Skip to main content

Regulation of Bacterial Gene Expression

  • Chapter
Bacteria in Nature

Part of the book series: Bacteria in Nature ((BANA,volume 3))

Abstract

The total properties of any bacterium result from an interplay between its genome and its environment. The bacterium Escherichia coli carries approximately 3000 genes, but this total repertoire describes its potential properties and, in reality, only a small subset of this genetic information is expressed at any given moment. A primary influence of the environment is the determination of what subset is expressed. It presents the cell with the signals that ultimately lead to gene regulation—the turning on or off of gene expression.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Andrewes, F. W., 1922, Studies in group-agglutination. I. The Salmonellagroup and its antigenic structure, J. Pathol. 25: 515 – 521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahl, C. P., Wu, R., Stawinsky, J., and Narang, S., 1977, Minimal length of the lactose operator sequence for the specific recognition by the lactose repressor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 966 – 970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barkley, M. D., and Bourgeois, S., 1978, Repressor recognition of operator and effectors, in: The Operon( J. H. Miller and W. S. Reznikoff, eds.), pp. 177 – 220, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baughman, G., and Nomura, M., 1983, Localization of the target site for translational regulation of the Lll operon and direct evidence for translational coupling in Escherichia coli, Cell 34: 979 – 988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beckwith, J., Davies, J., and Gallant, J. (eds.), 1983, Gene Function in Prokaryotes, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belfort, M., 1980, The cll-independent expression of the phage λ intgene in RNase III-defective E. coli, Gene 11: 149 – 155.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertrand, K., Squires, C., and Yanofsky, C., 1976, Transcription termination in vivoin the leader region of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli, J. Mol. Biol. 103: 319 – 337.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertrand, K., and Yanofsky, C., 1976, Regulation of transcription termination in the leader region of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coliinvolves tryptophan or its metabolic product, J. Mol. Biol. 103: 339 – 349.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beyreuther, K., 1978, Chemical structure and functional organization of lacrepressor from Escherichia coli, in: The Operon( J. H. Miller and W. S. Reznikoff, eds.), pp. 123 – 154, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Branlant, C., Krol, A., Machatt, A., and Ebel, J.-P., 1981, The secondary structure of the protein LI binding region of ribosomal 23S RNA. Homologies with putative secondary structures of the LI 1 mRNA and of a region of mitochondrial 16S rRNA, Nucl. Acids Res. 9: 293 – 307.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brot, N., Caldwell, P., and Weissbach, H., 1980, Autogenous control of Escherichia coliribosomal protein L10 synthesis in vitro, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 2592 – 2595.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caruthers, M. H., 1980, Deciphering the protein-DNA recognition code, Acc. Chem. Res. 13: 155 – 160.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlin, M., McGrath, J., and Waske, L., 1970, New RNA polymerase from Escherichia coliinfected with bacteriophage T7, Nature (Lond.) 228: 227 – 231.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, G. N., and Jacob, F., 1959, Sur la repression de la syntheese des enzymes intervenant dans la formation du tryptophan chez E. coli, C. R. Acad. Sci. 248: 3490 – 3495.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Crombrugghe, B., Busby, S., and Buc, H., 1983, Activation of transcription by the cyclic AMP receptor protein, in: Biological Regulation and Development, Vol. III-B ( K. Yamamoto, ed), pp. 129 – 167, Plenum, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Crombrugghe, B., and Pastan, I., 1978, Cyclic AMP, the cyclic AMP receptor protein, and their dual control of the galactose operon, in: The Operon( J. H. Miller and W. S. Reznikoff, eds.), pp. 303 – 324, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickson, R. C., Abelson, J., Barnes, W. M., and Reznikoff, W. S., 1975, Genetic regulation: The laccontrol region. Science 187: 27 – 35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickson, R. C., Abelson, J., Johnson, P., Reznikoff, W. S., and Barnes, W. M., 1977, Nucleotide sequence changes produced by mutations in the lacpromoter of Escherichia coli, J. Mol. Biol. 111: 65 – 75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fakuda, R., 1980, Autogenous regulation of the synthesis of ribosomal proteins, L10 and L7/12, in Escherichia coli, Mol. Gen. Genet. 178: 483 – 486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallon, A. M., Jinks, C. S., Strycharz, G. D., and Nomura, M., 1979, Ribosomal protein synthesis in Escherichia coliregulated by selective mRNA inactivation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 3411 – 3415.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, D. I., Schauer, A. T., Baumann, M. R., Baron, L. S., and Adhya, S. L., 1981, Evidence that ribosomal protein S10 participates in control of transcription termination, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 1115 – 1118.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, J. F., 1979, Regulation of the threonine operon: Tandem threonine and isoleucine codons in the control region and translational control of transcription termination, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA76: 1706 – 1710.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gemmill, R. M., Wessler, S. R., Keller, E. B., and Calvo, J. M., 1979, leu Operon of Salmonella typhimurium is controlled by an attenuation mechanism, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:4941–4945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, W., 1976, Starting and stopping sequences for the RNA polymerase, in: RNA Polymerase( R. Losick and M. Chamberlin, eds.), pp. 193 – 206, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, W., Gralla, J., Majors, J., and Maxam, A., 1975, Lactose operator sequences and the action of lac repressor, in: Protein-Ligand Interactions (H. Sund and G. Blauer, eds.), pp. 193–210, de Gruyter, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilman, M. Z., Wiggs, J. L., and Chamberlin, M. J., 1981, Nucleotide sequence of two Bacillus subtilispromoters used by Bacillus subtilissigma-28 RNA polymerase, Nucl. Acids Res. 9: 5991 – 5999.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gottesman, M., Oppenheim, A., and Court, D., 1982, Retroregulation: Control of gene expression from sites distal to the gene, Cell 29: 727 – 728.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gourse, R. L., Thurlow, D. L., Gerbi, S. A., and Zimmermann, R. A., 1981, Specific binding of a prokaryotic ribosomal protein to a eukaryotic ribosomal RNA: Implications for evolution and autoregulation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 2722 – 2726.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenblatt, J., 1981, Regulation of transcription termination by the Ngene protein of bacteriophage lambda, Cell 24: 8 – 9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenblatt, J., Li, J., Adhya, S., Friedman, D. I., Baron, L. S., Redfield, B., Jung, H.F., and Weissback, H., 1980, L factor that is required for β-galactosidase synthesis is thenusAgene product involved in transcription termination, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA77: 1991 – 1994.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, A. D., Erickson, J. W., and Gross. C. A., 1984, The htpRgene product of E. coliis a sigma factor for heatshock promoters, Cell 38: 383 – 390.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gryczan, T., Shivakumar, A. G., and Dubnau, D., 1980, Characterization of chimeric plasmid cloning vehicles in Bacillus subtilis, J. Bacteriol. 131: 246 – 253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guarente, L., Nye, J. S., Hochschild, A., and Ptashne, M., 1982, Mutant X phage repressor with a specific defect in its positive control function, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79: 2236 – 2239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guarneros, G., and Galindo, J. M., 1979, The regulation of integrative recombination by the b2region and the ellgene of bacteriophage λ, Virology 95: 119 – 126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guarneros, G., Montanez, C., Hernandez, T., and Court, D., 1982, Post-transcriptional control of bacteriophage X intgene expression from a site distal to the gene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79: 238 – 242.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haldenwang, W. G., and Losick, R., 1980, Novel RNA polymerase a factor from Bacillus subtilis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 7000 – 7004.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinemann, S. F., and Spiegelman, W. G., 1971, Role of the gene Nproduct in phage lambda, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 35: 315 – 318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschman, J., Wong, P.-K., Sei, K., Keener, J., and Kustu, S., 1985, Products of the nitrogen regulatory genes ntrAand ntrCof enteric bacteria activate glnAtranscription in vivo: Evidence that the ntrAproduct is a sigma factor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 7525 – 7529.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, J. D., 1974, A new class of promoter mutations in the lactose operon of Escherichia coli, J. Mol. Biol. 87: 715 – 724.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horinouchi, S., and Weisblum, B., 1980, Post-transcriptional modification of messenger RNA conformation: Mechanism of erythromycin inducible resistance, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 7079 – 7083.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horinouchi, S., and Weisblum, B., 1981, The control region for erythromycin resistance: Free energy changes related to induction and mutation to constitutive expression, Mol. Gen. Genet. 182: 341 – 348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, E. N., and Yanofsky, C., 1973, The region between the operator and first structural gene of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia colimay have a regulatory function, J. Mol. Biol. 76: 89 – 101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, F., and Monod, J., 1961, Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins, J. Mol. Biol.3: 318 – 356.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaurin, B., Grundstrom, T., Bergstrom, S., and Normark, S., 1981, Control and DNA structure of the ampC(3- lactamase gene of Escherichia coli, in: Molecular Biology, Pathogenicity, and Ecology of Bacterial Plasmids( S. B. Levy, R. C. Clowes, and E. L. Koenig, eds.), pp. 169 – 178, Plenum, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, W. C., Moran, C. P., and Losick, R., 1983, Two RNA polymerase sigma factors from Bacillus subtilisdiscriminate between overlapping promoters for a developmentally regulated gene, Nature (Lond.) 302: 800 – 804.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahmann, R., Rudt, F., and Kamp, D., 1984, Substrate and enzyme requirements for in vitrosite-specific recombination in bacteriophage Mu, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 49: 285 – 294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamp, D., and Kahmann, R., 1981, The relationship of two invertible segments in bacteriophage Mu and Salmonella typhimuriumDNA, Mol. Gen. Genet. 184: 564 – 566.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kania, J., and Brown, D. T., 1976, The functional repressor parts of a tetrameric lacrepressor-β-galactosidase chimera are organized as dimers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73: 3529 – 3533.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kjeldgaard, N. O., and Gausing, K., 1974, Regulation of biosynthesis of ribosomes, in: Ribosomes( M. Nomura, A. Tissiéres, and P. Lengyel, eds.) pp. 369 – 392, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleckner, N., Morisato, D., Roberts, D., and Bender, J., 1984, Mechanism and regulation of TnlO transposition, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 49: 235 – 244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kourilsky, P., Bourguignon, M. F., and Gros, F., 1971, Kinetics of viral transcription after induction of prophage, in: The Bacteriophage Lambda( A. D. Hershey, ed.), pp. 647 – 666, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lai, C.-J., Dahlberg, J. E., and Weisblum, D., 1973, Structure of an inducibly methylatable nucleotide sequence in 23S ribosomal ribonucleic acid from erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Biochemistry 12: 457 – 463.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lai, C.-J., and Weisblum, B., 1971, Altered methylation of ribosomal RNA in an erythromycin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 68: 856 – 860.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lederberg, J., and Edwards, B. P. R., 1953, Serotypic recombination in Salmonella, J. Immunol. 71: 232 – 240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lederberg, J., and Iino, T., 1956, Phase variation in Salmonella, Genetics41: 743 – 757.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, F., Squires, C. L., Squires, C., and Yanofsky, C., 1976, Termination of transcription in vitroin the Escherichia colitryptophan operon leader region, J. Mol. Biol. 103: 383 – 393.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindahl, L., and Zengel, J., 1979, Operon-specific regulation of ribosomal protein synthesis in Escherichia coli, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 6542 – 6546.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Losick, R., and Pero, J., 1981, Cascades of sigma factors, Cell 25: 582 – 584.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Majors, J., 1975a, Initiation of in vitro mRNA synthesis from the wild type lac promoter, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72:4394–4398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Majors, J., 1975b, Specific binding of CAP factor to lac promoter DNA, Nature (Lond.) 256:672–674.

    Google Scholar 

  • Majors, J., 1977, Control of the E. coli lacoperon at the molecular level, Ph.D. thesis, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maquat, L. E., Thornton, K., and Reznikoff, W. S., 1980, lac Promoter mutations located downstream from the transcription start site, J. Mol. Biol. 139:537–549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, B. W, Ohtendorf, D. H., Anderson, W. F., and Takeda, Y., 1982, Structure of the DNA-binding region of lacrepressor inferred from its homology with crorepressor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79: 1428 – 1432.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClure, W. R., Hawley, D. K., and Malan, T. P., 1982, The mechanism of RNA polymerase activation on the λPrm and lacP+promoters, in: Promoters—Structure and Function( R. L. Rodriguez and M. J. Chamberlin, eds.), pp. 111 – 120, Praeger, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menzel, R., and Gellert, M., 1983, Regulation of the genes for E. coliDNA gyrase: Homeostatic control of DNA supercoiling, Cell 34: 105 – 113.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. H., 1978, The laclgene: Its role in lacoperon control and its use as a genetic system, in: The Operon( J. H. Miller and W. S. Reznikoff, eds.), pp. 31 – 88, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. H., and Reznikoff, W. S. (eds.), 1980, The Operon, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran, C. P., Jr., Lang, N., Banner, C. D. B., Haldenwang, W. G., and Losick, R., 1981, Promoter for a developmentally regulated gene in Bacillus subtilis, Cell 25: 783 – 791.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moran, C. P., Jr., Johnson, W. C., and Losick, R., 1982, Close contacts between s37 -RNA polymerase and a Bacillus subtilis chromosomal promoter, J. Mol. Biol. 162:709–713.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morse, D. E., and Morse, A. N. C., 1976, Dual control of the tryptophan operon is mediated by both tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase and the repressor, J. Mol. Biol. 103: 209 – 226.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nieuwkoop, A. J., Boylan, S. A., and Bender, R. A., 1984, Regulation of hutUHoperon expression by the catabolite gene activator protein—cyclic AMP complex in Klebsiella aerogenes, J. Bacteriol. 159: 934 – 939.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nomura, M., Morgan, E. A., and Jaskunas, S. R., 1977, Genetics of bacterial ribosomes, Annu. Rev. Genet. 11: 297 – 347.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nomura, M., Yates, J. L., Dean, D., and Post, L. E., 1980, Feedback regulation of ribosomal protein gene expression in Escherichia coli: Structural homology between ribosomal RNA and ribosomal protein mRNA, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 7084 – 7088.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogata, R., and Gilbert, W., 1977, Contacts between the lacrepressor and thymines in the lacoperator, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 4973 – 4976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogata, R., and Gilbert, W., 1978, An amino-terminal fragment of lacrepressor binds specifically to lacoperator, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75: 5851 – 5854.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olins, P. O., and Nomura, M., 1981, Translational regulation by ribosomal protein S8 in Escherichia coli: Structural homology between rRNA binding site and feedback target on mRNA, Nucl. Acids Res. 9: 1757 – 1764.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsson, M. O., and Gausing, K., 1980, Post-transcriptional control of coordinated ribosomal protein synthesis in Escherichia coli, Nature (Lond.) 283: 599 – 600.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oxender, D. L., Zurawski, G., and Yanofsky, C., 1979, Attenuation in the Escherichia colitryptophan operon: Role of RNA secondary structure involving the tryptophan codon region, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 5524 – 5528.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Platt, T., Squires, C., and Yanofsky, C., 1976, Ribosomal-protected regions in the leader-trpEsequence of E. colitryptophan operon mRNA, J. Mol. Biol. 103: 411 – 420.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reznikoff, W. S., 1984a, Gene expression in microbes: The lac operon model system in: The Microbe 1984 (N. G. Carr and D. P. Kelly, eds.), pp. 195–218, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reznikoff, W. S., 1984b, Some bacterial transposable elements: Their organizations, mechanisms of transpositions and roles in genome evolution, in: Prokaryotic Gene Expression (J. Beckwith, J. Davies, and J. Gallant, eds.), pp. 229–252, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reznikoff, W. S., and Abelson, J. N., 1978, The lacpromoter, in: The Operon( J. H. Miller and W. S. Reznikoff, eds.), pp. 221 – 244, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reznikoff, W. S., Maquat, L. E., Munson, L. E., Johnson, R. C., and Mandecki, W., 1982, The lacpromoter: Analysis of structural signals for transcription initiation and identification of a new sequence-specific event, in: Promoters Structure and Function( R. L. Rodriguez and M.J. Chamberlin, eds.), pp. 80 – 95, Praeger, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reznikoff, W. S., Michels, C. A., Cooper, T. G., Silverstone, A. E., and Magasanik, B., 1974, Inhibition of lacZgene translation initiation in trp—lacfusion strains, J. Bacteriol. 117: 1231 – 1239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, M., and Court, D., 1979, Regulatory sequences involved in the promotion and termination of RNA transcription, Annu. Rev. Genet. 13: 319 – 353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, R., Court, D., Shimatake, H., Brady, C., and Wulff, D., 1978, Structure and function of an intercistronic regulatory region in bacteriophage lambda, in: The Operon( J. H. Miller and W. S. Reznikoff, eds.), pp. 345 – 372, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salstrom, J. S., and Szybalski, W., 1976, Phage lambda nutLmutans unable to utilize Nproduct for leftward transcriptions, Fed. Proc. 35: 1538.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salstrom, J. S., and Szybalski, W., 1978, Coliphage λnutL -: A unique class of mutants defective in the site of Nutilization for antitermination of leftward transcription, J. Mol. Biol. 124: 195 – 221.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sauer, R. T., Yocum, R. R., Doolittle, R. F., Lewis, M., and Pabo, C. O., 1982, Homology among DNA- binding proteins suggests use of a conserved super-secondary structure, Nature (Lond.) 298: 447 – 451.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scaife J., and Beckwith, J., 1967, Mutational alteration of the maximal level of lacoperon expression, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 31: 403 – 408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmeissner, U., Court, D., McKenney, K., and Rosenberg, M., 1981, Positively activated transcription of\integrase gene initiates with UTP in vivo, Nature (Lond.) 292: 173 – 175.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz, A., and Galas, D. J., 1979, The interaction of RNA polymerase and lacrepressor with the laccontrol region, Nucl. Acids Res. 6: 111 – 137.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shivakumar, A. G., Hahn, J., and Dubnau, D., 1979, Studies on the synthesis of plasmid-coded proteins and their control in Bacillus subtilisminicells, Plasmid 2: 279 – 289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shorenstein, R., and Losick, R., 1973, Purification and properties of the sigma subunit of ribonucleic acid polymerase from vegetative Bacillus subtilis, J. Biol. Chem. 248: 6163 – 6169.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, M., Zieg, J., Mandel, G., and Simon, M., 1981, Analysis of the functional components of the phase variation system, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 45: 17 – 26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, M., and Simon, M., 1980, Phase variation: Genetic analysis of switching mutants, Cell 19: 845 – 854.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simons, R. W., and Kleckner, N., 1983, Translational control of IS10 transposition, Cell 34: 683 – 691.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talkington, C., and Pero, J., 1979, Distinctive nucleotide sequences of promoters recognized by RNA polymerase containing a phage-coded ”σ-like“ protein, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 5465 – 5469.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, K., Hradecna, Z., and Szybalski, W., 1967, A symmetric distribution of the transcribing regions on the complementary strands of coliphage X DNA, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 57: 1618 – 1625.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ullman, A., and Danchin, A., 1983. Role of cyclic AMP in bacteria, Adv. Cyclic Nucleotide Res. 15: 1 – 53.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Wilcken-Bergmann, B., and Miiller-Hill, B., 1982, Sequence of galRgene indicates a common evolutionary origin of lacand galrepressor in Escherichia coli, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79: 2427 – 2431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, K., and Geisler, N., 1978, lacRepressor fragments produced in vivoand in vitro: An approach to the understanding of the interaction of repressor and DNA, in: The Operon(J. H. Miller and W. S. Reznikoff, eds.), pp. 155–176, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiggs, J. L., Gilman, M. Z., and Chamberlin, M. J., 1981, Heterogeneity of RNA polymerase in Bacillus subtilis: Evidence for an additional a factor in vegetative cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 2762 – 2766.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yanofsky, C., 1976, Control sites in the tryptophan operon, in: Ninth Alfred Benson Symposium: Control of Ribosome Synthesis(N. C. Kjeldgaard and O. MaalØe, eds.), pp. 149 – 160, Munksgaard, Copenhagen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yanofsky, C., 1981, Attenuation in the control of expression of bacterial operons, Nature (Lond.) 289: 751 – 758.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yates J. L., Arfsten, A. E., and Nomura, M., 1980, In vitroexpression of Escherichia coliribosomal protein genes: Autogenous inhibition of translation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 1837 – 1841.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yates, J. L., and Nomura, M., 1980, E. coliribosomal protein L4 is a feedback regulatory protein, Cell 21: 517 – 522.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yates, J. L., and Nomura, M., 1981, Feedback regulation of ribosomal protein synthesis in E. coli: Localization of the mRNA target sites for repressor action of ribosomal protein L1, Cell 24: 243 – 249.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, X.-M., Munson, L., and Reznikoff, W. S., 1984, Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of trp-lacfusion deletions, J. Mol. Biol. 172: 355 – 362.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, X.-M., and Reznikoff, W. S., 1985, Deletion analysis of the Escherichia colilactose promoter P2, Nucl. Acids Res. 13: 2457 – 2468.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yin, J. C.-P., Krebs, M. P., and Reznikoff, W. S., 1988, The effect of dammethylation on Tn5 transposition, J. Mol. Biol. 199: 35 – 46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zengel, J. M., Mueckl, D., and Lindahl, L., 1980, Protein L4 of the E. coliribosome regulates an eleven gene r protein operon, Cell 21: 523 – 535.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zieg, J., Hilmen, M., and Simon, M., 1978a, Regulation of gene expression by site-specific inversion, Cell 15: 237–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zieg, J., Silverman, M., Hilmen, M., and Simon, M., 1978b, The mechanism of phase variation in: The Operon (J. H. Miller and W. S. Reznikoff, eds.), pp. 411–423, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zieg, J., and Simon, M., 1980, Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of an invertible controlling element, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 4196 – 4200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Reznikoff, W.S. (1989). Regulation of Bacterial Gene Expression. In: Poindexter, J.S., Leadbetter, E.R. (eds) Bacteria in Nature. Bacteria in Nature, vol 3. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0803-4_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0803-4_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8090-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0803-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics