Abstract
For a long time the major task in the field of the laws of nature was seen in finding necessary and sufficient criteria for the lawlikeness of a statement occurring in physics.1 But all attempts of this kind have failed, and the papers of this chapter, full of mistakes as they might be, do not repeat the mistake of adding one more proposal of what it is for a statement to be lawlike. Instead the major topic of the chapter is an astonishingly unnoticed phenomenon that may be called the polarity (or complementarity or reciprocity) of generality and coherence. It is treated in all papers (except [15]), with special care in [18] and [19], whereas in [16] and [17] the two side issues of predication and substances in modern physics are added. In [15] the concept of coherence is confronted with that of contingency.
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References
Cf. Scheibe 1973d
See also: [4], §III, Scheibe 1973d, 1986b, 1987a and for examples of reduction: Scheibe 1997b and 1999.
First published as Scheibe 1989c
Blanshard 1939 and 1961.
Blanshard 1939, vol. II, p. 264
Wittgenstein 1922
Blanshard 1961, p. 92.
Scheibe 1987a
In his later writings Heisenberg liked to give this situation in elementary particle physics an interpretation in Platonic terms; see Heisenberg 1984 and 1985
Popper 1958, p. 26
More details in Scheibe 1984b and 1986c
Oppenheim/ Putnam 1958, p. 3f
Minkowski 1909, p. 54
K. J. Lambert suggested to me not to use the term “contingency” in this (major) sense because it could easily lead to misunderstandings. I feel that he is right. But in spite of honest efforts during our discussions we could not find a suitable substitute.
First published as Scheibe 1991b
On Aristotle’s usage and its gradual distortion see Ch. I of Patzig 31969
Russell 1946, pp. 614 ff.
Kant 21787, B VIII.
Frege 1879
Whitehead/ Russell 1910.
The beginning of modern semantics was Tarski 1936. Today the model relation is defined in every textbook of logic.
An introduction to this tradition is Praenkel et al. 21973.
Scheibe 1986d (this vol. ch. VIII.36); Ludwig 1985.
Sneed 1971, Ch. IV; Balzer et al. 1987, Ch. II. 2.
Scheibe 1982c (this vol. VII.31)
A more detailed presentation of this viewpoint is given in Scheibe 1991c (this vol. IV. 18)
From a slightly different viewpoint this subject is treated more fully in Scheibe 1989c (this vol. ch. IV.15)
First published as Scheibe 1991g
Weingartner 1971
Scheibe 1991b (this vol. ch. IV.16) and 1991c (this vol. ch. IV.18)
Pauli 1961, p. 94
Russell 1946, pp. 614ff
Ludwig 21990; Scheibe 1986d (this vol. ch. VIII.36) and 1988c
Locke 1700, II. XXIIL3
Leibniz 1765, II. XXIII. 2
Schrödinger 1961, pp. 18f; Heisenberg 1953, 1954, and 1969, Ch. 20
Leibniz 1686, Sect. 8
Leibniz/ Couturat, p. 520
Einstein/ Podolsky/ Rosen 1935
First published as Scheibe 1991c.
Pauli 1961, p. 94
Hund 1972, p. 274; see also Wigner 1979, p. 3, no.l; Vollmer 1986, pp. 53ff
Schrödinger 1932, p. 2
See the quotations in Mc Mullin 1967, pp. 329f and 356f
For the following view on theories see Scheibe 1979 (this vol. III.11)
See, for instance, Hempel 1965, pp. 264ff, 335ff and 354ff; Nagel 1961, Ch. 4
The problem how the domain of application of a physical theory can be described is treated more fully in Stegmüller 1976, Ch. IX.4 and 5
Kant 21787, B 39
First published as Scheibe 1998
Cartwright 1983
Aristotle, Anal.Post. 71 b33 ff; Metaph. Z 1029 b31 ff
Einstein 1950, p. 15
Moore 1959, pp. 33 and 53
Russell 1956, p. 179
Bohr 1939, p.24
Bohr 1991, pp. 396ff; see also Scheibe 1973c, Ch.I
p. 3; similar formulations on pp. 54, 56, 72, 73; references to pages only refer to Cartwright 1983
p. 4; italics mine
Boltzmann 1979
Mittelstaedt 1970, p.66
p. 61
Hüttemann 1997
Heisenberg 1943, p. 32, italics mine
p. 56
p. 4; italics mine
p. 17
p. 139
Scheibe 1995c
cf. Stegmüller 1983, Ch.VI
cf. Bourbaki 1968, Ch.IV
Stegmüller 1976, Ch.IX.4; see also NC’s “as if” operator in 1983, pp. 128ff
Cf. Blanchard 1939
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Scheibe, E. (2001). Laws of Nature. In: Falkenburg, B. (eds) Between Rationalism and Empiricism. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0183-7_4
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