Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

High Altitude Physiology and Medicine pp 45–53Cite as

Minimal \({{\text{P}}_{{O_2}}}\) in Working and Resting Tissues

  • Conference paper

  • 201 Accesses

Part of the book series: Topics in Environmental Physiology and Medicine ((TEPHY))

Abstract

Oxygen is supplied to the tissues by convection, i.e., by blood perfusion, and by diffusion. The energy for convection is produced by the heart. The energy for diffusional transport originates from the O2 gradient between capillaries and tissues which is built up by the oxygen consumption of the tissue oxidases (18). The local tissue P O2 varies with both flow and O2 transport capacity of the blood, as well as with the distance from the arterial supply and the O2 consumption of the tissue. Thus, an oxygen pressure field develops around the capillary which characterizes the oxygen supply of the tissue. To understand the effect of the different parameters which influence the oxygen supply of the tissue, an analysis with a simplified model, the Krogh model, is useful (12,13,28,35) (Fig. 7-1). It considers a single capillary which supplies a cylindric space of constant radius and homogeneous oxygen consumption.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Addicks, K., Weigelt, H., Hauck, G., Lübbers, D. W., and Knoche, H.: Light- and electronmicroscopic studies with regard to the role of intraendothelial structures under normal and inflammatory conditions. In: Microcirculation in Inflammation. Bibl. Anat. 17:21, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Cassian, S., Gilbert, R. D., Bunnel, C. E., and Johnson, E. M.: Capillary development during exposure to chronic hypoxia. Am. J. Physiol. 220: 448, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Chance, B., Schoener, B., and Schindler, F.: The extracellular oxidation reduction state. In Dickens, F. and Neil, E. (eds.): Oxygen in the Animal Organism. London, Pergamon Press, 1966, pp. 367–388.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Diemer, K. and Henn, R.: Kapillarvermehrung in der Hirnrinde der Ratte unter chronischem Sauerstoffmangel. Naturwissenschaften 52: 135, 1965.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Erecinska, M., Wilson, D. F., and Nishiki, K.: Homeostatic regulation of cellular energy metabolism: experimental characterization in vivo and fit to a model. Am. J. Physiol. 234: C82, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Grossmann, U. and Lübbers, D. W.: The size of the hypoxic zone at the border of an anoxic region within the tissue. In: Oxygen Transport to Tissue. III. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 94:655, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Hoofd, L. and Kreuzer, F.: Calculation of the facilitation of O2 or CO transport by Hb or Mb by means of a new method for solving the carrier-diffusion problem. In: Oxygen Transport to Tissue. III. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 94:163, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Kessler, M.: Lebenserhaltende Mechanismen bei Sauerstoffmangel und bei Störungen der Organdurchblutung. München, Mitteilungen der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 1974, pp. 444–463.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kinnula, V. L.: Rat liver mitochondrial enzyme activities in hypoxia. Acta Physiol. Scand. 95: 54, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Kreuzer, F.: Influence of dissociation curve. This volume, 9.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Kreuzer, F.: Facilitated diffusion of oxygen and its possible significance; a review. Respir. Physiol. 9: 1, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Krogh, A.: The number and distribution of capillaries in muscles with calculations of the oxygen pressure head necessary for supplying the tissue. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 52: 409, 1919.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Krogh, A.: The rate of diffusion of gases through animal tissues with some remarks on the coefficient of invasion. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 52: 391, 1919.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Leniger-Follert, E., Wrabetz, W., and Lübbers, D. W.: Local tissue pO2 and microflow of the brain cortex under varying arterial oxygen pressure. In Grote, J., et al. (eds.): Oxygen Transport to Tissue. II. New York, Plenum Press, 1976, pp. 361–367.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Lowry, O. H.: Energy metabolism in brain and its control. In Ingvar, D. H. and Lassen, N. A. (eds.): Brain Work. Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1975, pp. 49–63.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Lübbers, D. W.: The meaning of the tissue oxygen distribution curve and its measurement by means of Pt electrodes. In Kreuzer, F. (ed.): Oxygen Pressure Recording in Gases, Fluids and Tissues. Basel, Karger, 1969, pp. 112–123.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Lübbers, D. W.: Das O2-Versorgungssystem der Warmblüterorgane. Jahrb. d. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften. München, 1974, pp. 87–112.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Lübbers, D. W.: Exchange processes in the microcirculatory bed. In Meessen, H. (ed.): Handbuch der allgemeinen Pathologie, III/7. Mikrozirkulation/Microcirculation. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1977, pp. 411–476.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lübbers, D. W.: Quantitative measurement and description of oxygen supply to the tissue. In Jöbsis, F. F. (ed.): Oxygen and Physiological Function. Dallas, Professional Information Library, 1977, pp. 254–276.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Lübbers, D. W., Hauck, G., and Weigelt, H.: Reaction of capillary flow to electrical stimulation of the capillary wall and to application of different ions. In Betz, F. (ed.): Ionic Actions on Vascular Smooth Muscle. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1976, pp. 44–47.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Lübbers, D. W., Hauck, G., Weigelt, H., and Addicks, K.: Contractile properties of frog capillaries tested by electrical stimulation. In: Microcirculation in Inflammation. Bibl. Anat. 17:3, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Lübbers, D. W. and Leniger-Follert, E.: Capillary flow in the brain cortex during changes in oxygen supply and state of activation. In: Cerebral Vascular Smooth Muscle and its Control. Ciba Foundation Symposium 56. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1978, pp. 21–47.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Lübbers, D. W. and Stosseck, K.: Quantitative Bestimmung der lokalen Durchblutung durch elektro-chemisch im Gewebe erzeugten Wasserstoff. Naturwissenschaften 57: 311, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Mela, L., Goodwin, C. W., and Miller, L. D.: In vivo control of mitochondrial enzyme concentrations and activity by oxygen. Am. J. Physiol. 31 (6): 1811, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Mela, L., Goodwin, C. W., and Miller, L. D.: In vivo adaption of O2 utilization to O2 availability: comparison of adult and newborn mitochondria. In Jöbsis, F. F. (ed.): Oxygen and Physiological Function. Dallas, Professional Information Library, 1977, pp. 285–292.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Miller, A. T., Jr. and Hale, D. M.: Increased vascularity of brain, heart, and skeletal muscle of polycythemic rats. Am. J. Physiol. 219: 702, 1970.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Opitz, E.: Increased vascularization of the tissue due to acclimatization to high altitude and its significance for oxygen transport. Exp. Med. Surg. 9: 389, 1951.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Opitz, E. and Schneider, M.: Über die Sauerstoffversorgung des Gehirns und den Mechanismus von Mangelwirkungen. Ergebn. Physiol. 46: 126, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Ou, L. C. and Tenney, S. M.: Properties of mitochondria from hearts of cattle acclimatized to high altitude. Respir. Physiol. 8: 151, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Reneau, D. D. and Silver, I. A.: Some effects of high altitude and polycythaemia on oxygen delivery. In Silver, I. A., Erecinska, M., and Bicher, H. I. (eds.): Oxygen Transport to Tissue. III. New York, Plenum Press, 1977, pp. 245–253.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Schmid-Schönbein, H.: Blood rheology. This volume, 15.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Shertzer, H. G. and Cascarano, J.: Mitochondrial alterations in heart, liver, kidney of altitude acclimated rats. Am. J. Physiol. 223: 632, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Starlinger, H. and Lübbers, D. W.: Polarographic measurement of the oxygen pressure performed simultaneously with optical measurements of the redox state of the respiratory chain in suspensions of mitochondria under steady-state conditions at low oxygen tensions. Pflügers Arch. 341: 15, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Tenney, S. M. and Ou, L. C.: Physiological evidence for increased tissue capillarity in rats acclimatized to high altitude. Respir. Physiol. 8: 137, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Thews, G.: Implications to physiology and pathology of oxygen diffusion at the capillary level. In Schade, J. P. and McMenemy, W. H. (eds.): Selective Vulnerability of the Brain in Hypoxia. Oxford, Blackwell, 1963, pp. 27–35.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Turek, Z., Grandtner, M., and Kreuzer, F.: Cardiac hypertrophy, capillary and muscle fiber density, muscle fiber diameter, capillary radius and diffusion distance in the myocardium of growing rats adapted to a simulated altitude of 3500 m. Pflügers Arch. 335: 19, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Turek, Z., Kreuzer, F., and Hoofd, L. J. C.: Advantage or disadvantage of a decrease of blood oxygen affinity for tissue oxygen supply at hypoxia. A theoretical study comparing man and rat. Pfliigers Arch. 342: 185, 1973.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Valdivia, E.: Total capillary bed of the myocardium in chronic hypoxia. Fed. Proc. 21: 221, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Weigelt, H., Addicks, K., Hauck, G., Lubbers, D. W.: Vital microscopic studies in regard to the role of intraendothelian reactive structures in the inflammatory process. In: Microcirculation in Inflammation. Bibl. Anat. 17:11, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Wilson, D. F., Erecinska, M., Drown, C., and Silver, I. A.: Effect of oxygen tension on cellular energetics. Am. J. Physiol. 233: C135, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Wilson, D. F., Erecinska, M., and Sussman, I.: Control of energy flux in biological systems. In: Energy Conservation in Biological Membranes. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1978, pp. 255–263.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Wilson, D. F., Owen, C. S., and Erecinska, M.: Regulation of mitochondrial respiration in intact tissue: a mathematical model. In Silver, I. A., Erecinska, M., and Bicher, H. I. (eds.): Oxygen Transport to Tissue. III. New York, Plenum Press, 1978, pp. 279–287.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Wittenberg, B. A., Wittenberg, J. B., and Caldwell, P. R. B.: Role of myoglobin in the oxygen supply to red skeletal muscle. J. Biol. Chem. 250: 9038, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Wittenberg, J. B.: Myoglobin-facilitated oxygen diffusion: role of myoglobin in oxygen entry into muscle. Physiol. Rev. 50: 559, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Wyman, J.: Facilitated diffusion and the possible role of myoglobin as a transport mechanism. J. Biol. Chem. 241: 115, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. D. W. Lübbers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Surgical Research of the LM-University, Klinkum Grosshadern, D-8000, Munich 70, Federal Republic of Germany

    Walter Brendel M.D.

  2. Documentation Center for High Altitude Medicine, Klinkum Grosshadern, D-8000, Munich 19, Federal Republic of Germany

    Roman A. Zink M.D.

  3. Urological Clinic of the LM-University, Klinkum Grosshadern, D-8000, Munich 70, Federal Republic of Germany

    Roman A. Zink M.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

About this paper

Cite this paper

Lübbers, D.W. (1982). Minimal \({{\text{P}}_{{O_2}}}\) in Working and Resting Tissues. In: Brendel, W., Zink, R.A. (eds) High Altitude Physiology and Medicine. Topics in Environmental Physiology and Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5639-7_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5639-7_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-5641-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5639-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation