Abstract
Although there are many forms of motility and contractility within eukaryotic cells, most cases of whole cell locomotion can be conveniently divided into one of two classes: (1) movement of cells through a liquid medium due to the propagation of bends along cilia and flagella or (2) movement of cells while in adhesive contact with a solid or semisolid surface. In the first case (swimming of ciliated and flagellated cells), locomotion results from a viscous coupling between the ciliary or flagellar surface and the liquid medium. In the second case (exemplified by amoeboid and fibroblastic movements), cell-surface molecules with specific binding properties mediate the transfer of energy between the cell and the extracellular matrix or solid substrate (Buck and Horwitz, 1987; Burridge et al., 1988; Lackie, 1986).
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Download to read the full chapter text
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adair, W.S., 1985, Characterization of Chlamydomonas sexual agglutinins, J. Cell Sci. Suppl. 2:233–260.
Adair, W.S., and Goodenough, U.W., 1978, Identification of a membrane tubulin in Chlamydomonas flagella, J. Cell Biol. 79:54a.
Adair, W.S., Hwang, C., and Goodenough, U.W., 1983, Identification and visualization of the sexual agglutinin from the mating-type plus flagellar membrane of Chlamydomonas, Cell 33:183–193.
Anholt, R.R.H., 1987, Primary events in olfactory reception, Trends Biochem. Sci. 12:58–62.
Barnett, A., and Steers, E., Jr., 1984, Antibody-induced membrane fusion in Paramecium, J. Cell Sci. 65:153–162.
Bergman, K., Goodenough, U.W., Goodenough, D.A., Jawitz, J., and Martin, H., 1975, Gametic differentiation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. II. Flagellar membranes and the agglutination reaction, J. Cell Biol. 67:606–622.
Bessen, M., Fay, R.B., and Witman, G.B., 1980, Calcium control of waveform in isolated flagellar axonemes of Chlamydomonas, J. Cell Biol. 86:446–455.
Bloodgood, R.A., 1977, Rapid motility occurring in association with the Chlamydomonas flagellar membrane, J. Cell Biol. 75:983–989.
Bloodgood, R.A., 1980, Direct visualization of dynamic membrane events in cilia, J. Exp. Zool. 213:293–295.
Bloodgood, R.A., 1981, Flagella-dependent gliding motility in Chlamydomonas, Protoplasma 106:183–192.
Bloodgood, R.A., 1982, Dynamic properties of the flagellar surface, Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol. 35:353–380.
Bloodgood, R.A., 1984, Protein turnover in the Chlamydomonas flagellum, Exp. Cell Res. 150:488–493.
Bloodgood, R.A., 1987, Glycoprotein dynamics in the Chlamydomonas flagellar membrane, Adv. Cell Biol. 1: 97–130.
Bloodgood, R.A., 1988a, The use of microspheres in the study of cell motility, in: Microspheres: Medical and Biological Applications (A. Rembaum and Z.A. Tokes, eds.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 165–192.
Bloodgood, R.A., 1988b, Gliding motility and the dynamics of flagellar membrane glycoproteins in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, J. Protozool. 35:552–558.
Bloodgood, R.A., and Levin, E.N., 1983, Transient increase in calcium efflux accompanies fertilization in Chlamydomonas, J. Cell Biol. 97:397–404.
Bloodgood, R.A., and May, G.S., 1982, Functional modification of the Chlamydomonas flagellar surface, J. Cell Biol. 93:88–96.
Bloodgood, R.A., and Salomonsky, N.L., 1988, Transmembrane signaling in Chlamydomonas, J. Cell Biol. 107:776a.
Bloodgood, R.A., and Salomonsky, N.L., 1989, Expression of gliding motility in Chlamydomonas requires that a concanavalin A binding glycoprotein be free to move within the plane of the flagellar membrane, Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 13:1–8.
Bloodgood, R.A., and Workman, L.J., 1984, A flagellar surface glycoprotein mediating cell-substrate interaction in Chlamydomonas, Cell Motil. 4:77–87.
Bloodgood, R.A., Leffler, E.M., and Bojczuk, A.T., 1979, Reversible inhibition of Chlamydomonas flagellar surface motility, J. Cell Biol. 82:664–674.
Bloodgood, R.A., Woodward, M.P., and Salomonsky, N.L., 1986, Redistribution and shedding of flagellar membrane glycoproteins visualized using an anticarbohydrate monoclonal antibody and concanavalin A, J. Cell Biol. 102:1797–1812.
Bloodgood, R.A., Salomonsky, N.L., and Reinhart, F.D., 1987, Use of carbohydrate probes in conjunction with fluorescence activated cell sorting to select mutant cell lines of Chalmydomonas with defects in cell surface glycoproteins, Exp. Cell Res. 173:572–585.
Buck, C.A., and Horwitz, A.F., 1987, Cell surface receptors for extracellular matrix molecules, Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 3:179–205.
Burchard, R.P., 1981, Gliding motility of prokaryotes: Ultrastructure, physiology, and genetics, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 35:497–529.
Burridge, K., Fath, K., Kelley, T., Nuckolls, G., and Turner, C., 1988, Focal adhesions: Transmembrane junctions between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton, Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 4:487–525.
Castenholz, R.W., 1982, Motility and taxes, Bot. Monogr. 19:413–439.
Catt, J.W., Hills, G.J., and Roberts, K., 1976, A structural glycoprotein, containing hydroxyproline, isolated from the cell wall of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Planta 131:165–171.
Cheng, K., and Katsoyannis, P.G., 1975, The inhibition of sugar transport and oxidation in fat cell ghosts by colchicine, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 64:1069–1075.
Claes, H., 1975, Influence of concanavalin A on autolysis of gametes from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Arch. Microbiol. 103:225–230.
Claes, H., 1977, Non-specific stimulation of the autolytic system in gametes from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Exp. Cell Res. 108:221–229.
Claes, H., 1980, Calcium ionophore-induced stimulation of secretory activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Arch. Microbiol. 124:81–86.
Demets, R., Tomson, A.M., Homan, W.L., Stegwee, D., and van den Ende, H., 1988, Cell-cell adhesion in conjugating Chlamydomonas gametes: A self-enhancing process, Protoplasma 145:27–36.
Dentler, W.L., 1981, Microtubule-membrane interactions in cilia and flagella, Int. Rev. Cytol. 72:1–47.
Dentler, W.L., 1987, Cilia and flagella, Int. Rev. Cytol. Suppl. 17:391–456.
Detmers, P.A., and Condeelis, J.S., 1986, Trifluoperazine and W-7 inhibit mating in Chlamydomonas at an early stage of gametic interaction, Exp. Cell Res. 163:317–326.
Detmers, P.A., Carboni, J.M., and Condeelis, J., 1985, Localization of actin in Chlamydomonas using antiactin and NBD-phallacidin, Cell Motil. 5:415–430.
Dwyer, D.M., 1976, Antibody-induced modulation of Leishmania donovani surface membrane antigens, J. Immunol. 117:2081–2091.
Euteneuer, U., Koonce, M.P., Pfister, K.K., and Schliwa, M., 1988, An ATPase with properties expected for the organelle motor of the giant amoeba, Reticulomyxa, Nature 332:176–178.
Garbers, D.L., First, N.L., and Lardy, H.A., 1973, Properties of adenosine 3’,5’-monophosphate dependent protein kinases isolated from bovine epididymal spermatozoa, J. Biol. Chem. 248:875–879.
Gietzen, K., Wuthrich, A., and Bader, H., 1982, Effects of microtubular inhibitors on plasma membrane calmodulin dependent Ca2+-transport ATPase, Mol. Pharmacol. 22:413–420.
Gilbert, S.P., and Sloboda, R.D., 1986, Identification of a MAP 2-like ATP-binding protein associated with axoplasmic vesicles that translocate on isolated microtubules, J. Cell Biol. 103:947–956.
Gilbert, S.P., Allen, R.D., and Sloboda, R.D., 1985, Translocation of vesicles from squid axoplasm on flagellar microtubules, Nature 315:245–248.
Gilman, A.G., 1987, G proteins: Transducers of receptor-generated signals, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 56:615–649.
Gitelman, S.E., and Witman, G.B., 1980, Purification of calmodulin from Chlamydomonas: Calmodulin occurs in cell bodies and flagella, J. Cell Biol. 98:764–770.
Glaser, J., and Pate, J.L., 1973, Isolation and characterization of gliding motility mutants of Cytophaga columnaris, Arch. Mikrobiol. 93:295–309.
Goodenough, U.W., 1980, Ionophore stimulation of mating signals in Chlamydomonas, J. Cell Biol. 87:37a.
Goodenough, U.W., and Jurivich, D., 1978, Tipping and mating-structure activation induced in Chlamydomonas by flagellar membrane antisera, J. Cell Biol. 79:680–693.
Grief, C., and Shaw, P.J., 1987, Assembly of cell-wall glycoproteins of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Oligosaccharides are added in medial and trans Golgi compartments, Planta 171:302–312.
Gross, M.K., Toscano, D.G., and Toscano, W.A., Jr., 1987, Calmodulin-mediated adenylate cyclase from mammalian sperm, J. Biol. Chem. 262:8672–8676.
Gumbiner, B., and Louvard, D., 1985, Localized barriers in the plasma membrane: A common way to form domains, Trends Biochem. Sci. 10:435–438.
Gustin, M.C., and Nelson, D.L., 1987, Regulation of ciliary adenylate cyclase by Ca2+ in Paramecium, Biochem. J. 246:337–345.
Halfen, L.N., 1979, Gliding movements, Encycl. Plant Physiol 7:250–267.
Hartfiel, G., and Amrhein, N., 1976, The action of methylxanthines on motility and growth of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and other flagellated algae. Is cyclic AMP involved? Biochem. Physiol Pflanz. 169:531–556.
Hasegawa, E., Hayashi, H., Asakura, S., and Kamiya, R., 1987, Stimulation of in vitro motility of Chlamydomonas axonemes by inhibition of cAMP-dependent phosphorylation, Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 8:302–311.
Hidaka, H., Inagaki, M., Kawamoto, S., and Sasaki, Y., 1984, Isoquinolinesulfanamides, novel and potent inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide dependent protein kinase, Biochemistry 23:5036–5041.
Hodgkin, J., and Kaiser, D., 1977, Cell-to-cell stimulation of movement in nonmotile mutants of Myxococcus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:2938–2942.
Hoffman, J.L., and Goodenough, U.W., 1980, Experimental dissection of flagellar surface motility in Chlamydomonas, J. Cell Biol. 86:656–665.
Hollenberg, M.D., 1986, Mechanisms of receptor-mediated transmembrane signaling, Experientia 42:718–727.
Homan, W., Sigon, C., van den Briel, W., Wagter, R., de Nobel, H., Mesland, D., Musgrave, A., and van den Ende, H., 1987, Transport of membrane receptors and the mechanics of sexual cell fusion in Chlamydomonas eugametos, FEBS Lett. 215:323–326.
Homan, W., Musgrave, A., de Nobel, H., Wagter, R., de Wit, D., Kolk, A., and van den Ende, H., 1988, Monoclonal antibodies directed against the sexual binding site of Chlamydomonas eugametos gametes, J. Cell Biol. 107:177–189.
Huang, B., Piperno, G., Ramanis, Z., and Luck, D.J.L., 1981, Radial spokes of Chlamydomonas flagella: Genetic analysis of assembly and function, J. Cell Biol. 88:80–88.
Hyams, J.S., and Borisy, G.G., 1978, Isolated flagellar apparatus of Chlamydomonas: Characterization of forward swimming and alteration of waveform and reversal of motion by calcium ions in vivo, J. Cell Sci. 33:235–253.
Jarosch, R., 1962, Gliding, in: Physiology and Biochemistry of Algae (R. Lewin, ed.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 573–581.
Kahn, C.R., Baird, K.L., Flier, J.S., Grunfield, C., Harmon, J.T., Harrison, L.C., Karlsson, F.A., Kasuga, M., King, G.L., Lang, U.C., Podskalny, J.M., and van Obberghen, E., Insulin receptors, receptor antibodies, and the mechanism of insulin action, 1981, Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 37:477–533.
Kaska, D.D., Piscopo, I.C., and Gibor, A., 1985, Intracellular calcium redistribution during mating in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Exp. Cell Res. 160:371–379.
King, C.A., 1981, Cell surface interaction of the protozoan Gregarina with concanavalin A beads—Implications of models of gregarine gliding, Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 5:297–305.
King, C.A., 1988, Cell motility of sporozoan protozoa, Parasitol. Today 4:315–319.
King, C.A., and Lee, K., 1982, Effect of trifluoperazine and calcium ions on gregarine gliding, Experientia 38: 1051–1052.
Klumpp, S., and Schultz, J.E., 1982, Characterization of a Ca2+-dependent guanylate cyclase in the excitable ciliary membrane from Paramecium, Eur. J. Biochem. 124:317–324.
Kuznetsov, S.A., and Gelfand, V.I., 1986, Bovine brain kinesin is a microtubule-activated ATPase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:8530–8534.
Lackie, J.M., 1986, Cell Movement and Cell Behavior, Allen & Unwin, London.
Lancet, D., and Pace U., 1987, The molecular basis of odor recognition, Trends Biochem. Sci. 12:63–66.
Lapidus, I.R., and Berg, H.C., 1982, Gliding motility of Cytophaga sp, strain U67, J. Bacteriol. 151:384–398.
Lefebvre, P.A., and Rosenbaum, J.L., 1986, Regulation of the synthesis and assembly of ciliary and flagellar proteins during regeneration, Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 2:517–546.
Lefebvre, P.A., Nordstrom, S.A., Moulder, J.E., and Rosenbaum, J.L., 1978, Flagellar elongation and shortening in Chlamydomonas. IV. Effects of flagellar detachment, regeneration, and resorption on the induction of flagellar protein synthesis, J. Cell Biol. 78:8–27.
Lefebvre, P.A., Silflow, C.D., Wieben, E.D., and Rosenbaum, J.L., 1980, Increased levels of mRNAs for tubulin and other flagellar proteins after amputation or shortening of Chlamydomonas flagella, Cell 20: 469–477.
Lewin, R.A., 1952, Studies of the flagella of algae, I. General observations of Chlamydomonas moewusii Gerloff, Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole, Mass.) 103:74–79.
Lewin, R.A., 1954, Mutants of Chlamydomonas moewusii with impaired motility, J. Gen. Microbiol. 11:358–368.
Lewin, R.A., 1982, A new kind of motility mutant (non-gliding) in Chlamydomonas, Experientia 38:348–349.
Lis, H., and Sharon, N., 1986, Biological properties of lectins, in: The Lectins: Properties, Functions, and Applications in Biology and Medicine (I.E. Liener, N. Sharon, and I.J. Goldstein, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 265–291.
Lye, R.J., Porter, M.E., Scholey, J.M., and Mcintosh, J.R., 1987, Identification of a microtubule-based cytoplasmic motor in the nematode C. elegans, Cell 51:309–318.
McLean, R.J., Laurendi, C.J., and Brown, R.M., 1974, The relationship of gamone to the mating reaction in Chlamydomonas moewusii, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71:2610–2613.
May, G.S., and Rosenbaum, J.L., 1983, Flagellar protein phosphorylation during flagellar regeneration and resorption in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, J. Cell Biol. 97:195a.
Mesland, D.A.M., 1976, Mating in Chlamydomonas eugametos, a scanning electron microscopical study, Arch. Mikrohiol. 109:31–35.
Mesland, D.A.M., Hoffman, J.L., Caligor, E., and Goodenough, U.W., 1980, Flagellar tip activation stimulated by membrane adhesions in Chlamydomonas gametes, J. Cell Biol. 84:599–617.
Mizel, S.B., and Wilson, L., 1972, Nucleoside transport in mammalian cells. Inhibition of colchicine. Biochemistry 11:2573–2578.
Monk, B.C., Adair, W.S., Cohen, R.A., and Goodenough, U.W., 1983, Topography of Chlamydomonas: Fine structure and polypeptide components of the gametic flagellar membrane surface and the cell wall, Planta 158:517–533.
Musgrave, A., and ven den Ende, H., 1987, How Chlamydomonas court their partners, Trends Biochem. Sci. 12:470–473.
Musgrave, A., de Wildt, P., Broekman, R., and van den Ende, H., 1983, The cell wall of Chlamydomonas eugametos. Immunological aspects, Planta 158:82–89.
Musgrave, A., de Wildt, P., van Etten, I., Pijst, H., Scholma, C., Kooyman, R., Homan, W., and van den Ende, H., 1986, Evidence for a functional membrane barrier between the flagellum and cell body of Chlamydomonas eugametos gametes, Planta 167:544–553.
Nakamura, T., and Gold, G.H., 1987, A cyclic nucleotide-gated conductance in olfactory receptor cilia, Nature 325:442–444.
Paschal, B.M., and Vallee, R.B., 1987, Retrograde transport by the microtubule-associated protein MAP 1C, Nature 330:181–183.
Paschal, B.M., Shpetner, H.S., and Vallee, R.B., 1987, MAP 1C is a microtubule-activated ATPase which translocates microtubules in vitro and has dynein-like properties, J. Cell Biol. 105:1273–1282.
Pasquale, S.M., and Goodenough, U.W., 1987, Cyclic AMP functions as a primary sexual signal in gametes of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, J. Cell Biol. 105:2279–2292.
Pate, J.L., 1985, Gliding motility in Cytophaga, Microbiol. Sci. 2:289–295.
Pate, J.L., and Chang, L.-Y.E., 1979, Evidence that gliding motility in prokaryotic cells is driven by rotary assemblies in the cell envelopes, Curr. Microbiol. 2:59–64.
Peng, H.B., Cheng, P.-C., and Luther, P.W., 1981, Formation of ACh receptor clusters induced by positively charged latex beads, Nature 292:831–834.
Pijst, H.L.A., 1985, Sexual agglutination of the green alga Chlamydomonas eugametos: Symptoms and signals, Doctoral dissertation, University of Amsterdam, Chapter 6.
Pijst, H.L.A., van Driel, R., Janssens, P.M.W., Musgrave, A., and van den Ende, H., 1984, Cyclic AMP is involved in sexual reproduction of Chlamydomonas eugametos, FEBS Lett. 174:132–136.
Piperno, G., 1988, Isolation of a sixth dynein subunit adenosine triphosphatase of Chlamydomonas axonemes, Cell Biol. 106:133–140.
Piperno, G., and Luck, D.J.L., 1979, An actin-like protein is a component of axonemes from Chlamydomonas flagella, J. Biol. Chem. 254:2187–2190.
Porter, M.E., Scholey, J.M., Stemple, D.L., Vigers, G.P.A., Vale, R.D., Sheetz, M.P., and Mcintosh, J.R., 1987, Characterization of the microtubule movement produced by sea urchin egg kinesin, J. Biol. Chem. 262:2794–2802.
Quader, H., Cherniack, J., and Filner, P., 1978, Participation of calcium in flagellar shortening and regeneration in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Exp. Cell Res. 113:295–301.
Reinhart, F.D., and Bloodgood, R.A., 1988a, Membrane-cytoskeleton interactions in the flagellum: A 240 kDa surface-exposed glycoprotein is tightly associated with the axoneme in Chlamydomonas moewusii, J. Cell Sci. 89:521–530.
Reinhart, F.D., and Bloodgood, R.A., 1988b, Gliding defective mutant cell lines of Chlamydomonas moewusii exhibit alterations in a 240 kDa surface-exposed flagellar glycoprotein, Protoplasma 144:110–118.
Rembold, H., and Langenbach, T., 1978, Effect of colchicine on cell membrane and on biopterin transport in Crithidia fasciculata, J. Protozool. 25:404–408.
Remillard, S.P., and Witman, G.B., 1982, Synthesis, transport, and utilization of specific flagellar proteins during flagellar regeneration in Chlamydomonas, J. Cell Biol. 93:615–631.
Ringo, D.L., 1967, Flagellar motion and fine structure of the flagellar apparatus in Chlamydomonas, J. Cell Biol. 33:543–571.
Roberts, K., Grief, C., Hills, G.J., and Shaw, P.J., 1985a, Cell wall glycoproteins: Structure and function, J. Cell Sci. Suppl. 2:105–127.
Roberts, K., Phillips, J., Shaw, P., Grief, C., and Smith, E., 1985b, An immunological approach to the plant cell wall, in: Biochemistry of Plant Cell Walls (C.T. Brett and J.R. Hillman, eds.), Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 125–154.
Rosenbaum, J.L., and Child, F.M., 1967, Flagellar regeneration in protozoan flagellates, J. Cell Biol. 54:507–539.
Rosenbaum, J.L., Moulder, J.E., and Ringo, D.L., 1969, Flagellar elongation and shortening in Chlamydomonas. The use of cycloheximide and colchicine to study the synthesis and assembly of flagellar proteins, J. Cell Biol. 41:600–619.
Roufogalis, B.D., 1982, Specificity of trifluoperazine and related phenothiazines for calcium-binding proteins, in: Calcium and Cell Function, Volume 3 (W.Y. Cheung, ed.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 129–159.
Rubin, R.W., and Filner, P., 1973, Adenosine 3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Influence on flagellar function and regeneration. J. Cell Biol. 56:628–635.
Saito, T., Tsubo, Y., and Matsuda, Y., 1985, Synthesis and turnover of cell body-agglutinin as a pool of flagellar surface-agglutinin in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii gamete, Arch. Microbiol. 142:205–210.
Sandoz, D., Gounon, P., Karsenti, E., and Sauron, M.-E., 1982, Immunochemical localization of tubulin, actin, and myosin in axonemes of ciliated cells from quail oviduct, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:3198–3202.
Saxton, W.M., Porter, M.E., Cohn, S.A., Scholey, J.M., Raff, E.C., and Mcintosh, J.R., 1988, Drosophila kinesin: Characterization of microtubule motility and ATPase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 1109–1113.
Schellenberg, R.R., and Gillespie, E., 1977, Colchicine inhibits phosphatidylinositol turnover induced in lymphocytes by concanavalin A, Nature 265:741–742.
Schreiber, A.B., Libermann, T.A., Lax, I., Yarden, Y., and Schlessinger, J., 1983, Biological role of epidermal growth factor-receptor clustering, J. Biol. Chem. 258:846–853.
Schreiner, G.F., and Unanue, E.R., 1976, Membrane and cytoplasmic changes in B lymphocytes induced by ligand-surface immunoglobulin interaction, Adv. Immunol. 24:37–165.
Schultz, J.E., and Jantzen, H.M., 1980, Cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases from cilia of Paramecium tetraurelia, FEBS Lett. 116:75–78.
Schultz, J.E., Uhl, D.G., and Klumpp, S., 1987, Ionic regulation of adenylate cyclase from the cilia of Paramecium tetraaurelia, Biochem. J. 246:187–192.
Segal, R.A., and Luck, D.J., 1985, Phosphorylation in isolated Chlamydomonas axonemes: A phosphoprotein may mediate the Ca2+-dependent photophobic response, J. Cell Biol. 101:1702–1712.
Silflow, C.D., Lefebvre, P.A., McKeithan, T.W., Schloss, J.A., Keller, L.R. and Rosenbaum, J.L., 1981, Expression of flagellar protein genes during flagellar regeneration in Chlamydomonas, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 46:157–169.
Smith, E., Roberts, K., Hutchings, A., and Galfre, G., 1984, Monoclonal antibodies to the major structural glycoprotein of the Chlamydomonas cell wall, Planta 161:330–338.
Snell, W.J., 1976, Mating in Chlamydomonas: A system for the study of specific cell adhesion. I. Ultrastructural and electrophoretic analysis of flagellar surface components involved in adhesion, J. Cell Biol. 68:48–69.
Snell, W.J., 1985, Cell-cell interactions in Chlamydomonas, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 36:287–315.
Snell, W.J., and Moore, W.S., 1980, Aggregation-dependent turnover of flagellar adhesion molecules in Chlamydomonas gametes, J. Cell Biol. 84:203–210.
Snell, W.J., Buchanan, M., and Clausell, A., 1982, Lidocaine reversibly inhibits fertilization in Chlamydomonas: A possible role in sexual signaling, J. Cell Biol. 94:607–612.
Stephens, R.E., and Stommel, E.W., 1989, Role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in ciliary and flagellar motility, in: Cell Movement, Volume 1: The Dynein ATPases (F.D. Warner, P. Satir, and I.R. Gibbons, eds.), Alan R. Liss, New York, pp. 299–316.
Stephens, R.E., Oleszki-Szuts, S., and Good, M.J., 1987, Evidence that tubulin forms an integral membrane skeleton in molluscan gill cilia, J. Cell Sci. 88:527–535.
Tamm, S.L., 1967, Flagellar development in the protozoan Peranema trichophorum, J. Exp. Zool. 164:163–186.
Tash, J.S., and Means, A.R., 1983, Cyclic adenosine 3’,5’monophosphate, calcium, and protein phosphorylation in flagellar motility, Biol Reprod. 28:75–104.
Tash, J.S., Hidaka, H., and Means, A.R., 1986, Axokinin phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase is sufficient for activation of sperm flagellar motility, J. Cell Biol 103:649–655.
Taylor, R.B., Duffus, W., Raff, M., and de Petris, S., 1971, Redistribution and pinocytosis of lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin molecules induced by anti-immunoglobulin antibody, Nature New Biol 233: 225–229.
Trimmer, J.S., and Vacquier, V.D., 1988, Monoclonal antibodies induce the translocation, patching, and shedding of surface antigens of sea urchin spermatozoa, Exp. Cell Res. 175:37–51.
Vale, R.D., Reese, T.S., and Sheetz, M.P., 1985a, Identification of a novel force generating protein (kinesin) involved in microtubule-based motility, Cell 41:39–50.
Vale, R.D., Schnapp, B.J. Mitchison, T., Steuer, E., Reese, T.S., and Sheetz, M.P., 1985b, Different axoplasmic proteins generate movement in opposite directions along microtubules in vitro, Cell 43:623–632.
van den Ende, H., 1985, Sexual agglutination in Chlamydomonads, Adv. Microb. Physiol 26:89–123.
Watanabe, K., and West, W.L., 1982, Calmodulin, activated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, microtubules, and vinca alkaloids, Fed. Proc. 41:2292–2299.
Wantanabe, T., and Flavin, M., 1976, Nucleotide-metabolizing enzymes in Chlamydomonas flagella, J. Biol Chem. 251:182–192.
Wiese, L., 1965, On sexual agglutination and mating type substances (gamones) in isogamous heterothallic Chlamydomonads. I. Evidence of the identity of the gamones with the surface components responsible for sexual flagellar contact, J. Phycol. 1:46–54.
Witman, G.B., 1975, The site of in vivo assembly of flagellar microtubules, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 253:178–191.
Witman, G.B., 1986, Isolation of Chlamydomonas flagella and flagellar axonemes, Methods Enzymol 134: 280–290.
Witman, G.B., 1989, Perspective: Composition and molecular organization of the dyneins, in: Cell Movement, Volume 1: The Dynein ATPases (F.D. Warner, P. Satir, and I.R. Gibbons, eds.), Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, pp. 25–35.
Witman, G.B., Carlson, K., Berliner, J., and Rosenbaum, J.L., 1972, Chlamydomonas flagella. I. Isolation and electrophoretic analysis of microtubules, matrix, membranes and mastigonemes, J. Cell Biol 54: 507–539.
Wolf, D.E., 1987, Overcoming random diffusion in polarized cells—Corralling the drunken begger, BioEssays 6:116–121.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bloodgood, R.A. (1990). Gliding Motility and Flagellar Glycoprotein Dynamics in Chlamydomonas . In: Bloodgood, R.A. (eds) Ciliary and Flagellar Membranes. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0515-6_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0515-6_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7845-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0515-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive