Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Chemical, physical, and biological methods for the disposal and detoxification of pesticides

  • Conference paper
Residue Reviews

Part of the book series: Residue Reviews ((RECT,volume 70))

Abstract

In the agricultural practices throughout the industrial world, and to a lesser extent in the developing countries, pesticides are an important factor in maintaining high agricultural productivity. Starting before World War II, and progressing extremely quickly in the 1950s and early 1960s, the development and application of organic pesticides to agricultural needs was instrumental in increasing the worldwide production of food and fiber. The magnitude of this pesticide industry and its growth dynamics are described in Table I. The pesticide market is expected to increase at approximately six to eight % per year and to reach in 1980 a production level of 2.29 billion kg of formulated pesticide products (Doyle 1976) with a market value of $5.8 billion at 1974 prices. The difficulty of accurately describing the size of the pesticide market is shown by the fact that Wood et al. (1977) reported 1976 worldwide sales to be $7.0 billion while another survey estimated that the 1980 market will represent $7.4 billion worldwide (Farm Chemicals 1975).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Archer, T. E., and D. P. H. Hsieh: Detoxification of metal drums from emulsifiable concentrate formulations of parathion. Pestic. Sci. 4, 69 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, N. E., O. Wyss, E. F. Gloyna, and V. C. Behn: Biological counter-measures for the mitigation of hazardous material spills. Proc. 1974 Nat. Conf. on Control of Hazardous Material Spills, San Francisco, 25-28 Aug. (1974), Amer. Inst. of Chem. Eng. N. Y., p. 238 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbitt, R. P., and J. L. Clure: Report on the feasibility of destroying herbicide orange by incineration using the Marquardt SUE burner. Marquardt Co., Van Nuys, CA (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, J., and J. E. Swift: Pesticide information and safety manual. Univ. of Calif. Agr. Ext. Ser., Berkeley, p. 147 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, J. M., and D. R. Davies: Blood cholinesterase levels in workers exposed to organo-phosphorus insecticides. British Medical J. Oct. 6, p. 816 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartha, R., and T. S. Hsu: Chloroaniline-humus complexes. Formation, persistence and problems in monitoring. In D. D. Kaufman, G. G. Still, G. D. Paulson, S. K. Bandal. (eds.): Bound and conjugated pesticide residues. ACS Symposium Ser. 29, p. 362. Amer. Chem. Soc, Wash. D. C. (1976).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bollag, J. M., C. S. Helling, and M. Alexander: 2, 4-D metabolism. Enzymatic hydroxylation of chlorinated phenols. J. Agr. Food Chem. 16, 826 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bond, R. G., and C. P. Straub: Wastewater treatment and disposal. CRC Handbook of Environmental Control. Vol. IV, p. 905. Cleveland, Ohio: CRC Press (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouwer, H.: Use of the earth’s crust for treatment or storage of sewage effluent and other waste liquids. In: CRC critical reviews in environmental control, p. 111. Cleveland, Ohio: CRC Press (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chemical &amps; Engineering News: A way to remove and recover phenol from waste streams 52(47), 16 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chemical &amps; Engineering News: Rhine basin nations continue pollution battle 54(21), 18 (1976 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chemical &amps; Engineering News: EPA lists pesticides that may be too dangerous to use 54(25), 18 (1976 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chemical &amps; Engineering News: Sites sought for nuclear waste disposal 54(33), 23 (1976 c).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chemical &amps; Engineering News: Proper fertilizers aid microorganisms in removing oil spilled on soils 54(34), 17 (1976 d).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chemical &amps; Engineering News: Final water pollution standards for five toxic chemicals have been issued by EPA 55(2), 11 (1977 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chemical &amps; Engineering News: Method rids agent orange of TCDD contamination 55(11), 26 (1977 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chemical &amps; Engineering News: Kepone disposal by burning shown safe 55(25), 4 (1977 c).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chemical &amps; Engineering News: Agent Orange is all gone 55(37), 20 (1977 d).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chemical &amps; Engineering News: Molten salt decomposes pesticide wastes 55(37), 44 (1977 e).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chemische Industrie: Entwicklung bei Pflanzenschutzmitteln durch schleppende Zulassung beeintrachtigt 12, no paging (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chemical Week: Activated carbon put to the test 119(13), 31 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, H. E.: Registry of toxic effects of chemical substances. U. S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare., NIOSH, p. 1245. Rockville, Md. (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coley, G., and C. N. Stutz: Treatment of parathion wastes and other organics. J. Wat. Poll. Cont. Fed. 38, 1345 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cowart, R. P., F. L. Bonner, and E. A. Epps: Rate of hydrolysis of seven organo-phosphate pesticides. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 6, 231 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Culp, R. L., and G. L. Culp: Advance waste water treatment, p. 310. N. Y.: van Nostrand Reinhold (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahm, D. B., R. J. Pilie, and J. P. Lafornara: Technology for managing spills on land and water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 8, 1076 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daughton, C. G., and D. P. H. Hsieh: Accelerated parathion degradation in soil by innoculation with parathion-utilizing bacteria. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 18, 48 (1977).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, J. E., A. Barquet, V. H. Freed, R. Haque, C. Morgade, R. E. Sonneborn, and C. Vaclavek: Human pesticide poisonings by a fat-soluble organophosphate insecticide. Arch. Environ. Health 30, 608 (1975).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Day, H. R.: Disposal of dilute pesticide solutions. EPA Solid Waste Management Series. EPA/530/SW-519, p. 18. Wash. D. C. (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Decker, W. J., H. F. Combs, and D. G. Corby: Adsorption of drugs and poisons by activated charcoal. Toxicol. Applied Pharmacol. 13, 454 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dennis, W. H.: Methods of chemical degradation of pesticides and herbicides. A review. Distributed by Nat. Tech. Inf. Service AD-752-123, p. 36. Springfield, Va. (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, J. P.: United States pesticide consumption present and future. Marketing Services, Ag-Organics Dept. Dow Chem. Co. Midland, p. 10 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Duvall, D. S., and W. A. Rubey: Laboratory evaluation of high temperature destruction of Kepone and related pesticides. Environ. Prot. Agency Tech. Inf. Service EPA-600/2-76-299, p. 59. Wash. D. C. (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Dib, M. A., and O. A. Aly: Persistence of some phenylamide pesticides in the aquatic environment. I. Hydrolysis. Water Research 10, 1047 (1976).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engelhardt, G., P. R. Wallnofer, and R. Plapp: Degradation of linuron and some other herbicides and fungicides by a linuron-inducible enzyme obtained from Bacillus sphaericus. Applied Microbiol. 22, 284 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engelhardt, G., P. R. Wallnofer, and R. Plapp: Purification and properties of an aryl acylamidase of Bacillus sphaericus, catalyzing the hydrolysis of various phenylamide herbicides and fungicides. Applied Microbiol. 26, 709 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Environment: Paying to pollute. Vol. 18(5), 16 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Science Technology: Emerging technology of chlorinolysis 8, 18 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Science Technology: Oxygenation and wastewater treatment 9, 908 (1975 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Science Technology: When a load of chemicals spills 9, 1114 (1975 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Science Technology: Detoxifying industrial wastewaters 10, 127 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Faust, S. D., and H. M. Gomaa: Chemical hydrolysis of some organic phosphorus and carbamate pesticides in aquatic environments. Environ. Letters 3, 171 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Federal Register: Pesticides and pesticide containers. Regulations for acceptance and recommended procedures for disposal and storage. Environmental Protection Agency. Vol. 39(200), 15236 (1974 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Federal Register: Pesticides-EPA proposal on disposal and storage. Environmental Protection Agency. Vol. 39(200), 36847 (1974 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Farm Chemicals: World pesticide markets 138(9), 45 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, T. L., F. J. Bergman, G. R. Cooper, R. T. Li, and F. I. Honea: Determination of incinerator operating conditions necessary for safe disposal of pesticides. EPA Report 600/2-75-041, p. 389. Wash. D. C. (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fields, T., A. W. Lindsey: Landfill disposal of hazardous wastes: A review of literature and known approaches. EPA Solid Waste Management Series. EPA/530/ SW-165, p. 36. Wash. D. C. (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, D. L., and J. N. Mahon: The pesticide review 1975. USD A Agr. Stab. Cons. Service, Wash. D. C. (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, A. S., and H. W. Delvo: Pesticide containers associated with crop production. In: Proc. Nat. Conf. Pest. Containers. New. Orleans. 28-30 Nov. (1972), pp. 49–60. Working Group on Pest Management, Wash. D. C. (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, A. J., R. J. Spanggord, G. I. Ouchi, R. Bramhall, and N. Bohonos: Metabolism of DDT analogues by a Pseudomonas sp. Applied Environ. Microbiol. 32, 213 (1976).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gehbach, S. H., and W. A. Williams: Pesticide containers, their contribution to poisoning. Arch. Environ. Health 30, 49 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Geswein, A. J.: Liners for land disposal sites: an assessment. EPA Report SW-137, p. 66. Wash. D. C. (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghassemi, M., and S. Quinlivan: A study of selected landfills designed as pesticide disposal sites. Distributed by Nat. Tech. Inf. Service PB 250 717, p. 131 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibney, L.: Tough rules loom for chemical shipments. Chem. & Eng. News. 52(43), 16 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goulding, R. L.: Waste pesticide management: Final narrative report. July, 1969-June, 1972. Ore. State Univ., Corvallis. Unpublished report to EPA, Wash. D. C., p. 81 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruber, G. I.: Assessment of industrial hazardous waste practices, organic chemicals, pesticides, and various explosive industries. Distributed by Nat. Tech. Inf. Service PB 251-307, various paging. Springfield, Va. (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hager, D. G.: Wastewater treatment via activated carbon. Chem. Eng. Prog. 72, 57 (1976).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayden, J. W., and E. G. Comstock: Use of activated charcoal in acute poisoning. Clin. Toxicol. 8, 515 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howe, R. H. L.: Toxic waste degradation and disposal. Process Biochem. 4, 3 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh, D. P. H., T. E. Archer, D. M. Munnecke, and F. E. Mcgowan: Decontamination of noncombustible agricultural pesticide containers by removal of emulsifiable parathion. Envir. Sci. Technol. 6, 826 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutson, J. E.: Report on the destruction of “orange” herbicide by incineration. Final report to U. S. Air Force Environmental Health Laboratory, Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, p. 58 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jansen, L. L.: Estimates of container number by size, type and formulations involved. In: Proc. Nat. Working Conf. on Pesticide Disposal, 30 June. Beltsville, Md. (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawanishi, S.: Environmental laws and regulations in Japan. Environment Agency, p. 405. Printing Bureau, Ministry of Finance, Tokyo (1976 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawanishi, S.: Quality of the environment in Japan. Environment Agency, p. 240. Printing Bureau, Ministry of Finance, Tokyo (1976 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kearney, P. C.: Purification and properties of an enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing phenylcarbamates. J. Agr. Food Chem. 13, 561 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kearney, P. C., and D. D. Kaufman: Enzyme from soil bacterium hydrolyzes phenylcarbamate herbicides. Science 147, 740 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kearney, P. C., and D. D. Kaufman: Degradation of herbicides, p. 394. New York: Marcel Dekker (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kearney, P. C., E. A. Woolson, J. R. Plimmer, and A. R. Isensee: Decontamination of pesticides in soils. Residue Reviews 29, 137 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kendrick, P. J.: Deep well injection-sweeping the problem under the carpet? J. Water Poll. Control Fed. 49, 187 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, M. V., B. J. Stojanovic, and F. L. Shuman: Chemical and thermal methods for disposal of pesticides. Residue Reviews 29, 89 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, M. V., B. J. Stojanovic, and F. L. Shuman: Chemical and thermal aspects of pesticide disposal. J. Environ. Qual. 1, 63 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kincannon, C. B.: Oily waste disposal by soil cultivation process. EPA Tech. Inf. Service EPA R2-72-110. Wash. D. C. (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, S. A.: An evaluation of the accumulation, translocation, and degradation of pesticides at land waste water disposal sites. Distributed by Nat. Tech. Inf. Service AD/A-006-551, p. 235. Springfield, Va. (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Krekeler, H., and H. Weber: Chlorinolysis of aliphatic and aromatic compounds to carbon tetrachloride. Presented 164th Nat. Meeting Amer. Chem. Soc. Sept. 1972 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanzilotta, R. P., and D. Pramer: Herbicide transformation II. studies with an acylamidase of Fusarium solani. Applied Microbiol. 19, 307 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawless, E. W., T. L. Ferguson, and R. von Rumker: Pollution potential in pesticide manufacturing, final report. Dist. by Nat. Tech. Inf. Service TS-00-72-04, Springfield, Va. (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawless, E. W., T. L. Ferguson, and A. F. Meiners: Guidelines for the disposal of small quantities of unused pesticides. EPA Tech. Ser. EPA 670/2-75-057, p. 330. Wash. D. C. (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Leenheer, J. A., R. L. Malcolm, and W. R. White: Investigation of the reactivity and fate of certain organic components of an industrial waste after deep-well injection. Environ. Sci. Technol. 10, 445 (1976).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehman, J. P.: Task force on excess pesticides, appendix IX: technical capabilities for dealing with excess chemicals. EPA, OSWMP, unpublished report, various pagings. Wash. D. C. (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehman, J. P.: Incineration of hazardous wastes. EPA, OSWMP, unpublished report, p. 115 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Leigh, G. M.: Degradation of selected chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. J. Water Poll. Control Fed. 41, R450 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loos, M. A., J. M. Bollag, and M. Alexander: Phenoxyacetate herbicide detoxification by bacterial enzymes. J. Agr. Food Chem. d1, 858 (1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luehing, C., and S. D. Brady: Biological treatment of organic phosphorus pesticide wastewater. Eng. Bull. Purdue Univ. Ext. Ser. d1, 1166 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsumura, F., and G. M. Boush: Malathion degradation by Trichoderma viride and a Pseudomonas species. Science d1, 1278 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mauk, C. E., and H. W. Prengle: Ozone with ultraviolet light provides improved chemical oxidation of refractory organics. Poll. Eng. 1, 42 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meiners, A. F., C. E. Mumma, T. L. Ferguson, and G. L. Kelso: Wastewater treatment technology documentation, formulation of aldrin/dieldrin, DDT, en-drin, toxaphene. Distributed by Nat. Tech. Inf. Service PB 254-017, p. 119. Wash. D. C. (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Melnikov, N. N., Y. A. Mandelbaum, and Z. M. Bakanova: Detoxification of waste water from the production of parathion. Nauch. Inst. po Udobr. i Insektofung. d1, 60 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, R. C., J. J. Vrolyk, R. W. Melvold, and I. Wilder: System for plugging leaks from ruptured containers. Proc. 1974 Nat. Conf. on Control of Hazardous Material Spills, San Francisco 25-28 Aug. (1974), Amer. Inst. of Chem. Eng., N. Y., p. 212 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, W. L., B. G. Cameron, and R. S. Weaver: The thermal destructor, a facility for incineration of chlorinated hydrocarbon. Suffield report No. 270. Defense Research Estab. Suffield, p. 14. Ralston, Alberta (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • MüHLMANN, R., and G. Schrader: Hydrolyse der insektizide Phosphorsaureester. Z. Naturforsch. 126, 196 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullany, M.: Wet scrubbing in industry. Chem. &amps; Ind. No. 2, 58 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • Munnecke, D. M.: Enzymatic hydrolysis of organophosphate insecticides, a possible pesticide disposal method. Applied Environ. Microbiol. 32, 7 (1976).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munnecke, D. M., and D. P. H. Hsieh: Pathways of microbial metabolism of parathion. Applied Environ. Microbiol. 31, 63 (1976).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munnecke, D. M., H. W. Trask, and H. R. Day: Review of pesticide disposal research. Unpublished report by Off. Solid Waste Management Programs, EPA, p. 76. Wash, D. C. (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Munnecke, D. M.: Properties of an immobilized pesticide hydrolyzing enzyme. Applied Environ. Microbiol. 33, 503 (1977).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munnecke, D. M.: Detoxification of pesticides using soluble or immobilized enzymes. Proc. Biochem. (In press) (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Murry, C.: Senate panel probes kepone disaster. Chem. & Eng. News 54(5), 17 (1976).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Agricultural Chemical Association: Decontamination and disposal of empty pesticide containers. 1155 15th St. NW, Wash. D. C. (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, J. H.: Fixing hazardous wastes. Processing 22(6), 41 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Novak, R. G., and O. H. Hammer: Pesticide waste disposal, part I. Down to Earth. 26(2), 13 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Sullivan, D. A.: Large ocean-going ship to burn wastes at sea. Chem & Eng. News 54(13), 12 (1976).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ottinger, R. S., and J. L. Blumenthal: Recommended methods of reduction, neutralization, recovery or disposal of hazardous waste. Vol. V Pesticides and cyanides, p. 144. EPA Report. Distributed by Nat. Tech. Inf. Service PB-224-579, Springfield, Va. (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Personal communication: Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany (1977 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Personal communication: letter from V. Mandl. European Common Market, Brussels. (1977 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Picchioni, A. L., L. Chin, H. L. Verhulst, and B. Dieterle: Activated charcoal vs. universal antidote as an antidote for poisons. Toxicol. Applied Pharmacol. 8, 447 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pontius, P. W.: Containment and disposal of product from leaking drums in transit. Proc. 1974 Nat. Conf. on Control of Hazardous Material Spills. San Francisco, 25-28 Aug. (1974). Amer. Inst. of Chem. Eng., p. 217. New York (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Porges, R.: Industrial waste stabilization ponds in the United States. J. Water Poll. Control Fed. 35, 456 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • PUBLIC LAW 94-580: 94th United States Congress, Solid Waste Disposal Act., 21 October (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinby, G. E., and G. B. Clappison: Parathion poisoning. Arch. Environ. Health 3, 52 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawls, R. L., and D. A. O’Sullivan: Italy seeks answers following toxic release. Chem. &amps; Eng. News 54(35), 27 (1976).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raymond, R. L., J. O. Hudson, and V. W. Jamison: Oil degradation in soil. Applied Environ. Microbiol. 31, 522 (1976).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riley, B. T.: Summation of conditions and investigations for the complete combustion of organic pesticides. Report to EPA. Dist. by Nat. Tech. Inf. Service PB 248-177, p. 68. Springfield, Va. (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rima, D. R.: Potential contamination of the hydrologic environment from the pesticide waste dump in Hardeman County, Tennessee. USGS Water Resource Division. Unpublished open report to Federal Water Pollution Control Board, p. 41. Wash. D. C. (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Roper, W. E.: Pesticide containers and disposal systems. Proc. Nat. Conf. on Pesticide Containers, New Orleans, 28–30 Nov. (1972). Working Group on Pest Management, p. 185. Wash. D. C. (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruzicka, J. H., J. Thomson, and B. B. Wheals: The gas chromatographic determination of organophosphorus pesticides. J. Chromatog. 31, 37 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, H. J.: New weapons against insects. Chem. &amps; Eng. News 53(30), 18 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schafer, M. L.: Pesticides in blood. Residue Reviews 24, 19 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scurlock, A. C., A. W. Lindsey, T. Fields, and D. R. Huber: Incineration in hazardous waste management. EPA Report, OSWMP. EPA/530/SW-141, p. 104. Wash. D. C. (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharabi, N. E., and L. M. Bordeleau: Biochemical decomposition of the herbicide IV-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-2-methylpantanamide and related compounds. Applied Microbiol. 18, 369 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shea, K.: Hot spot in Oregon. Environ. 18(10), 6 (1976).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shih, C. C., and D. F. DAL Porto: Handbook for pesticide disposal by common chemical methods. Report to EPA. Dist. by Nat. Tech. Inf. Service PB 252-864, p. 109. Springfield, Va. (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shih, C. C., R. F. Tobias, J. F. Clausen: Thermal degradation of military standard pesticide formulations. TRW Systems report to U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, p. 280. Wash. D. C. (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shuman, F. L., B. J. Stojanovic, and M. V. Kennedy: Engineering aspects of the disposal of unused pesticides, pesticide wastes, and pesticide containers. J. Environ. Qual. 1, 66 (1972).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sjoblad, R. D., R. D. Minard, and J. Bollag: Polymerization of 1-naphthol and related phenolic compounds by an extracellular fungal enzyme. Pest. Biochem. Physiol. 6, 457 (1976).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staton, W. S., J. G. Lamperton, and H. R. Day: Pesticide container processing in commercial reconditioning facilities. EPA, Solid Waste Manag. Service OSWMP. EPA/530/SW-534, p. 21. Wash. D. C. (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stojanovic, B. J., M. V. Kennedy, and F. L. Shuman: Edaphic aspects of the disposal of unused pesticides, pesticide wastes and pesticide containers. J. Environ. Qual. 1, 54 (1972 a).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stojanovic, B. J., M. V. Kennedy, and W. C. Shaw: Technical report on thermal decomposition of orange herbicides. Mississippi Agr. Forestry Expt. Sta., p. 79. (1972 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Straus, M. A.: Hazardous waste management facilities in the United States—1977. EPA Solid Waste Manag. Service OSWMP. EPA/530/SW-146.3, p. 60. Wash. D. C. (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stutz, C. N.: Treating parathion wastes. Chem. Eng. Prog. 62, 82 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeny, K. H., and J. R. Fischer: Investigations of means for controlled self-destruction of pesticides. EPA Water Poll. Cont. Research Service 16040 ELO, p. 128. Wash. D. C. (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiedje, J. M., and M. Alexander: Enzymatic cleavage of the ether bond of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetate. J. Agr. Food Chem. 17, 1080 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, J. E., and R. K. Finn: Growth rates of a pseudomonad on 2, 4-dichlorophen-oxyacetic acid and 2, 4-dichlorophenol. Applied Microbiol. 28, 181 (1974).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wachinski, A. M., V. D. Adams, and J. J. Reynolds: Biological treatment of phenoxy herbicides 2, 4-D and 2, 4, 5-T in a closed system. Logan State Univ., Utah Water Research Laboratory report to U.S. Air Force, p. 25. (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, D. L., and D. H. Orcutt: Industrial waste water injection wells in the United States. Status of use and regulation. In J. Braunstein (ed.): Proc. 2nd Internat. Sym. on Underground Waste Management and Artificial Recharge, Vol. 2, p. 687. Amer. Assoc. of Petrol. Geol. U. S. G. S. and Inter. Assoc. of Hydrol. Sci. (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wastler, T. A., C. K. Offutt, C. K. Fitzsimmons, and P. E. Des Rosiers: Disposal of organochlorine wastes by incineration at sea. EPA, Off. of Water and Hazardous Materials, EPA-430/9-75-014, p. 225. Wash. D. C. (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, Mackenzie and Co.: Agrochmical Review. Erskine House 68-73 Queen St., Edinburgh. Reported in Chem. & Eng. News. 53(23), 14 (1975).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, Mackenzie and Co.: Agrochemical review. Erskine House 68-73 Queen St., Edinburgh (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodland, R. G., M. C. Hall, and R. R. Russel: Process for disposal of chlorinated organic residues. J. Air. Poll. Control Assoc. 15, 56 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Working Group on Pest Management, Safety Panel: Ground disposal of pesticides: The problems and criteria for guidelines. Dist. by Nat. Tech. Inf. Service PB 197-144, p. 62. Springfield, Va. (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, R. D., and A. E. Humphrey: Dynamic and steady state studies of phenol biodegradation in pure and mixed cultures. Biotech. Bioeng. 17, 1211 (1975).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yatzidis, H.: A convenient haemoperfusion micro-apparatus over charcoal for the treatment of endogenous and exogenous intoxications. Its use as an effective artificial kidney. Europ. Dialysis Transplant Assoc. Proc. 1, 83 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoran, N.: Pesticide production in Japan in 1975. Japan Assoc. Plant Prot., Tokyo (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, A. L., E. L. Arnold, and A. M. Wachinski: Field studies on the soil persistence and movement of 2, 4-D, 2, 4, 5-T, and TCDD. Unpublished report, U. S. Air Force Academy, p. 13. Colorado Springs (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, D. R., D. J. Mcdermott, and T. C. Heesen: DDT in sediments and organisms around southern California outfalls. J. Water Poll. Control Fed. 48, 1919 (1976).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zech, R., and K. Zurcher: Organophosphate splitting serum enzymes in different mammals. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 48B, 427 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zech, R., and K. D. Wigand: Organophosphate detoxicating enzymes in E. coli. Gel filtration and isoelectric focusing of DFPase, paroxonase and unspecific phos-phohydrolases. Experientia 31, 157 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Bodenbiologie, Bundesforschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft, Bundesallee 50, 3300, Braunschweig, W. Germany

    Douglas M. Munnecke

Authors
  1. Douglas M. Munnecke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, USA

    Francis A. Gunther

  2. Riverside, California, USA

    Jane Davies Gunther

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1979 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this paper

Cite this paper

Munnecke, D.M. (1979). Chemical, physical, and biological methods for the disposal and detoxification of pesticides. In: Gunther, F.A., Gunther, J.D. (eds) Residue Reviews. Residue Reviews, vol 70. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-6197-1_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-6197-1_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-6199-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-6197-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation