Abstract
Electromagnetic radiation has been historically the most widely used tool in the investigation of the properties of the physical state of matter. The reason lies in the smalleness of the fine structure constant α=(e2/ℏc)=(1/137) that governs the coupling of the radiation with matter. The resulting weak interaction has a twofold advantage: on one hand the perturbation on the system under study is negligible so that one is able to investigate the properties of the unperturbed system; on the other hand from a theoretical point of view one can use the linear response theory as an interpretative scheme in which to frame the experimental observations.
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References
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Natoli, C.R. (1988). Inner Shell X-Ray Photoabsorption as a Structural and Electronic Probe of Matter. In: Ferreira, J.G., Ramos, M.T. (eds) X-Ray Spectroscopy in Atomic and Solid State Physics. NATO ASI Series, vol 187. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0731-0_4
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