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Microbial agents as insecticides

  • Conference paper
Residue Reviews

Part of the book series: Residue Reviews ((RECT,volume 76))

Abstract

In the competition between man and insects for limited food resources, at times it appears that the latter group has the upper-hand. Not only do they have far shorter generation times and staggering numbers of offspring, but the tendency for agricultural businesses to specialize in only a few crops has worked to their advantage. Rather than succumbing to starvation or predation in their search for suitable food sources, they are now given several acres at a time to populate (Adams et al. 1971). Over the years, chemical insecticides have proven useful in lowering their numbers, but even these are now being found to have several limitations:

  1. 1.

    Insects are acquiring resistance to chemical pesticides not only through increased individual tolerances (Crow 1957) but also by the selection of resistant progeny (Martignoni and Schmid 1961, Whitten 1978, Priester and Georghiou 1979).

  2. 2.

    General pesticides may eliminate economically beneficial insects as well as the natural predators of those that are destructive (Smith and van den Bosch 1967).

  3. 3.

    As in the example of DDT, several have come into disfavor due to their persistence in the environment and accumulation in the food-chain by biological concentration (Dustman and Stickel 1969).

  4. 4.

    They may be inactivated by weather, soil conditions, or biodegradation (Lichtenstein 1966).

  5. 5.

    The cost of production or application of the insecticide may be inhibitory (Howse 1973).

  6. 6.

    Several are toxic to human beings. In the case of seed grain contaminated with hexachlorobenzene in Turkey, more than 3,000 became ill and numerous deaths were reported after eating this formulation (Secretary’s Comission on Pesticides 1969).

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  1. Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A1, Canada

    John W. Cherwonogrodzky

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  1. Department of Entomology, University of California, 92521, Riverside, California, USA

    Francis A. Gunther  & Jane Davies Gunther  & 

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Cherwonogrodzky, J.W. (1980). Microbial agents as insecticides. In: Gunther, F.A., Gunther, J.D. (eds) Residue Reviews. Residue Reviews, vol 76. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-6107-0_3

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