Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Metabolic Alkalosis

  • Chapter
Therapy of Renal Diseases and Related Disorders

  • 185 Accesses

Abstract

Metabolic alkalosis is a primary pathophysiologic event characterized by a gain of bicarbonate or a loss of nonvolatile acid from extracellular fluid. More simply put, it is a primary increase in plasma bicarbonate concentration (normal plasma HCO3 = 24mEq/1). Like all acid-base disturbances, metabolic alkalosis commonly complicates the course of patients with preexisting disorders. An understanding of its pathophysiology makes the diagnosis and management of metabolic alkalosis a relatively simple process.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Alpern RJ, Warnock DG, Rector FC: Renal acidification mechanisms. In: BM Brenner, FC Rector Jr, eds, The Kidney, 3rd ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, p 206, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Sabatini S, Kurtzman NA: Overall renal regulation. In: DW Seldon, G Giebisch, eds, Regulation of Acid-Base Balance. Raven Press, New York, in press, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Chan YL, Giebisch G: The relationship between sodium and bicarbonate ion transport in the rat proximal convoluted tubule. Am J Physiol 240:F222, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bichara M, Paillard M, Leirel F, Gardin JP: Hydrogen ion transport and acidification in rat proximal convoluted tubules: Na/H exchange. Am J Physiol 238:F445, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Akiba T, Rocco VK, Warnock DG: Parallel adaptation of rabbit renal cortical Na/H antiporter and Na/HCO3 co-transporter in metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. J Clin Invest 80:308, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kurtz I: Apical Na/H antiporter and glycolysis dependent H-ATPase regulate intracellular pH in rabbit S3 proximal tubule. J Clin Invest 80:928–935, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Sabatini S, Kurtzman NA: Proton ATPase activity along the rat nephron. Clin Res 35:663A, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ait-Mohammed AK, Marsay S, Barlet C, Khadouriz C, Doucet A: Characterization of N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive proton pump in rat kidney. J Biol Chem 261:12526, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Sabolic I, Burchard R: Characteristics of the proton pump in rat renal cortical endocytic vesicles. Am J Physiol 250:F818, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Kinne-Saffran E, Kinne R: Proton pump activity and Mg-ATPase activity in rat kidney cortex brush border membranes: Effect of proton “ATPase” inhibitors. Pflügers Arch 407:180, 1986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Wistrand PJ, Kinne R: Carbonic anhydrase activity of isolated brush-border and basal-lateral membranes of renal tubular cells. Pflügers Arch 370:121, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Lönnerholm G, Ridderstrale Y: Intracellular distribution of carbonic anhydrase in the rat kidney. Kidney Int 17:162, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Malnic G, de Mello-Aires M: Kinetics of bicarbonate reab-sorption in proximal tubule of the rat. Am J Physiol 220:1759, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Costa-Silva VL, Campiglia SS, de Mello-Aires M, Giebisch G: Role of luminal buffers in renal tubuar acidification. J Mem Biol 63:13, 1981.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Skou JC: Enzymatic basis for active transport of Na+ and K+ across cell membranes. Physiol Rev 45:596, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Glynn IM, Karlish SJD: The sodium pump. Ann Rev Physiol 37:13, 1975.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kinne R, Schmitz JE, Kinne-Saffran E: The localization of the Na+-K+ ATPase in the cells of the rat kidney cortex. Pflügers Arch 329:191, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Sabatini S, Kurtzman NA: The maintenance of metabolic alkalosis: Factors which decrease bicarbonate excretion. Kidney Int 25:357, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kurtzman NA: Regulation of renal bicarbonate reabsorption by extracellular volume. J Clin Invest 49:586, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Pitts RF, Lotspeich WD: Bicarbonate and the renal regulation of acid-base balance. Am J Physiol 147:138, 1946.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Pitts RF, Ayer JL, Schiess WA: The renal regulation of acid-base balance in man. III. The reabsorption and excretion of bicarbonate. J Clin Invest 28:35, 1949.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kassirer JP, Schwartz WB: The response of normal man to selective depletion of hydrochloric acid. Factors in the genesis of persistent gastric alkalosis. Am J Med 40:10, 1966.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Schwartz WB, Van Ypersele de Striou C, Kassiere JP: Role of anions in metabolic alkalosis and potassium deficiency. N Engl J Med 279:630, 1968.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Langberg H, Mathisen O, Holdaas H, Kiil F: Filtered bicarbonate and plasma pH as determinants of renal bicarbonate reabsorption. Kidney Int 20:780, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Cogan MG, Maddox DAL. Lucci MS, Rector FC Jr: Control of proximal bicarbonate reabsorption in normal and acidotic rats. J Clin Invest 64:1168, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Berry CA, Cogan MA: Influence of peritubular protein on solute absorption in the rabbit proximal tubule. J Clin Invest 68:506, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Cohen JJ: Selective CI retention in repair of metabolic alkalosis without increasing filtered load. Am J Physiol 218:165, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kurtzman NA: Relationship of extracellular volume and CO2 tension to renal bicarbonate reabsorption. Am J Physiol 219:1299, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Maren TH: Current status of membrane bound carbonic anhydrase. Ann NY Acad Sci 341:246, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Cogan MG, Maddox DA, Warnock DG, Lin ET, Rector FC: Effect of acetazolamide on bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule of the rat. Am J Physiol 237:F447, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Lucci MS, Warnock DG, Rector FC Jr: Carbonic anhy-drase-dependent bicarbonate reabsorption in the rat proximal tubule. Am J Physiol 236:F58, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Frommer JP, Laski ME, Wesson DE, Kurtzman NA: Inter-nephron heterogeneity for carbonic anhydrase-independent bicarbonate reabsorption in the rat. J Clin Invest 73:1034, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Cruz-Soto M, Frommer JP, Itsarayoungyuen K, Baille DC, Arruda JAL, Kurtzman NA: Carbonic anhydrase-independent bicarbonate reabsorption in rats with chronic papillary necrosis. Min Elect Metab 10:319, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Laski ME, Kurtzman NA: Characterization of acidification in the cortical and medullary collecting tubule of the rabbit. J Clin Invest 72:2050, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Sabatini S, Kurtzman NA: The profile of H-ATPase activity in rat nephron after chronic metabolic aicdosis. Clin Res 36:46, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  36. McKinney TD, Burg MB: Bicarbonate absorption by rabbit cortical collecting tubules in vitro. Am J Physiol 234(2): 141, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Schwartz JH, Rosen S, Steinmetz PR: Carbonic anhydrase function and the epithelial organization of H+ secretion in turtle urinary bladder. J Clin Invest 51:2653, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Sabatini S, Kurtzman NA: Evidence for voltage regulation of carbonic anhydrase independent acidification in the turtle bladder. Min Elect Metab 11:277, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Rubinstein H, Batlle DC, Roseman MK, Sehy JT, Arruda JAL, Kurtzman NA: Urinary pCO2 during carbonic anhydrase inhibition Min Elect Metab 5:49, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Arruda JAL, Subbarayudu K, Dytko G, Mola R, Kurtzman NA: Voltage dependent distal acidification defect induced by amiloride. J Lab Clin Med 95:407, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Fuller GR, MacLeod MB, Pitts RF: Influence of administration of potassium salts on the renal tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate. Am J Physiol 182:111, 1955.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Kurtzman NA, White MG, Rogers PW: The effect of potassium and extracellular volume on renal bicarbonate reab-sorption. Metabolism 22:481, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Kunau RT, Frick A, Rector FC, Seidin DW: Micropuncture study of the proximal tubular factors responsible for the maintenance of metabolic alkalosis during potassium deficiency in the rat. Clin Sci 34:223, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Chan YL, Biagi B, Giebisch G: Control mechanisms of bicarbonate transport across rat proximal convoluted tubule. Am J Physiol 242:F532, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Steinbaugh B, Schloeder FX: Glucose-induced alkalosis in fasting subjects. J Clin Invest 51:1326, 1972.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Suki WN, Herbert CS, Steinbaugh B, Martinez-Maldonado M, Eknoyan G: Effects of glucose on bicarbonate reabsorption in the dog kidney. J Clin Invest 54:1, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Garrett ES, Nahmias C: The effect of glucose on the urinary excretion of sodium and hydrogen ion in man. Clin Sci Mol Biol 47:589, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Crumb CK, Martinez-Maldonado M, Eknoyan G, Suki WN: Effects of volume expansion, purified parathyroid extract and calcium on renal bicarbonate absorption in the dog. J Clin Invest 54:1287, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Karlinsky ML, Sager DS, Kurtzman NA, Pillay VKG: Effect of parathormone and cyclic adenosine monophosphate on renal bicarbonate reabsorption. Am J Physiol 227:1226, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Hulter HN, Peterson JC: Acid-base homeostasis during chronic PTH excess in humans. Kidney Int 28:187, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Hulter HN: Effects and interrelationships of PTH, Ca, vitamin D, and Pi in acid-base homeostasis. Am J Physiol 248:F739, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Gold LS, Massry SG, Arieff AI, Coburn JW: Renal bicarbonate wasting during phosphate depletion. J Clin Invest 52:2556, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Siegfried D, Kumar R, Arruda JAL, Kurtzman NA: Influence of vitamin D on bicarbonate reabsorption. In: Massry SG, Ritz E, eds, Phosphate Metabolism. Plenum Press, New York, p 395, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Kurtzman NA, White MG, Rogers PW: Aldosterone deficiency and renal bicarbonate reabsorption. J Lab Clin Med 77:931, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Lynche RE, Schneider ES, Willis LR, Knox FS: Absence of mineralocorticoid-dependent sodium reabsorption in dog proximal tubule. Am J Physiol 223:40, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Muryama Y, Suki A, Tadoro M, Sakai F: Microperfusion of Henle’s loop in the kidney of the adrenalectomized rat. J Pharm Pharmacol 18:518, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Farman N, Vandewalle A, Bonvalet JP: Aldosterone binding in isolated tubules. Biochemical determination in proximal and distal parts of the rabbit nephron. Am J Physiol 242:F63, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Farman N, Vandewalle A, Bonvalet JP: An autoradiographic study of concentration dependency in the rabbit nephron. Am J Physiol 242:F69, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Kurtzman NA, White MG, Rogers PW: Pathophysiology of metabolic alkalosis. Arch Intern Med 131:702, 1973.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Batlle DC, Kurtzman NA: Acid-base physiology and pathophysiology. Contemp Nephrol 3:191, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Mujais SK: Effects of aldosterone on rat collecting tubule N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase. J Lab Clin Med 109:34, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Stone DK, Seldin DW, Kokko JP, Jacobson HR: Mineralo-corticoid modulation of rabbit medullary collecting duct acidification. J Clin Invest 72:77, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Kurtzman NA: Ammonia secretion and urinary acidification. Semin Nephrol 2:1, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Arruda JAL, Dytko G, Withers L: Ammonia transport by the turtle urinary bladder. Am J Physiol 246:F569, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Tannen RL: The effect of uncomplicated potassium depletion on urine acidification. J Clin Invest 49:813, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Sastrasinh S, Tannen RL: Effect of potassium on renal NH3 production. Am J Physiol 244:F383, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Kornandakieti C, Tannen RL: Hydrogen ion secretion by the distal nephron in the rat: Effect of potassium. J Lab Clin Med 104:293, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Batlle DC, Sehy JT, Roseman MK, Arruda JAL, Kurtzman NA: Clinical and pathophysiological spectrum of acquired distal renal tubular acidosis. Kidney Int 20:389, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Better OS, Goldschmidz, Chaimowitz D, Alroy GG: Defect in urinary acidification in cirrhosis: The role of excessive tubular reabsorption of sodium in its etiology. Arch Intern Med 130:77, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Giammarco RA, Goldstein MB, Halperin ML, Stinebaugh BJ: The effect of hyperventilation on distal nephron hydrogen ion secretion. J Clin Invest 58:77, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Batlle DC, Schlueter W, Gutterman C, Kurtzman NA: Assessment of collecting tubule hydrogen ion secretion in acute respiratory alkalsis using the urinary PCO2. Pflugers Arch 411:692, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Batlle DC, Arruda JAL, Kurtzman NA: Hyperkalemic distal renal tubular acidosis associated with obstructive uro-pathy. N Engl J Med 304:373, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Batlle DC, Itsarayoungyuen K, Arruda JAL, Kurtzman NA: Hyperkalemic hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in sickle cell hemoglobinopathies. Am J Med 72:188, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Batlle DC, Kurtzman NA: Distal renal tubular acidosis: Pathogenesis and classification. Am J Kidney Dis 1:328, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Schambelan M, Sebastian A, Rector FC Jr: Mineralocorti-coid-resistant renal hyperkalemia without salt wasting (type II pseudohypoaldosteronism): Role of increased renal chloride reabsorption. Kidney Int 19:716, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Arruda JAL, Julka NK, Rubenstein H, Sabatini S, Kurtzman NA: Distal acidification defect induced by phosphate deprivation. Metabolism 29:826, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Arruda JAL, Julka NK, Rubinstein H, Cruz-Soto M, Sabatini S, Batlle DC, Kurtzman NA: Parathyroid hormone and extrarenal acid-base buffering. Am J Physiol 239:533, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Hulter HN, Ilnicki L, Harbottle J, Sebastian A: Impaired renal H+ secretion and ammonia production in mineralocor-ticoid-deficient glucocorticoid-replete dogs. Am J Physiol 232:F136, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Batlle DC: Hyperkalemic hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis associated with selective aldosterone deficiency and distal renal tubular acidosis. Semin Nephrol 1:260, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Tannen RL: Relationship of renal ammonia production and potassium homeostasis. Kidney Int 11:453, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Tannen RL, McGill J: The influence of potassium on renal ammonia production. Am J Physiol 231:1178, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Tannen RL, Kunin SA: Effect of potassium on ammo-niagenesis by renal mitochondria. Am J Physiol 231:44, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Al-Awqati Q, Norby LH, Mueller A, Steinmetz PR: Characteristics of stimulation of H+ transport by aldosterone in turtle urinary bladder. J Clin Invest 58:351, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. DiTella PJ, Sodhi B, McCreary J, Arruda JAL, Kurtzman NA: Mechanism of the metabolic acidosis of selective miner-alocorticoid deficiency. Kidney Int 14:466, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Sebastian A, Sutton JM, Hulter HN: Effect of mineralocor-ticoid replacement therapy on renal acid-base homeostasis in adrenalectomized patients. Kidney Int 18:762, 1981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Vinay P, Allignet E, Pichette C, Watford M, Lemieux G, Gougoux A: Changes in renal metabolite profile and ammo-niagenesis during acute and chronic metabolic acidosis in dog and rat. Kidney Int 17:312, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Fraley DS, Adler S: An extrarenal role for parathyroid hormone in the disposal of acute acid loads in rats and dogs. J Clin Invest 63:985, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Arruda JAL, Alia V, Rubinstein H, Cruz-Soto M, Sabatini S, Batlle D, Kurtzman NA: Metabolic and hormonal factors influencing extrarenal buffering of an acute acid load. Min Elect Metab 8:36, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Hulter H, Sebastian A, Toto RD, Bonner EL, Ilnicki LP: Renal and systemic acid-base effects of chronic hypercalce-mia-producing agents: Calcitriol, PTH and intravenous calcium. Kidney Int 21:445, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Mitinick P, Greenburg A, Coffman T, Kelepauris E, Wolf CT, Gadfare S: Effects of two models of hypercalcemia on renal acid base metabolism. Kidney Int 21:613, 1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Jacobson HR, Seidin DW: On the generation, maintenance and correction of metabolic alkalosis. Am J Physiol 245:F425, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Cogan MG: Atrial natriuretic factor ameliorates chronic metabolic alkalosis by increasing glomerular filtration. Science 229:1405, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Linas SL, Dickmain D: Mechanism of the decreased renal blood flow in the potassium-depleted conscious rat. Kidney Int 21:757, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Cogan MG, Liu FY: Metabolic alkalosis in the rat: Evidence that reduced glomerular filtration rather than enhanced tubular bicarbonate reabsorption is responsible for maintaining the alkalotic state. J Clin Invest 7:1141, 1983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Abboud HE, Luke RG, Galla JH, Kotchen TA: Stimulation of renin by acute selective chloride depletion. Circ Res 44:815, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Kotchen TC, Guthrie GP, Boucher LD, Lorenz JN, Oh CE: Disassociation between plasma renin and plasma aldosterone induced by dietary glycine hydrochloride. Am J Physiol 254:E187, 1988.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Galla JL, Bonduris DN, Dumbald SL, Luke RG: Segmental chloride and fluid handling during corrections of chloride-depletion alkalosis in the rat. J Clin Invest 73:96, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Galla JH, Luke RG: Effect of chloride and extracellular fluid volume on bicarbonate reabsorption along the nephron in metabolic alkalosis in the rat: A reassessment of the classical hypothesis of the maintenance of metabolic alkalosis. J Clin Invest 80:41, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Craig DM, Galla JH, Bonduris DN, Luke RG: Importance of the kidney in the correction of chloride-depletion alkalosis in the rat. Am J Physiol 250:F54, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Alpern R, Cogan M, Rector FC: Effect of luminal bicarbonate concentration on proximal acidification in the rat. Am J Physiol 243:F53, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Cogan MG, Liu FY: Metabolic alkalosis in the rat. J Clin Invest 71:1124, 1983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Stokes JB, Ingram MJ, Williams AD, Ingram D: Heterogeneity of the rabbit collecting tubule: Localization of mineralocorticoid hormone action to the cortical portion. Kidney Int 20:340, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Seldin DW, Welt LG, Cort JH: The role of sodium salts and adrenal steroids in the production of hypokalemic alkalosis. Yale J Biol Med 29:229, 1956.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Bondy PK: Disorders of the adrenal cortex. In: JD Wilson, DW Foster, eds, Textbook of Endocrinology, 7th ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, p 816, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Liddle GW, Bledsoe T, Coppage WS: A familial renal disorder simulating primary aldosteronism but with negligible aldosterone secretion. Trans Assoc Am Phys 76:188, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Cannon PJ, Heineman HO, Alber MS, Laragh JL, Winters RW: ‘Contraction’ alkalosis after diuresis of edematous patients with ethacrynic acid. Ann Intern Med 62:979, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Kurtzman NA, Gutierrez LF: The pathophysiology of Baxter’s syndrome. JAMA 234:758, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Gill JR, Bartter FC: Evidence for a prostaglandin independent defect in chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle as a proximal cause of Bartter’s syndrome. Am J Med 65:766, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Carrow DC: Congenital alkalosis with diarrhea. J Ped 26:519, 1945.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Evansen TM, Stanbury SW: Congenital chloridorrhea or so-called congenital alkalosis with diarrhea. Gut 6:29, 1965.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Carrel JE, Landry AS, Elliot ME, Goodfriend D: Effect of pH on adrenal angiotensin receptors and responses. J Lab Clin Med 108:23, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Sabatini S, Barboriak JJ, Hardman HF: Utilitzation of glucose in the anaerobically perfused turtle heart. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 155:395, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  113. See Chapter 4, this edition.

    Google Scholar 

  114. See Chapter 6. this edition

    Google Scholar 

  115. Seldin DW, Rector FC: The generation and maintenance of metabolic alkalosis. Kidney Int 1:306, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Sandra Sabatini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Neil A. Kurtzman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA

    Wadi N. Suki

  2. Division of Nephrology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Shaul G. Massry

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sabatini, S., Kurtzman, N.A. (1991). Metabolic Alkalosis. In: Suki, W.N., Massry, S.G. (eds) Therapy of Renal Diseases and Related Disorders. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0689-4_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0689-4_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8027-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0689-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation