Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Memory Model of Emotion

  • Chapter
Contemporary Psychological Approaches to Depression

Abstract

For a number of years, four theories of depression have predominated in the psychological literature: Peter Lewinsohn’s (1974) behavioral theory, Martin Seligman’s (1974) learned helplessness theory, Lynn Rehm’s (1977) self-control model, and Aaron Beck’s (1972) cognitive theory. These theories have been influential in generating new research and new findings have influenced the theorists to revise and update their theories. For the most part these revisions have been in the direction of adopting more cognitive approaches.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abramson, L.Y., Metalsky, G.I., & Alloy, L.B. (1989). The hopelessness theory of depression: A metatheoretical analysis with implications for psychopathology research. Psychological Review, 96, 358–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abramson, L.Y., Seligman, M.E.P., & Teasdale, J.D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 49–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alba, J. W. & Hasher, L. (1983). Is memory schematic? Psychological Bulletin, 93, 203–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alloy, L.B., Clements, C., & Kolden, G. (1985). The cognitive diathesis-stress theories of depression: Therapeutic implications. In S. Reiss & R.R. Bootzin (Eds.), Theoretical issues in behavior therapy. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. R. (1983). A spreading activation theory of emotion. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 261–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K. W. Spence and J.T. Spence (Eds.) Advances in the Psychology of Learning and Motivation. (Vol 2 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A.T. (1972). Depression: Causes and treatment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bower, G.H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36, 129–147

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bower, G.H. (1983). Affect and cognition. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B302, 387–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bower, G.H. (1987). Commentary on mood and memory. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25, 443–456.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D.M., & Teasdale, J.D. (1982). Diurnal variation in clinical depression and accessibility of memories of positive and negative experiences. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91, 87–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, P. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 104, 268–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craik, F. I. M., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 268–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, H. (1979a). The self-schema and subjective organization of personal information in depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 3, 415–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, H. (1979b). Self-reference and the encoding of personal information in depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 3, 97–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, H., & Unruh, W.R. (1981). The development of the self-schema in adult depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 125–133.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deny, P.A., & Kuiper, N.A. (1981). Schematic processing and self-reference in clinical depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 286–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, A. (1962). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. New York: Stuart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, H.C. (1987). Depression and memory: A resource allocation model. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, H.C. & Ashbrook, P.W. (1987). Resource allocation model of depressed mood states on memory. In K. Fiedler and J. Forgas (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and social behavior. Toronto: Hagrefe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gotlib, I.H. (1983). Perception and recall of interpersonal feedback: Negative bias in depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 7, 399–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammen, C.L. (1978). Depression, distortion, and life stress in college students. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2, 189–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasher, L., & Zachs, R. T. (1979). Automatic and effortful processes in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108, 356–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, R.E. (1984). Toward an information-processing analysis of depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 8, 443–478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, R.E., & Smith, T.W. (1984). Depression and internal versus external focus of attention. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 8, 139–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inrgam, R. E., Smith, T. W., & Brehm, S. S. (1983). Depression and information processing: Self-schemata and the encoding of self-referent information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 412–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E. (1977). Human Emotions. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanfer, F.H. (1970). Self-regulation: Research issues and speculations. In C. Neuringer and J.L. Michael (Eds.), Behavior Modification in Clinical Psychology. New York: Appleton-CenturyCrofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, G.A. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs. New York: W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kintsch, W. (1974). The representation of meaning in memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper, N.A., & Rogers, T.B. (1979). Encoding of personal information: Self-other differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 499–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper, N.A., & MacDonald, M.R. (1983). Schematic processing in depression: The self-based consensus bias. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 7, 469–484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, P.J. (1968). Fear reduction and fear behavior: Problems in treating a construct. In J.M. Shlien (Ed.), Research in psychotherapy (Vol. 3 ). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang, P.J. (1979). A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology, 16, 495–512.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, P.J. (1983). Cognition in emotion: Concept and action. In C. Izard, J. Kagan, & R. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotion, Cognition, and Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leight, K.A., & Ellis, H.C. (1981). Emotional mood states, strategies and state-dependency in memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20, 251–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P.M. (1974). Clinical and theoretical aspects of depression. In K.S. Calhoun, H.E. Adams, & K.M. Mitchell (Eds.), Innovative treatment methods of psychopathology. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P.M. (1976). Activity schedules in treatment of depression. In J.D. Krumboltz & C.E. Thoresen, Counseling methods. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P.M., & Talkington, J. (1979). Studies on the measurement of unpleasant events and relations with depression. Applied Psychological Measurement, 3, 83–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn, P.M., Hoberman, H., Teri, L., & Hautzinger, M. (1985). An integrative theory of depression. In S. Reiss & R. Bootzin (Eds.), Theoretical issues in behavior therapy. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naus, M. J., & Halasz, F. G. (1978). Developmental perspectives on cognitive processing and semantic memory structure. In L. Cermak and F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Levels of processing and human memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohman, A., Dimberg, U., & Ost, L.G. (1985). Animal and social phobias: Biological constraints on learned fear responses. In S. Resis & R.R. Bootzin (Eds.), Theoretical issues in behavior therapy. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osgood, C.E., Suci, G.J., & Tannenbaum, P.A. (1957). The measurement of meaning. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehm, L.P. (1977). A self-control model of depression. Behavior Therapy, 8, 787–804.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rehm, L.P. (1988). Self-management and cognitive processes in depression. In L.B. Alloy (Ed.), Cognitive processes in depression. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, C.R. (1951). Client-centered therapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, T.B., Kuiper, N.A., & Kirker, W.S. (1977). Self-reference and the encoding of personal information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 677–688.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, J.A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161–1178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M.E.P. (1974). Depression and learned helplessness. In R. J. Friedman & M.M. Katz (Eds.), The psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and research. New York: Winston-Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M.E.P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shrauger, J. S., & Terbovic, M. L. (1976). Self-evaluations and assessments of performance by self and others. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 44, 564–572.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, J.D. (1988). Cognitive vulnerability to persistent depression: Cognition and Emotion, 2, 247–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, J.D., & Fogarty, SJ. (1979). Differential effects of induced mood on retrieval of pleasant and unpleasant events from episodic memory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 248–257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, J.D., Taylor, R., & Fogarty, S.J. (1980). Effects of induced elation-depression on the accessibility of memories of happy and unhappy experiences. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 18, 339–346.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, J.D., & Russell, M.L. (1983). Differential effects of induced mood on the recall of positive, negative and neutral words. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 22, 163–172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, J.D. (1983a). Affect and accessibility. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B302, 403–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, J.D. (1983b). Negative thinking in depression: Cause, effect, or reciprocal relationship? Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 5, 27–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving, & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization and Memory. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tulving, E. (1983). Elements of episodic memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124–1131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219–235.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weingartner, H., Miller, H., & Murphy, D.L. (1977). Mood-state-dependent retrieval of verbal associations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86, 276–284.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA

    Lynn P. Rehm & Mary J. Naus

Authors
  1. Lynn P. Rehm
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mary J. Naus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA

    Rick E. Ingram

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rehm, L.P., Naus, M.J. (1990). A Memory Model of Emotion. In: Ingram, R.E. (eds) Contemporary Psychological Approaches to Depression. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0649-8_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0649-8_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7909-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0649-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation