Abstract
Step 1: Positioning The patient must be posi tioned to accommodate the laparoscopic surgeon (L5) at the patient‘s head and to the patient‘s right, the camera assistant (CA) to the patient‘s left, the spine surgeon (55) at the patient‘s feet and to the right, and the anesthesiologist (A). The operating theater must allow for appropriate placement of television monitors, fluoroscopy monitors, and a c-arm. 1,2 The patient must be adequately secured to the tablc so that the steep Trendelenburg position may be used to assist with the exposure. The patient‘s arms should be folded over the chest to allow fluoroscopic visualization of the spine (Fig. 39A).
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Katkhouda, N., Ghosh, S., Samudrala, S. (2003). Laparoscopic Approach to the L3-L4 and L4-L5 Intervertebral Discs. In: Surgical Approaches to the Spine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0009-0_42
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0009-0_42
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