality. Rad Res 90:395–432.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Michnovicz JJ, Hershcopf RJ, Naganuma H, et al., 1986. Increase of 2-hydroxylation of estradiol as a possible mechanism for the anti-estrogenic effect of cigarette smoking. N Engl J Med 315:1305–1309.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Jensen J, Christiansen C, Rodbro P, 1985. Cigarette smoking, serum estrogens, and bone loss during hormone-replacement therapy early after menopause. N Engl J Med 313:973–975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Lesko SM, Rosenberg L, Kaufman DW, et al., 1985. Cigarette smoking and the risk of endometrial cancer. N Engl J Med 313:593–596.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Stockwell HG, Lyman GH, 1987. Cigarette smoking and the risk of female reproductive cancer. AM J Obstet Gynecol 157:35–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Franks AL, Kendrick JS, Tyler CW, et al., 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Levi F, LaVecchia C, DeCarli A, 1987. Cigarette smoking and the risk of endometrial cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 23:1025–1029.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Waterhouse J, Muri C, Shanmugaratnam K, Powell J. (eds), 1982. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol IV. Lyon: IARC Scientific Publications No 42

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Voigt, L.F., Weiss, N.S. (1989). Epidemiology of endometrial cancer. In: Surwit, E.A., Alberts, D.S. (eds) Endometrial Cancer. Cancer Treatment and Reasearch, vol 49. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0867-6_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0867-6_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8210-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0867-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics