Abstract
X-ray diagnostics are used on present-day tokamaks to measure a variety of plasma parameters. 1,2 Some x-ray diagnostics are not directly adaptable to ITER because of the high sensitivity of the detectors to noise and damage induced by the radiation background from fusion neutrons.3,4 Those diagnostics which use compact, highly efficient solid-state detectors are particularly vulnerable. This work addresses mainly the issues involved in adapting a subset of the existing x-ray instrumentation to ITER, mainly by use of additional x-ray optics to deflect the x-ray beam out of the path of the neutron beam. 5,6,7 The topics discussed will be the required x-ray intensities and energy ranges, the necessary reduction in radiation background, and the x-ray optics and geometries best suited to accomplishing these requirements. Preliminary work on this subject appears in Refs. 5–7. We will be focusing on the x-ray energy range around 5 – 40 keV, and somewhat higher in some cases. The main diagnostics discussed are the XIS (X-Ray Imaging System) or SX arrays, the broad-band PHA (Pulse-Height-Analyzer) continuum and line measurement spectrometer, and the high energy resolution XCS (X-ray Crystal Spectrometer). 2 Other diagnostics suitable for ITER have been discussed by Barnsley. 8,9
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
K. W. Hill, M. Bitter, et al., Tokamak Physics Studies Using X-Ray Diagnostic Methods, in Proceedings of the Course and Workshop on Basic and Advanced Fusion Plasmas, Diagnostic Techniques (Varenna (Como), Italy, September 1986), (Monotypia Franchin, Citta’ di Castello, Italy and Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, Belgium, 1987), edited by P. Stott, D. K. Akulina, G. G. Leotta, E. Sindoni, and C. Wharton, Vol. I, pp. 169–200
K. W. Hill, P. Beiersdorfer, et al., Tokamak X-Ray Diagnostic InstrumentationIbid pp. 201–226.
S. von Goeler, K. W. Hill, et al., X-Ray Diagnostics for TFTR, Proceedings of the Course, Diagnostics for Fusion Reactor Conditions, Varenna, Italy, September 1982, Vol. I, pp. 69–85
K. W. Hill, H. Adler, et al., Analysis of nuclear-radiation-induced noise in spectroscopic and x-ray diagnostics during high power deuterium-tritium experiments on the tokamak fusion test reactorRev. Sci. instrum 66, 913 (1995).
K. W. Hill, K. M. Young, et al., ITER X-Ray Diagnostic StudiesRev. Sci. Instrum 63, 5032(1992)
K. W. Hill, M. Bitter, et al., Design Studies for ITER X-Ray Diagnostics, Princeton University, Plasma Physics Laboratory Report PPPL-3034 (January 1995)
K. W. Hill, M. Bitter, et al., ITER X-Ray Fluctuation Diagnostic Possibilities, Princeton University, Plasma Physics Laboratory Report PPPL-3008 (February 1995)
R. Barnsley et al., Bragg spectroscopy of impurities during the JET preliminary tritium experimentRev. Sci. Instrum 63, 5023 (1992)
R. Barnsley et al.X-ray spectroscopy for ITER presented by N. Peacock at the ITER Progress Meeting on Spectroscopic Systems, Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia, Nov. 29 – Dec. 1, 1994.
K. McGuire, R. J. Colchin, et al., Diagnostic Applications of the TFTR XIS SystemRev. Sci. Instrum 57, 2136 (1986)
M. Bitter, S. von Goeler, et al., Doppler-Broadening Measurements of X-Ray Lines for Determination of the Ion Temperature in Tokamak PlasmasPhys. Rev. Lett 42, 304 (1979)
K. W. Hill, M. Bitter, et al., Studies of Impurity Behavior in TFTRNucl. Fusion 26, 1131 (1986)
S. von Goeler, J. E. Stevens, et. al., Angular Distribution of the Bremsstrahlung Emission During Lower-Hybrid Current Drive on PLTNucl. Fusion 25, 1515 (1985)
N. Madden, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, private conversation.
D. H. Bilderback and S. Hubbard, X-Ray Mirror Reflectivities from 3.8 to 50 keV, Part II - Pt, Si, and Other MaterialsNucl. Instrum. Methods 195, 91 (1982)
Martin Elvis, Daniel G. Fabricant, and Paul Gorenstein, Grazing Incidence Imaging from 10 to 40 keVSPIE Vol. 830, 296 (1988)
A. F. Jankowski and D. M. Makowiecki, Manufacture, Structure, and Performance of W/B4C Multilayer X-Ray Mirrors, in X-Ray Multilayers for Diffractometers, Monochromators, and Spectrometers Ed. Finn E. Christensen, (SPIE, Bellingham, WA 1988), Vol. 984, p. 64
Anthony Burek, Crystals for Astronomical X-Ray SpectroscopySpace Science Instrum 2, 53 (1976)
K. D. Joensen, F. E. Christensen, et al., Medium-Sized Grazing-Incidence High- Energy X-Ray Telescopes Employing Continuously Graded Multilayers, Proc. SPIE 1736, p. 236 (1992)
Peter Hoghoj, Eric Ziegler, et al., Broad-Band Focusing of Hard X-Rays using a Supermirror, in Physics of X-Ray Multilayer Structures 1994 Technical Digest Series (Optical Society of America, 1994), Vol VI, p. 142
K. D. Joensen, P. Hoghoj, et al., Multilayered supermirror structures for hard x-ray synchrotron and astrophysics instrumentation, in Multilayer and Grazing Incidence X- Ray/EUV Optics II SPIE proc. 2011, (1993)
M. A. Goldman, K. W. Hill, et al., A Gridded Ionization Chamber for Detection of X- Ray Wave Activity in Tokamak PlasmasRev. Sci. Instrum 56, 349 (1985)
J. A Penkethman, Layered Synthetic Microstructure X-Ray Mirror Focusing Instrument: Bent Silicon Wafer SubstrateOptical Engineering 27, 99 (1988)
D. Parsignault and A. S. Krieger, X-Ray Fiber Optics from 60 eV to 10 keV, in X-Ray Detector Physics and Applications edited by R. Hoover, (SPIE, Bellingham, WA 1992), Vol. 1736
S. H. Moseley, J. C. Mather, D. McCammon, Thermal Detectors as X-Ray SpectrometersJ. Appl. Phys 56, 1257 (1984)
M. Bitter, H. Hsuan, et al., Spectra of Heliumlike Krypton from Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor PlasmasPhys. Rev. Lett 71, 1007 (1993)
M. Bitter, H. Hsuan, et al., X-Ray Spectra of Heliumlike Krypton as a Potential Ion–Temperature Diagnostic for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)Atomic and Plasma-Material Interaction Processes in Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1993), edited by R. K. Janev and H. W. Drawin, pp. 119–133
V. A. Bryzgunov, A. B. Gil’varg, and A. N. Svetchkopal, X-Ray Optics for ITER Spectrometer, Russian Research Center Kurchatov Institute report number IAE-5645/14 (Moscow 1993), presented at the Sixth National Topical Conference on High Temperature Plasma Diagnostics, St. Petersburg, May 26 1993
M. Bitter, B. Fraenkel, K. W. Hill, H. Hsuan, and S. von Goeler, Numerical Study of the Imaging Properties of Doubly-Focusing Crystals, paper 3.22, presented at the 10th Topical Conference on High Temperature Plasma Diagnostics, 8–12 May, 1994, Rochester, N. YRev. Sci. instrum 66, 530 (1995)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hill, K.W., Bitter, M., von Goeler, S. (1996). Concepts and Requirements for ITER X-Ray Diagnostics. In: Stott, P.E., Gorini, G., Sindoni, E. (eds) Diagnostics for Experimental Thermonuclear Fusion Reactors. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0369-5_40
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0369-5_40
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-8020-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0369-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive