Abstract
Physical restructuring of landscapes by humans is a prominent stress on ecological systems (Rapport et al. 1985). Landscape restructuring occurs primarily through land-use conversions or alteration of native habitats through natural resource management. A common faunal response to such land-use intensification is an increased dominance of opportunistic species leading to an overall erosion of biological diversity (Urban et al. 1987). Slowing the loss of biodiversity in managed systems will require interdisciplinary planning efforts that meld analysis approaches from several fields, including landscape ecology, conservation biology, and management science.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson, E., Forrest, S.C., Clark, T.W., and Richardson, L. 1986. Paleobiology, biogeography, and systematics of the black-footed ferret, Mustela nigripes (Audubon and Bachman) 1851. Great Basin Nat. Mem. 8:11–62.
Andrén, H. 1994. Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds and mammals in landscapes with different proportions of suitable habitat: a review. Oikos 71:355–366.
Arnqvist, G., and Wooster, D. 1995. Meta-analysis: synthesizing research findings in ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol. 10:236–240.
Bevers, M., and Fiather, C.H. 1999a. Numerically exploring habitat fragmentation effects on populations using cell-based coupled map lattices. Theor. Pop. Biol. 55:61–76.
Bevers, M., and Fiather, C.H. 1999b. The distribution and abundance of populations limited at multiple spatial scales. J. Anim. Ecol. 68:976–987.
Bevers, M., Hof, J., Uresk, D.W., and Schenbeck, G.L. 1997. Spatial optimization of prairie dog colonies for black-footed ferret recovery. Oper. Res. 45:495–507.
Block, W.M., Morrison, M.L., Verner, J., and Manley, P.N. 1994. Assessing wildlife-habitat-relationships models: a case study with California oak woodlands. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 22:549–561.
Breiman, L., Friedman, J.H., Olshen, R.A., and Stone, C.J. 1984. Classification and Regression Trees. Belmont, California: Wadsworth.
Carpenter, S.R. 1990. Large-scale perturbations: opportunities for innovation. Ecology 71:2038–2043.
Clark, T.W. 1989. Conservation Biology of the Black-Footed Ferret, Mustela nigripes. Wildlife Preservation Trust Special Scientific Report Number 3. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Wildlife Preservation Trust International.
Conroy, M.J. 1993. The use of models in natural resource management: prediction, not prescription. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Resour. Conf. 58:509–519.
Conroy, M.J., Cohen, Y., James, F.C., Matsinos, Y.G., and Maurer, B.A. 1995. Parameter estimation, reliability, and model improvement for spatially explicit models of animal populations. Ecol. Appl. 5:17–19.
de Roos, A.M., and Sabelis, M.W. 1995. Why does space matter? In a spatial world it is hard to see the forest before the trees. Oikos 74:347–348.
Doak, D.F., and Mills, L.S. 1994. A useful role for theory in conservation. Ecology 75:615–626.
Dunning, J.B., Jr., Stewart, D.J., Danielson, B.J., Noon, B.R., Root, T.L., Lamberson, R.H., and Stevens, E.E. 1995. Spatially explicit population models: current forms and future uses. Ecol. Appl. 5:3–11.
Etienne, R.S., and Heesterbeek, J.A.P. 2000. On optimal size and number of reserves for metapopulation persistence. J. Theor. Biol. 203:33–50.
Fahrig, L. 1991. Simulation methods for developing general landscape-level hypotheses of single-species dynamics. In Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology, eds. M.G. Turner and R.H. Gardner, pp. 416–442. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Fahrig, L. 1997. Relative effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on population extinction. J. Wildl. Manage. 61:603–610.
Fahrig, L. 1998. When does fragmentation of breeding habitat affect population survival? Ecol. Model. 105:273–292.
Fiather, C.H., and Bevers, M. 2002. Patchy reaction-diffusion and population abundance: the relative importance of habitat amount and arrangement. Am. Nat. 159: In press.
Flather, C.H., Wilson, K.R., Dean, D.J., and McComb, W.C. 1997. Identifying gaps in conservation networks: of indicators and uncertainty in geographic-based analyses. Ecol. Appl. 7:531–542.
Forsman, E.D., Meslow, E.C., and Wight, H.M. 1984. Distribution and biology of the Spotted Owl in Oregon. Wildl. Monogr. 87:1–64.
Frank, K., and Wissel, C. 1998. Spatial aspects of metapopulation survival—from model results to rules of thumb for landscape management. Landsc. Ecol. 13:363–379.
Gardner, R.H. 1999. RULE: map generation and a spatial analysis program. In Landscape Ecological Analysis: Issues and Application, eds. J.M. Klopatek and R.H. Gardner, pp. 280–303. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Gauch, H.G. 1982. Multivariate Analysis in Community Ecology. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Gilpin, M.E. 1987. Spatial structure and population vulnerability. In Viable Populations for Conservation, ed. M.E. Soulé, pp. 125–139. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Green, D.G. 1994. Connectivity and complexity in landscapes and ecosystems. Pac. Conserv. Biol. 1:194–200.
Hansson, L., and Angelstam, P. 1991. Landscape ecology as a theoretical basis for nature conservation. Landsc. Ecol. 5:191–201.
Hargrove, W.W., and Pickering, J. 1992. Pseudoreplication: a sine qua non for regional ecology. Landsc. Ecol. 6:251–258.
Harrison, S., and Bruna, E. 1999. Habitat fragmentation and large-scale conservation: what do we know for sure? Ecography 22:225–232.
Harrison, S., Stahl, A., and Doak, D. 1993. Spatial models and Spotted Owls: exploring some biological issues behind recent events. Conserv. Biol. 7:950–953.
Havens, K.E., and Aumen, N.G. 2000. Hypothesis-driven experimental research is necessary for natural resource management. Environ. Manage. 25:1–7.
Hill, M.F., and Caswell, H. 1999. Habitat fragmentation and extinction thresholds on fractal landscapes. Ecol. Letters 2:121–127.
Hobbs, R.J., Saunders, D.A., and Arnold, G.W. 1993. Integrated landscape ecology: a western Australian perspective. Biol. Conserv. 64:231–238.
Hof, J., and Bevers, M. 1998. Spatial Optimization for Managed Ecosystems. New York: Columbia University Press.
Hof, J., and Fiather, C.H. 1996. Accounting for connectivity and spatial correlation in the optimal placement of wildlife habitat. Ecol. Model. 88:143–155.
Hof, J., and Raphael, M.G. 1997. Optimization of habitat placement: a case study of the Northern Spotted Owl in the Olympic Peninsula. Ecol. Appl. 7:1160–1169.
Holthausen, R.S., Raphael, M.G., McKelvey, K.S., Forsman, E.D., Starkey, E.E., and Seaman, D.E. 1995. The Contribution of Federal and Nonfederal Habitat to Persistence of the Northern Spotted Owl on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-352. Portland, Oregon: USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Kareiva, P. 1990. Population dynamics in spatially complex environments: theory and data. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B 330:175–190.
Kareiva, P., and Wennergren, U. 1995. Connecting landscape patterns to ecosystem and population processes. Nature 373:299–302.
Lamberson, R.H., McKelvey, R., Noon, B.R., and Voss, C. 1992. A dynamic analysis of Northern Spotted Owl viability in a fragmented landscape. Conserv. Biol. 6:505–512.
Lamberson, R.H., Noon, B.R., Voss, C., and McKelvey, K.S. 1994. Reserve design for territorial species: the effect of patch size and spacing on the viability of the Northern Spotted Owl. Conserv. Biol. 8:185–195.
Lande, R. 1987. Extinction thresholds in demographic models of territorial populations. Am. Nat. 130:624–635.
Lande, R. 1988. Demographic models of the Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina). Oecologia 75:601–607.
Law, B.S., and Dickman, C.R. 1998. The use of habitat mosaics by terrestrial vertebrate fauna: implications for conservation and management. Biodiver. Conserv. 7:323–333.
Lawton, J.H. 1999. Are there general laws in ecology? Oikos 84:177–192.
McKelvey, K., Noon, B.R., and Lamberson, R.H. 1993. Conservation planning for species occupying fragmented landscapes: the case of the Northern Spotted Owl. In Biotic Interactions and Global Change, eds. P.M. Kareiva, J.G. Kingsolver, and R.B. Huey, pp. 424–450. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates.
Meilen, K., Huff, M., and Hagestedt, R. 1995. HABSCAPES: Reference Manual and User’s Guide. Portland, Oregon: USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region.
Minta, S., and Clark, T.W. 1989. Habitat suitability analysis of potential translocation sites for black-footed ferrets in north-central Montana. In The Prairie Dog Ecosystem: Managing for Biological Diversity, eds. T.W. Clark, D. Hinckley, and T. Rich, pp. 29–46. Billings, Montana: USDI, Bureau of Land Management.
Morrison, M.L., Timossi, I.C., and With, K.A. 1987. Development and testing of linear regression models predicting bird-habitat relationships. J. Wildl. Manage. 51:247–253.
Murphy, D.D., and Noon, B.R. 1992. Integrating scientific methods with habitat conservation planning: reserve design for Northern Spotted Owls. Ecol. Appl. 2:3–17.
Noon, B.R., and McKelvey, K.S. 1996. Management of the Spotted Owl: a case history in conservation biology. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 27:135–162.
Noon, B., McKelvey, K., and Murphy, D. 1997. Developing an analytical context for multispecies conservation planning. In The Ecological Basis of Conservation: Heterogeneity, Ecosystems, and Biodiversity, eds. S.T.A. Pickett, R.S. Ostfeld, M. Shachak, and G.E. Likens, pp. 43–59. New York: Chapman and Hall.
Noon, B.R., and Murphy, D.D. 1994. Management of the Spotted Owl: the interaction of science, policy, politics, and litigation. In Principles of Conservation Biology, eds. G.K. Meffe and C.R. Carroll, pp. 380–388. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates.
Palmqvist, E., and Lundberg, P. 1998. Population extinctions in correlated environments. Oikos 83:359–367.
Pimm, S.L., and Gilpin, M.E. 1989. Theoretical issues in conservation biology. In Perspectives in Ecological Theory, eds. J. Roughgarden, R.M. May, and S.A. Levin, pp. 287–305. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rapport, D.J., Regier, H.A., and Hutchinson, T.C. 1985. Ecosystem behavior under stress. Am. Nat. 125:617–640.
Richardson, L., Clark, T.W., Forrest, S.C., and Campbell, T.M., III. 1987. Winter ecology of black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) at Meeteetse, Wyoming. Am. Midl. Nat. 117:225–239.
Roemer, D.M., and Forrest, S.C. 1996. Prairie dog poisoning in the Northern Great Plains: an analysis of programs and policies. Environ. Manage. 20:349–359.
Saunders, D.A., Hobbs, R.J., and Margules, C.R. 1991. Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review. Conserv. Biol. 5:18–32.
Schemske, D.W., Husband, B.C., Ruckeishaus, M.H., Goodwillie, C., Parker, I.M., and Bishop, J.G. 1994. Evaluating approaches to the conservation of rare and endangered plants. Ecology 75:584–606.
Simberloff, D. 1988. The contribution of population and community biology to conservation science. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19:473–511.
Skellam, J.G. 1951. Random dispersal in theoretical populations. Biometrika 38:196–218.
Suring, L.H., Crocker-Bedford, D.C., Flynn, R.W., Hale, C.S., Iverson, G.C., Kirchhoff, M.D., Schenck, T.E., Shea, L.C., and Titus, K. 1993. A Proposed Strategy for Maintaining Well-Distributed, Viable Populations of Wildlife Associated with Old-Growth Forests in Southeast Alaska. Report to an Interagency Committee. Juneau, Alaska: USDA, Forest Service, Alaska Region.
Thomas, J.W., Forsman, E.D., Lint, J.B., Meslow, E.C., Noon, B.R., and Verner, J. 1990. A Conservation Strategy for the Northern Spotted Owl. Report of the Interagency Scientific Committee to Address the Conservation of the Northern Spotted Owl. Portland, Oregon: USDA, Forest Service.
Thorne, E.T., and Belitsky, D.W. 1989. Captive propagation and the current status of free-ranging black-footed ferrets in Wyoming. In Conservation Biology and the Black-Footed Ferret, eds. U.S. Seal, E.T. Thorne, M.A. Bogan, and S.H. Anderson, pp. 223–234. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
Trzcinski, M.K., Fahrig, L., and Merriam, G. 1999. Independent effects of forest cover and fragmentation on the distribution of forest breeding birds. Ecol. Appl. 9:586–593.
Turchin, P. 1998. Quantitative Analysis of Movement: Measuring and Modeling Population Redistribution in Animals and Plants. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates.
Turing, A.M. 1952. The chemical basis of morphogenesis. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B 237:37–72.
Turner, M.G., Arthaud, G.J., Engstrom, R.T., Hejl, S.J., Liu, J., Loeb, S., and McKelvey, K. 1995. Usefulness of spatially explicit population models in land management. Ecol. Appl. 5:12–16.
Turner, M.G., and Gardner, R.H. 1991. Quantitative methods in landscape ecology: an introduction. In Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology, eds. M.G. Turner and R.H. Gardner, pp. 3–14. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Urban, D.L., O’Neill, R.V., and Shugart, H.H. 1987. Landscape ecology. BioScience 37:119–127.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Park Service, and USDA Forest Service. 1994. Black-Footed Ferret Reintroduction, Conata Basin/Badlands, South Dakota, Final Environmental Impact Statement. Pierre, South Dakota: USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service.
Van Deusen, P.C. 1996. Habitat and harvest scheduling using Bayesian statistical concepts. Can. J. For. Res. 26:1375–1383.
Walters, C.J., and Holling, C.S. 1990. Large-scale management experiments and learning by doing. Ecology 71:2060–2068.
Wennergren, U., Ruckelshaus, M., and Kareiva, P. 1995. The promise and limitations of spatial models in conservation biology. Oikos 74:349–356.
With, K.A., and Crist, T.O. 1995. Critical thresholds in species’ responses to landscape structure. Ecology 76:2446–2459.
With, K.A., and King, A.W 1999. Extinction thresholds for species in fractal landscapes. Conserv. Biol. 13:314–326.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Flather, C.H., Bevers, M., Hof, J. (2002). Prescribing Habitat Layouts: Analysis of Optimal Placement for Landscape Planning. In: Gutzwiller, K.J. (eds) Applying Landscape Ecology in Biological Conservation. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0059-5_23
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0059-5_23
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-95322-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0059-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive