Skip to main content

Pancreatic Angiography

  • Chapter
Radiology of the Pancreas

Abstract

Rigler, Lewitan, and Kincaid first recognized the diagnostic potential of pancreatic angiography as a result of their early experience with translumbar aortography (1–3). Subsequently, although the first selective celiac and superior mesenteric arteriograms were performed as early as 1951 by Bierman via a brachial arteriotomy, the major growth of visceral angiography awaited Seldinger’s description of the technique of percutaneous arterial catheterization in 1953, and Odman’s introduction of radiopaque catheters in 1956 (4–6). These two advances simplified angiography and provided much of the impetus for its future development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Rigler LG, Olfelt PC: Abdominal aortography for roentgen demonstration of liver and spleen. AJR 72: 586–596, 1954.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Lewitan A, Boydanovics AK, Langsam M, et al: Transparietal splenic venography and splenic arteriography: Their use for visualization of liver and spleen and their implications for diagnosis of pancreatic lesions. Am J Dig Dis 22: 227–234, 1955.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Kincaid OW, Davis GD: Abdominal aortography. N Engl J Med 259: 1067–1073, 1958.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bierman HR, Miller ER, Byron RL Jr, et al: Intraarterial catheterization of viscera in man. AJR 66: 555–568, 1951.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Seldinger SI: Catheter replacement of the needle in percutaneous arteriography; A new technique. Acta Radiol 39: 368–376, 1953.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Ödman P: The radiopaque polythene catheter. Acta Radiol 52: 52–62, 1959.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Tillander H: Selective angiography of abdominal aorta. Clin Radiol 45: 21–26, 1956.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Ödman P: Percutaneous selective angiography of coeliac artery. Acta Radiol Suppl 159, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Ödman P: Percutaneous selective angiography of the main branches of the aorta: preliminary report. Acta Radiol 45: 1–14, 1956.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Olsson O: Angiographic diagnosis of islet cell tumor of the pancreas. Acta Chir Scandinav 126: 346–351, 1963.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Olsson O: Selective angiography of pancreas. Cesk Radiol Congr Karlovg Vary, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Boijsen E, Feinstein GL: Arteriographic catheterization techniques, AJR 85: 1037–1052, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Boijsen E, Bron KM: Visceral arteriography. Ann Rev Med 15: 273–286, 1964.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Boijsen E: Selective visceral angiography using a percutaneous axillary technique. Br J Radiol 39: 414–421, 1966.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Boijsen E: Selective pancreatic angiography. Br J Radiol 39: 481–497, 1966.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Rösch J, Bret J: Arteriografie paukreatu. Cesk Rentgen 17: 192–199, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Rösch J, Röentgenutersuchung und einsatz der methoden bei pancreaserkrankungen. Radiologe 5: 257–268, 1965.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Rösch J. Bret J: Arteriography of the pancreas. AJR 94: 182–193, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Baum S, Roy R, Finkelstein AK, Blakemore WS: Clinical application of selective celiac and superior mesenteric arteriography. Radiology 84: 279–295, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bookstein JJ, Oberman HA: Appraisal of selective angiography in localizing islet-cell tumors of the pancreas. Radiology 86: 682–685, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Lunderquist A: Angiography in carcinoma of pancreas. Acta Radiol Suppl 235, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Nebesar RA, Pollard JJ, Edmunds LH Jr, MeKhann CF: Indications for selective celiac and superior mesenteric angiography. Experience with 128 cases. Radiology 92: 1100–1109, 1964.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Nebesar RA, Pollard JJ: Advances in abdominal angiography. Postgrad Med 37: 504–512, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Nebesar RA, Pollard JJ: A critical evaluation of selec-tive celiac and superior mesenteric angiography in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases, particularly malignant tumor: Facts and “artefacts.” Radiology 89: 1017–1027, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Paul RE Jr, Miller HH, Kahn PC, et al: Pancreatic angiography with application of subselective angiography of the celiac and superior mesenteric artery to the diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas. N Engl J Med 272: 283–287, 1965.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Reuter SR, Redman HC, Joseph RR: Angiographic findings in pancreatitis. AJR 107: 56–64, 1969.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Reuter SR, Redman HC, Bookstein JJ: Differential problems in the angiographic diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas. Radiology 96: 93–99, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Rösch J, Judkins MP: Angiography in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease. Semin Roentgenol 3: 296–309, 1968.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Almén T: A steering device for selective angiography and some vascular and enzymatic reactions observed in its clinical application. Acta Radiol Suppl 260: 1, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Rösch J, Grollman JH Jr: Superselective arteriography in the diagnosis of abdominal pathology: Technical considerations. Radiology 92: 1008–1013, 1969.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Reuter SR: Superselective pancreatic angiography. Radiology 92: 74–85, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Eisenberg H: Pancreatic angiography. In Hilal SK (ed): Small Vessel Angiography: Imaging, Morphology, Physiology and Clinical Applications. St. Louis: CV Mosby 1973, pp 405–433.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Rösch J, Holman DC: Superselective arteriography of the pancreas. In Anacker H (ed): Efficiency and Limits of Radiologic Examination of the Pancreas, Acton, Massachussets: Publishing Sciences Group 1975, pp 159–167.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Rösch J, Keller FS: Selective angiography. In Kawai K (ed): Early Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer. New York: Igaku-Shoin 1980, pp 175–194.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Freeny PC, Ball TJ, Ryan J: Impact of new diagnostic imaging methods on pancreatic angiography. AJR 133: 619–624, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Hawkins IF Jr, Kaude JV, MacGregor A: Priscoline and epinephrine in selective pancreatic angiography. Radiology 116: 311–321, 1975.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Freeny PC, Ball TJ: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) in the evaluation of suspected pancreatic carcinoma: Diagnostic limitations and contemporary roles. Cancer 47: 1666–1678, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Freeny PC, Marks WM, Ball TJ: Impact of high-resolution computed tomography of the pancreas on utili-zation of ERCP and angiography. Radiology, 142: 35–39, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Levin DC, Wilson R, Abrams HL: The changing role of pancreatic arteriography in the era of computed tomography. Radiology 136: 245–249, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Ariyama J, Shirakabe H, Sumida M, Bartram CI: Angiographic evaluation of the abnormal endoscopic pancreatogram. Gastrointest Radiol 4: 231–237, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Rösch J, Keller FS: Pancreatic arteriography, transhepatic pancreatic venography, and pancreatic venous sampling in diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Cancer 47: 1679–1684, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Congdon ED: Transformation of the aortic arch system during development of the human embryo. Contrib Embryol Carneg Inst 14: 47–110, 1922.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Hamilton WJ, Boyd JD, Mossman HW: Human Embryology. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1962, pp 159–202.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Langman J: Medical Embryology. Baltimore: William and Wilkins 1973, pp 171–179.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Patten BM: Foundations of Embryology. New York: McGraw-Hill 1958, pp 491–504.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Tandler J: Über die Varietäten der arteria coeliaca und deren entwickelung. Anat Hefte 25: 475–500, 1904.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Tandler J: Zuer entwickelungsgeschichte der menschlichen darmarterien. Anat Hefte 23: 189–210, 1903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Michels N: A Blood Supply and Anatomy of the Upper Abdominal Organs. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Woodburne RT: Essentials of Human Anatomy. New York: Oxford University Press 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Falconer CWA, Griffiths E: The anatomy of the blood-vessels in the region of the pancreas. Br J Surg 37: 334–344, 1950.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Bradley RL: Surgical anatomy of the gastroduodenal artery. Int Surg 58: 393, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Pierson JM: The arterial blood supply of the pancreas. Surg Gynec Obstet 77: 426–432, 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Ruzicka FF Jr, Rossi P: Normal celiac and hepatic arteriogram. NY State J Med 23: 3032–3034, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Ruzicka FF Jr, Rossi P: Normal vascular anatomy of the abdominal viscera. Rad Clin N Amer 8: 3–29, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Nebesar RA, Kornblith PL, Pollard JJ, et al: Celiac and Superior Mesenteric Arteries. A Correlation of Angiograms and Dissections. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Lunderquist A: Angiography in carcinoma of the pancreas. Acta Radiol (Suppl. 235 ), 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Kupic EA, Marshall WH, Abrams HL: Splenic arterial patterns: Angiographic analysis and review. Invest Radiol 2: 70–98, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Michels NA: The anatomic variations of the arterial pancreaticoduodenal arcades: Their import in regional resection involving the gallbladder, bile ducts, liver, pancreas, and parts of the small and large intestines. J Int Coll Surg 37: 13–40, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Buranasiri S, Baum S: The significance of the venous phase of celiac and superior mesenteric arteriography in evaluating pancreatic carcinoma. Radiology 102: 11–20, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Rösch J, Dotter CT: Retrograde pancreatic venography. An experimental study. Radiology 114: 275–279, 1975.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Hanafee W, Weiner M: Transjugular percutaneous cholangiography. Radiology 88: 35–39, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Lunderquist A, Vang J: Transhepatic catheterization and obliteration of the coronary vein in patients with portal hypertension. N Engl J Med 291: 646–649, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Gothlin J, Lunderquist A, Tylén U: Selective phlebography of the pancreas. Acta Rad Diag 15: 474–480, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Ingemansson S, Lunderquist A, Lunderquist I, et al: Portal and pancreatic vein catheterization with radio-immunologic determination of insulin. Surg Gynec Obstet 141: 705–711, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Douglass BE, Baggenstoss AH, Hollinshead WH: The anatomy of the portal vein and its tributaries. Surg Gynec Obstet 91: 562–576, 1950.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Harell G: Ventral portal vein. AJR 121: 369–373, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Doehner GA, Ruzicka FF Jr, Hoffman G, Rousselot LM: The portal venous system: Its roentgen anatomy. Radiology 64: 675–689, 1955.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Doehner GA, Ruzicka FF Jr, Rousselot LM, Hoffman G: The portal venous system: On its pathological roentgen anatomy. Radiology 66: 206–216, 1956.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Edwards EA: Functional anatomy of the porta-systemic communications. Arch Int Med 88: 137–154, 1951.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Ruzicka FF Jr, Rossi P: Arterial portography: Patterns of venous flow. Radiology 92: 777–787, 1969.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Hanafee W: Axillary artery approach to carotid, vertebral, abdominal aorta and coronary angiography. Radiology 81: 559–567, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Molnar W, Paul DJ: Complications of axillary arteriotomites. An analysis of 1762 consecutive studies. Radiology 104: 269–276, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Roy P: Percutaneous catheterization via the axillary artery: A new approach to some technical roadblocks in selective arteriography. AJR 94: 1–18, 1965.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Reuter SR, Redman HC: Gastrointestinal Angiography. Philadelphia: WB Saunders 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Judkins, MP, Kidd HJ, Frische JH, Dotter CT: Lumen-following safety J-guide for catheterization of tortuous vessels. Radiology 88: 1127–1130, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Waltman AC, Courey WR, Athanasoulis CA, et al: Technique for left gastric artery catheterization. Radiology 109: 732, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Tylén U, Arnesjö B: Resectability and progress of carcinoma of the pancreas evaluated by angiography. Scand J Gastroenterol 8: 691–697, 1973.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Rösch J: Roentgenology of the Spleen and Pancreas. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Rignault D, Mine J, Moine D: Splenoportographic changes in chronic pancreatitis. Surgery 63: 571–575, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Nebesar RA, Pollard JJ: Portal venography by selective arterial catheterization. AJR 97: 477–487, 1966.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Pollard JJ, Nebesar RA: Catheterization of splenic artery for portal venography. N Engl J Med 271: 234–237, 1964.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Steckel RJ, Grollman JH Jr. Pharmacologic enhancement in selective visceral angiography. Editorial. Radiology 91: 583–585, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Redman HC, Reuter SR, Miller WJ: Improvement of superior mesenteric and portal vein visualization with tolazoline. Invest Radiol 5: 24–27, 1969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Boijsen E, Redman HC: Effect of Bradykinin on celiac and superior mesenteric angiography. Invest Radiol 1: 422–430, 1966.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Davis LJ, Anderson JH, Wallace S: The use of prostaglandin E1 to enhance the angiographic visualization of the splanchnic circulation. Radiology 114: 281–286, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Cioffi CM, Ruzicka FF Jr, Carillo FJ, et al: Enhanced visualization of the portal system using phentolamine and isoproterenol in combination. Radiology 108: 43–49, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Danford RO, Davidson AJ: The use of glucagon as a vasodilator in visceral angiography. Radiology 93: 173–175, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Abeatici S, Campi L: Sur les possibilitiés de l’angiographie hépatique—la visualisation du système portai. Acta Radiol 36: 383–392, 1951.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Rösch J: Contribution of splenoportography to the diagnosis of diseases of the pancreas. Acta Med Scandinav 171: 263–268, 1962.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Rousselot LM, Ruzicka FF, Doehner GA: Portal venography via the portal and percutaneous splenic routes. Anatomic and clinical studies. Surgery 34: 557–569, 1953.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Rösch J, Lakin PC, Antonovic R, Dotter CT: Transjugular approach to liver biopsy and transhepatic cholangiography. N Engl J Med 289: 227–231, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Rösch J, Lakin P, Antonovic R, Dotter CT: Transjugular liver biopsy and cholangiography. Fortschr Roentgenstr 119: 653–661, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Rösch J, Antonovic R, Dotter CT: Transjugular approach to the liver, biliary systems, and portal circulation. AJR 125: 602–608, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Goldman ML, Fajman W, Galambos J: Transjugular obliteration of the gastric coronary vein. Radiology 118: 453–455, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Bierman HR, Steinbach HL, White LP, et al: Portal venipuncture. A percutaneous transhepatic approach. Proc Soc Exper Biol Med 79: 550–552, 1952.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Widrich WC, Robbins AH, Nabseth DC, O’Hara ET, Johnson WC, Loughlin KV: Portal hypertension changes following selective splenorenal shunt surgery. Radiology 121: 295–302, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Lunderquist A, Börjesson B, Owman T, Bengmark S: Isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Bucrylate) in obliteration of gastric coronary vein and esophageal varices. AJR 130: 1–6, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Freeny PC, Kidd CR: Transhepatic portal venography and selective obliteration of gastroesophageal varices using isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Bucrylate). Am J Dig Dis 24: 321–330, 1979.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Rösch J, Steckel RS: Selective Angiography of the Abdominal Viscera. In Hanafee WN, (ed): Selective Angiography. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  100. DuPriest RW Jr, Haines JE, Rösch J, et al: A comparison of scintiscans and arteriograms for identifying metastatic intrahepatic tumors. Surg Gynec Obstet 136: 705–710, 1973.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Freeny PC, Antonovic R, Gutierrez OH, Rösch J: Diagnostic effectiveness of infusion hepatic angiography. Fortschr Roentgenstr 124: 534–541, 1976.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Rösch J, Freeny P, Antonovic R, Gutierrez OH: Infusion hepatic angiography in diagnosis of liver metastases. Cancer 38: 2278–2286, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Kahn PC, O’Halloran JF, Paul RE: Improved portography by delayed post-epinephrine celiac and mesenteric arteriography. Radiology 92: 86–91, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Kahn PC, Callow AD: Selective vasodilatation as an aid to angiography. AJR 94: 213–218, 1965.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. MacGreggor AMC, Hawkins IF Jr: Selective pharmacodynamic angiography in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas. Surg Gynec Obstet 137: 917–921, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Pokieser H: Pharmacoangiography. In Anacker H (ed): Efficiency and Limits of Radiologic Examination of the Pancreas. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag 1975, pp 167–174.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Schmarsow R: Angiography of the pancreas following the administration of secretin, trypsin and histamine. Acta Radiol Diag 12: 175–183, 1972.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Taylor DA, Macken KL, Fiore AS: Angiographic visualization of the secretin-stimulated pancreas. Radiology 87: 525–526, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Uden R: Effect of secretin in celiac and superior mesenteric angiography. Acta Radiol Diag 8: 497–513, 1969.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Steckel RS, Gross G, Grollman JH Jr: A potent drug combination for producing constriction of the superior mesenteric artery and its branches. Radiology 91: 579–581, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Boijsen E, Redman HC: Effect of epinephrine on celiac and superior mesenteric angiography. Invest Radiol 2: 184–189, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Cen M, Rosenbusch G: Zöliakographie mit adrenalin (Möglichkeiten der pharmacoangiographic in der Pankreas diagnostik). Fortschr Roentgenstr 111: 82–92, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Kahn PC, Frates WJ, Paul RE Jr: The epinephrine effect in angiography of gastrointestinal tract tumors. Radiology 88: 686–690, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Kaude JV, Wirtanen GW: Celiac epinephrine enhanced angiography. AJR 110: 818–826, 1970.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Kaplan JH, Bookstein JJ: Abdominal visceral angiography with angiotension. Radiology 103: 79–83, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Ekelund L, Lunderquist A: Pharmacoangiography with angiotension. Radiology 110: 533–538, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Rösch J: Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Bookstein JJ, Voegeli E: A critical analysis of magnification radiography. Radiology 98: 23–38, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Christensen EE, Curry TS, Nunnally J: An Introduc-tion to the Physics of Diagnostic Radiology. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Cope C: In vivo magnification angiography. CRC Crit Rad SCi 2: 253–267, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Eisenberg H: Magnification arteriography with grid-biased focal spot x-ray tubes. Stamford, Connecticut: Cathode Press 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Sandor T, Adams DF, Herman PG, Eisenberg H, Abrams HL: The potential of magnification angiography. AJR 120: 916–921, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Freeny, P.C., Lawson, T.L. (1982). Pancreatic Angiography. In: Radiology of the Pancreas. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5689-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5689-2_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-5691-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5689-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics