Skip to main content

An ecological concept for the assessment of side-effects of agrochemicals on soil microorganisms

  • Conference paper
Residue Reviews

Part of the book series: Residue Reviews ((RECT,volume 86))

Abstract

High quality data describing changes in the biotic compartments of soils are indispensable prerequisites for ecotoxicological characterization of chemicals. Numerous results from careful experimental work are now available. The wealth of data, however, contributes only partially to our understanding and capability of hazard assessment. Frequently we experience a kind of helplessness on how to weight, rate, and evaluate data and ignore the urgent need for interpretation in sensible ecological terms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abdel-Malek, Y., M. Monib, and M. N. Zayad: Action of dry guava leaves on bacteria, contributing to nitrogen transformations in soil. Z. Bakt. II, 126, 672 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Malek, Y., M. Monib, and M. N. Zayad, and S. G. Rizk: Microbial and nitrogen changes in Sharaqi soils. J. Microbiol. U.A.R. 1, 47 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abou-Elfadl, M. M., and M. Fahmy: Effect of sodium 2,4-D and MCPA on root nodulation of legumes and soil microorganisms. Agr. Res. Rev. (Cairo) 36, 333 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Abueva, A. A.: The effect of 2,4-D on the growth of micro-organisms and on nitrogen metabolisms in a derno-podzolic soil. Khimiya sel’Khoz. 8, 601 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Afscharpour, F., and F. H. Meyer: Einfluß von Bodenentsüchungsmitteln auf die Mykorrhiza von Forstpflanzen (II). Nachrichtenbl. Dtsch. Pflanzenschutzd. (Braunschweig) 19, 4 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahrens, E., and A. v. Klopotek: Über das Verhalten verschiedener Mikroorganismengruppen in feucht und trocken gelagerten Böden. Z. Bakt. II, 124, 250 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Amer, F. M., and W. V. Bartholomew: Influence of oxygen concentration in soil air on nitrification. Soil Sci. 71, 215 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ammon, H. U., and W. Jäggi: Erfassung von Herbizid-Nebenwirkungen auf Bodenmikroorganismen mit Screening-Tests als Grundlage zur Abschätzung des Umweltrisikos. Proc. EWRS Symp. “Theory and Practice of the Use of Soil Applied Herbicides”, p. 111 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, O. E., and F. C. Boswell: The influence of low temperature and various concentrations of ammonium nitrate on nitrification in acid soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 28, 525 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, O. E., and F. C. Boswell, and R. M. Harrison: Variations in low temperature adaptability of nitrifiers in acid soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 35, 68 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, R. E., L. W. Parks, and K. D. Spence: Some effects of Douglas fir ter-penes on certain microorganisms. Applied Environ. Microbiol. 40, 301 (1980).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ayanaba, A., S. B. Tuckwell, and D. S. Jenkinson: The effects of clearing and cropping on the organic reserves and biomass of tropical forest soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 8, 519 (1976).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barkworth, H., and M. Bateson: The population level of presumptive Nitroso-monas and Nitrobacter in some English soils. Pl. Soil 22, 220 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Basaraba, J.: Influence of vegetable tannins on nitrification in soil. Pl. Soil 21, 8 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, Th., and H. Poschenrieder: Wechselwirkungen von Biotop and Boden-mikroflora im Bereich des Hochmoores. Bayer. Lw. Jb. 38, 110 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Behera, B., and G. H. Wagner: Microbial growth rate in glucose-amended soil.Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 38, 591 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Benoit, R. E., and R. L. Starkey: Inhibition of decomposition of cellulose and some other carbohydrates by tannin. Soil Sci. 105, 291 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Biederbeck, V. O., and A. C. Campbell: Influence of simulated fall and spring conditions on the soil system. I. Effect on soil microflora. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 35, 474 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Biederbeck, V. O., and A. C. Campbell, Soil microbial activity as influenced by temperature trends and fluctuations. Can. J. Soil Sci. 53, 363 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bollag, J. M., and N. M. Henninger: Influence of pesticides on denitrification in soil and with an isolated bacterium. J. Environm. Qual. 5, 15 (1976).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boois, H. M. de: Measurement of seasonal variations in the oxygen uptake of various litter layers of an oak forest. Pl. Soil 40, 545 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, W. L.: Microbiological studies of arctic soils. Ecology 39, 332 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, W. L., U. T. Staley, and J. W. Boyd: Ecology of soil microorganisms of Ant-arctica. Antarctic Res. Ser. (Amer. Geophys. Union) 8, 125 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boylen, C. W.: Survival of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes during prolonged peri-ods of extreme desiccation. J. Bact. 113, 33 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, O. C.: Effect of acid soils on nodule-forming bacteria. Soil Sci. 15, 37 (1923).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Budoi, G. H., and I. Budoi: Influenta atrazinului asupra unor elemente ale fertilitatii solului cultivat cu porumb in miriste. Lucr. stiint. Inst. Agron. Nicolae Balcescu, Ser. A 10, 369 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunnell, F. L., D. E. N. Tait, P. W. Flanagan, and K. van Cleve: Microbial respiration and substrate weight loss. I. A general model of the influences of abiotic variables. Soil Biol. Biochem. 9, 33 (1977).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bunt, J. S., and A. D. Rovira: The effect of temperature and heat treatment on soil metabolism. J. Soil Sci. 6, 129 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrichter, E.: Beiträge zur Beurteilung von Böden auf Grund fluoreszenzmikroskopischer Untersuchungen ihrer Mikroflora. Z. Pflanzenern. Bodenkde 63, 154 (1953)

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrichter, E. Untersuchungen über die Massenentwicklung der Bodenbakterien im Laufe des Jahres. Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 71, 71 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bååth, E.: Soil fungal biomass after clear-cutting of a pine forest in central Sweden. Soil Biol. Biochem. 12, 495 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, C. A., and V. O. Biederbeck: Soil bacterial changes as affected by growing season weather conditions: a field and laboratory study. Can. J. Soil Sci. 56, 293 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, C. A., and V. O. Biederbeck, and F. G. Warder: Simulated early spring thaw conditions injurious to soil microflora. Can. J. Soil Sci. 50, 257 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, C. A., and V. O. Biederbeck, Influence of simulated fall and spring conditions on the soil system: II. Effect on soil nitrogen. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 35, 480 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, C. A., and V. O. Biederbeck, Influence of simulated fall and spring conditions on the soil system: III. Effect of method of simulating spring temperatures on ammonification, nitrification and microbial populations. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 37, 382 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carini, S.: Escrezione di una sostanza da parte della medica e sua influenza sulla microflora del terreno e sugli azotobatteri. Possibili rapporti col deperimento dei medicai. Ann. Microbiol. 14, 27 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlyle, R. E., and J. D. Thorpe: Some effects of ammonium and sodium 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetates on legumes and the Rhizobium bacteria. J. Amer. Soc. Agron. 39, 929 (1947).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chandra, P.: Note on the effect of shifting temperatures on nitrification in a loam soil. Can. J. Soil Sci. 42, 314 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, M., and M. Alexander: Survival of soil bacteria during prolonged desiccation. Soil Biol. Biochem. 5, 213 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiang, C., J. Sinnaeve, and G. Dubuisson: The microbial ecology of Moroccan soils. I. Seasonal variations. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 122, 1171 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, N. L.: Fire and the nitrogen cycle in California chaparral. Science 181, 66 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarholm, M., and T. Rosswall: Biomass and turnover of bacteria in a forest soil and a peat. Soil Biol. Biochem. 12, 49 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, D. C., and J. T. McGinnis: Quantification of fungus—small arthropod food chains in the soil. Oikos 21, 134 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, R. J., and R. I. Papendick: Soil water potential as a factor in the ecology of Fusarium roseum f. sp. cerealis “culmorum”. Pl. Soil 32, 131 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, R. J., and R. I. Papendick, and D. M. Griffin: Growth of two root-rot fungi as affected by osmotic and matric water potentials. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 36, 78 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Corden, M. E., and R. A. Young: Changes in the soil microflora following fungicide treatments. Soil Sci. 99, 272 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cullimore, D. R., and A. E. McCann: Influence of four herbicides on the algal flora of a prairie soil. Pl. Soil 46, 499 (1977).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curl, E. A., R. Rodriguez-Kabana, and H. H. Funderburk: Influence of atrazine and varied carbon and nitrogen amendments on growth of Sclerotium rolfsii and Trichoderma viride in soil. Phytopathol. 58, 323 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cutler, D. W.: The action of protozoa on bacteria when inoculated into sterile soil. Ann. Applied Biol. 10, 137 (1923).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutler, D. W., and L. M. Crump: Daily periodicy in the numbers of active soil flagellates: With a brief note on the relation of trophic amoebae and bacterial numbers. Ann. Applied Biol. 7, 11 (1920).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutler, D. W., and L. M. Crump, and H. Sandon: A quantitative investigation of the bacterial and protozoan population of the soil, with an account of the protozoan fauna. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. Series B 211, 317 (1922).

    Google Scholar 

  • Da Cruz-Paixio, J., and J. Döbereiner: Action of 2,4-D (amine) on microorganisms of various types of soils. Portug. Acta Biol., Lisboa 4, 243 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Danso, S. K. A., S. O. Keya, and M. Alexander: Protozoa and the decline of Rhizobium populations added to soil. Can. J. Microbiol. 21, 884 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dommergues, Y.: Influence du rayonnement infra-rouge et du rayonnement solaire sur la teneur en azote minéral et sur quelques caractéristiques biologiques des sols. Agron. Trop. 15, 381 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dommergues, Y.: Contribution à l’étude de la dynamique microbienne des sols en zone semi-aride et en zone tropical sache. Première partie. Ann. Agron. 13, 265 (1962 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dommergues, Y.: Contribution à l’étude de la dynamique microbienne des sols en zone semi-aride et en zone tropicale sache. Deuxième Partie. Ann. Agron. 13, 391 (1962 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dommergues, Y.: Etude de quelques facteurs influant sur le compartement de la micro-flore du sol au cours de la desiccation. Sci. Sol, p. 141 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dommergues, Y., and F. Mangenot: Ecologie Microbienne du Sol. Paris: Masson (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dommergues, Y.: Domsch, K. H.: Distribution of soil fungi. Proc. 1st Intersect. Congress of IAMS 2, 340 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dommergues, Y.: Methoden zur Erfassung der Nebenwirkungen von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf Bodenmikroorganismen und Interpretation der Versuchsergebnisse. 4. Internat. Koll. “Kriterien zur Beurteilung der Nebenwirkung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf Bodenmikroorganismen”. Braunschweig (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dommergues, Y.: Criteria for evaluation and interpretation of results—Basic ecological considerations. 1st Internat. Workshop “Side-effects of pesticides on non-target micro-organisms”. Braunschweig (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dommergues, Y.: Laboratory and field methods for evaluating toxic effects of chemicals on soil microorganisms. Abstr. IXth Internat. Congress Plant Prot., No. 365, Washington (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dommergues, Y.: Evaluation of results. In M. P. Greaves and H. P. Malkomes: Effects on soil microflora. In: R. J. Hance (ed.): Herbicide-soil-interactions, p. 234. London: Academic Press (1980 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dommergues, Y.: Interpretation and evaluation of data. In: M. P. Greaves, N. J. Poole, K.H. Domsch, G. Jagnow, and W. Verstreate: Recommended tests for assess- ing the side-effects of pesticides on the soil microflora. Tech. Report Agr. Res. Council Weed Res. Organization 1980 (59), p. 6 (1980 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dommergues, Y.: Soil ecological implications in the application of pesticides. In: R. Kickuth: Environmental protection from hazards of pesticides. Proc. Egypt.-German Seminar, Alexandria 1979, p. 155. Bad Godesberg: DAAD, Blue Series (1980 c).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dommergues, Y.: Effect of environmental chemicals on microorganisms. Degradation of environmental chemicals by soil microorganisms. Eur. Environm. Res. Programme, pp. 656–662 (1980 d).

    Google Scholar 

  • Doran, J. W.: Soil microbial and biochemical changes associated with reduced tillage. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 44, 765 (1980).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dospekhov, B. A., T. I. Kuzyakina, A. E. Alekseeva, and B. N. Malmusov: The effect of rototilling on the biological activity of dernopodzolic soil. Izv. timiryazev. sel’. khoz. Akad. 2, 36 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Drude, G.: Beiträge zur Wirkung hoher Mineralstickstoffgaben auf die Mikroflora des Bodens. Z. Bakt. II, 115 123 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubey, H. D.: Effect of soil moisture levels on nitrification. Can. J. Microbiol. 14, 1348 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Nawawy, A. S., A. T. F. Tag El-Din, A. A. Komeil, M. A. S. Khalifa, S. T. ElDeeb, S. Abou Donia, and E. A. Kadous: Effect of several pesticides on the activity of soil enzymes. Meded. Fac. Landb. Wetensch. Gent 42, 901 (1977).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eno, C. F., and P. H. Everett: Effects of soil applications of 10 chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides on soil microorganisms and the growth of stringless Black Valentine beans. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 22, 235 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fehér, D., and M. Frank: Experimentelle Untersuchungen über den Einfluß der Temperatur und des Wassergehaltes auf die Tätigkeit der Mikroorganismen des Bodens. Arch. Mikrobiol. 8, 249 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fehér, D., and M. Frank, Untersuchungen über den Einfluß der Temperatur und des Wassergehaltes auf die Tätigkeit der Mikroorganismen des Bodens. II. Die Bestätigung der experimentell abgeleiteten Gesetzmäßigkeiten durch Untersuchung der Wald-und Ackerböden und ihre Übertragung auf den Wärme-und Wasserhaushalt der höheren Pflanzen. Arch. Mikrobiol. 9, 193 (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisyunov, A. V.: Effect of triazine derivatives on soil respiration. Agrokhimiya No. 3, 112 (1969 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisyunov, A. V.: Effect of herbicides on nitrate content and nitrification in ordinary chernozem. Agrokhimiya No. 2, 122 (1969 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan, P. W.: Microbial ecology and decomposition in arctic tundra and subarctic taiga ecosystems. In M. W. Loutit, and J. A. R. Miles (eds.): Microbial ecology, p. 161. Berlin: Springer (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, W. W., P. B. Dickenson, J. D. Forrest, and J. C. Raymond: The effect of soil-applications of certain substituted phenoxyacetic and phenoxybutyric acids on the growth and nodulation of Trifolium repens sylvestre. Phyton 9, 41 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flieg, O. and C. Pfaff: Über Wanderung und Abbau der 2,4-D im Boden sowie ihren Einfluß auf mikrobiologische Umsetzungen. Landw. Forsch. 3, 113 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • Foulds, W.: Effect of drought on three species of Rhizobium. Pl. Soil. 35, 665 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Franz, G.: Der jahreszeitliche Wechsel des Mikrobenbesatzes zweier Pseudogleye mit unterschiedlichem Wasserhaushalt. Pedobiologia 13 376 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Franz, G.: Mikrobiologische Untersuchungen an Böden aus SW-Afrika. Pedobiologia 14 28 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Franz, G.: Temperaturansprüche mikroskopischer Bodenpilze aus klimatisch und geographisch verschiedenen Standorten. Z. Pflanzenern. Bodenkde 1975, 73 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraps, G. S., and A. J. Sterges: Nitrification capacities of Texas soil types and factors which affect nitrification. Texas Agr. Exp. Station Bull. No. 693, 1 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  • Frederick, L. R.: The formation of nitrate from ammonium nitrogen in soils:I. Effect of temperature. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 20, 496 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gambaryan, M. E.: Method of determining the generation time of microorgan-isms in benthic sediments. Microbiologiya 34, 1070 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghinea, L.: L’ influence des aminotriasines sur l’activité microbiologique du sol. Trans. 8th Internat. Congress Soil Sci. Bucharest III, 857 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gisi, U., and J. J. Oertli: Ökologische Entwicklung in Brachland verglichen mit Kulturwiesen. III. Mikrobiologische Veränderungen im Boden. Acta Oecologica—Oecologia Plantarum 2, 165 (1981).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goarin, P., and R. Didier De Saint Armand: Influence des herbicides sur la vie microbienne d’un sol de rizière. Agron. trop. Nogent 12, 508 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorlenko, M. V., G. F. Lebedeva, and N. V. Manturovskaya: Triazine derivatives and the soil mycoflora. Agrokhimiya No. 8, 122 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, T. R. G., R. Hissett, and T. Duxbury: Bacterial populations of litter and soil in a deciduous woodland. II. Numbers, biomass and growth rates. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol 11, 15 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Greaves, J. E., and E. G. Carter: Influence of moisture on the bacterial activities of the soil. Soil Sci. 10, 361 (1920).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greaves, J. E., and E. G. Carter, and L. W. Jones: The influence of temperature on the microflora of the soil. Soil Sci. 58, 377 (1944).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greaves, M. P., N. J. Poole, K. H. Domsch, G. Jagnow, and W. Verstraete: Recommended tests for assessing the side-effects of pesticides on the soil micro-flora. Tech. Rep. Agr. Res. Council Weed Res. Organ. 1978 (45), 55 pp. (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, D. M.: Ecology of soil fungi. London: Chapman and Hall (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossbard, E.: An appraisal of the criteria by which to measure the effect of her-bicides on the soil microflora. Meded. Fac. Landbwetensch. Gent 35, 515 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grossbard, E., and D. M. Hall: An investigation into the possible changes in the microbial population of soils stored at -15°C. Pl. Soil 19, 317 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Guillemat, J., and J. Montegut: Deuxième contribution à l’étude de la microflora fongique des sols cultivés. Annls Epiphyt. No. 2, 185 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gyllenberg, H. G., and V. Rauramaa: Density, activity, and composition of the bacterial soil flora with special reference to the employed technique of crop husbandry. Acta agr. Scand. 16, 39 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Haber, W.: Zur Okologie des Bodenlebens in verschiedenen Pflanzengesellschaften. Ber. dt. bot. Ges. 71, 399 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Haber, W.: Vergleichende Untersuchungen der Bodenbakterienzahlen und der Bodenatmung in verschiedenen Pflanzenbeständen. Flora 147, 1 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Habte, M., and M. Alexander: Protozoa as agents responsible for the decline of Xanthomonas campestris in soil. Applied Microbiol. 29, 159 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hattori, T.: Distribution of bacterial cells in soil aggregates. J. Sci. Soil Manure 37, 302 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauke-Pacewiczowa, T.: Influence of the insecticide BHC on soil microflora. Roczn. nauk. rolnicz. Ser. A 76, 641 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauke-Pacewiczowa, T.: Influence of herbicides on the activity of soil microflora. Pam. Pulawski -Prace Iung Zeszyt 46, 6 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauke-Pacewiczowa, T., and M. Trzcinska: Effect of prescribed burning on the microbial acti-vity of a forest soil. Roczniki glebozn. 31, 33 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedlin, R. A., and J. D. Newton: Some factors influencing the growth and survival of rhizobia in humus and soil cultures. Can. J. Res. Sect. C 26, 174 (1948).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinemeyer, O.: Zum Einfluß kommerzieller Pestizide auf die asymbiotische Stickstoffbindung und die mikrobielle Denitrifikation. Diss. Univ. Braunschweig (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirte, W. F.: Untersuchungen zur Wechselwirkung zwischen Bodenreaktion und Mikroorganismen. 3. Mitt.: Die Wirkung des pH-Milieus auf die Mikroorganismen. Z. Bakt. II, 125, 647 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Höflich, G.: Die Wirkung verschiedener chemischer Substanzen auf die Nitrifikation, einige Bodenorganismen und die Stickstoffauswaschung. Thaer-Archiv 12, 691 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Höflich, G.: Einsatz von Bioziden zur Beeinflussung der Bodenmikroflora und deren Umsetzungen. 4. Mitteilung: Einfluß von strohabbauhemmdenden Wirkstoffen auf den Stickstoffumsatz. Z. Bakt. II, 132 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, M., T. Blumenfeld, G. Herzlinger, and N. Huhn: Effects of repeated applications of ten soil-active herbicides on weed population, residue accumulation and nitrification. Weed Res. 14, 97 (1974).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Houseworth, L. D., and B. G. Tweedy: Effect of atrazine in combination with captan or thiram upon fungal and bacterial populations in the soil. Pl. Soil. 38, 493 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hulea, A., Gh. Eliade, and L. Ghinea: Untersuchungen über den Einfluß des Herbicids Atrazin auf die Bodenmikroflora. Probleme Agr. 13, 57 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulpoi, N., S. Dakesian, Gh. Eliade, and L. Ghinea: Beziehungen zwischen der Durchlüftung und der Nitrifikationsfähigkeit des Bodens. Z. Pflanzenern. Bodenkde. 113, 45 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ilialetdinov, A. N., and R. T. Zharakova: The influence of herbicides on the soil microflora. Trudy Inst. Microb. Virusol. 7, 163 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jager, G.: Changes in the activity of soil microorganisms influenced by physical factors (drying-remoistening, freezing-thawing). In O. Graff and J. E. Satchell (eds.): Progress in soil biology, p. 178. Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg u. Sohn (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jagnow, G.: Untersuchungen über die Verbreitung von Streptomyceten in Naturböden. Arch. Mikrobiol. 25, 274 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jagnow, G.: Bodenmikrobiologische Untersuchungen der engeren Rhizosphäre eini-ger Grünlandpflanzen auf Wiesenstandorten. Z. Bakt. II, 114, 475 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jagnow, G.: The influence of crops on Azotobacter in irrigated soil of the Sudan Gezira. Trans. 8th Internat. Congress Soil Sci. Bucharest III, 959 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jagnow, G.: Keimzahl, Nitrifikanten-und Azotobactergehalt in bewässerten Böden des nördlichen Sudan. In O. Graff and J. E. Satchell (eds.): Progress in soil biology, p. 382. Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg u. Sohn (1967 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Der Humushaushalt tropischer Böden und seine Beeinflussung durch Klima, Bodennutzung, Trocknung und Erhitzung. Habilitationsschrift, Landw. Fakultät, Justus Liebig-Universität Gießen (1967 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jagnow, G.: Seasonal amounts of fungal mycelium, numbers of aerobic bacteria and bacterial spores and numbers of saccharolytic anaerobic bacteria and bacterial spores in a beech and spruce forest soil of the Solling. I.N.R.A. Publ. 71–7, 303 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jagnow, G.: , und O. Graff: Auswirkungen der Strohverbrennung auf die Boden-mikroflora, die Bodenfauna und den Nährstoffhaushalt. Mitt. dt. landw. Ges. 34, 983 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, H. L.: Observations on the vegetative growth of actinomycetes in the soil. Proc. Linnean Soc. N. S. Wales 68, 67 (1943).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jagnow, G.: The distribution of lucerne and clover rhizobia in agricultural soils in Denmark. Tidsskr. Planteavl 73, 61 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jagnow, G., and H. I. Petersen: Decomposition of hormone herbicides by bacteria.Acta Agr. Scand. 2, 215 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnen, B. G.: Nebenwirkungen von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf die Populations-dynamik von Bodenorganismen. Mitt. Biol. Bundesanst. 178, 53 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, H. E.: The influence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on nitrate forma-tion in a prairie soil. Agron. J. 40, 522 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, L. W.: Effects of some pesticides on microbial activities of the soil. Utah Agr. Exp. Station Bull. 390, 17 pp. (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen, J. R., and C. S. Hodges: Microbial characteristics of a forest soil after twenty years of prescribed burning. Mycologia 62, 721 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Justice, K. J., and R. L. Smith: Nitrification of ammonium sulfate in a calcareous soil as influenced by combinations of moisture, temperature, and levels of added nitrogen. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 26, 246 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaszubiak, H., C. Kulielska, and W. Kaczmarek: An attempt to estimate the productivity of microorganisms in soil in comparison to primary production. Pol. Ecol. Studies 2, 53 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Katan, J., Rotem, I., Finkel, Y., and J. Daniel: Solar heating of the soil for the control of pink root and other soil-borne diseases in onion. Phytoparasitica 8, 39 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, W. D., and R. Rodriguez-Kabana: Effects of sodium azide and methyl bromide on soil bacterial populations, enzymic activities and other biological variables. Pesticide Sci. 10, 207 (1979).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kemoklidze, A. P.: Distribution of proactinomycetes in soils of Georgia. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR. Ser. biol. 2, 310 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khalil, F.: The effect of drying on the microbiological processes in soils. Z. Bakt. II, 79, 93 (1929).

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, D. A., and Shenyuh Wu: Stress: a factor to be considered in heterotrophic microorganism enumeration from aquatic environments. Applied Microbiol. 27, 429 (1974).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klevenskaya, I. L.: Leaching of micro-organisms as a result of irrigation of chestnut soils of the Kulundin steppe. Sb. Biol. Osnov3orosh. Zeml. 1966, 381 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Klyuchnikov, L. Yu., A. N. Petrova, and Yu. A. Polesko: Effect of simazine and atrazine on microflora of sandy soil. Mikrobiologiya 33, 992 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koike, H.: The effects of fumigants on nitrate production in soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 25, 204 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koike, H., and P. L. Gainey: Effects of 2,4-D and CADE, singly and in combination upon nitrate and bacterial content of soils. Soil Sci. 74, 165 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • König, E.: Der jahreszeitliche Wechsel des Mikroorganismenbesatzes in verschiedenen Bodenprofilen. Z. Pflanzenern. Bodenkde. 111 23 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kowalenko, C. G., K. C. Ivarson, and D. R. Cameron: Effect of moisture content, temperature and nitrogen fertilization on carbon dioxide evolution from field soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10 417 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kozhevin, P. A., G. A. Kochkina, T. G. Yagodina, and D. G. Zvyagintsev: The criteria of microbial succession in soil. Microbiology 49 335 (1980).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krasilnikov, N. A.: Soil microorganisms and higher plants. Washington: Office of Technical Services, U.S. Dept. Commerce (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Krause, U.: Die Keimdichteschwankungen in Böden von Buchenwaldhängen im Hagental des Hils in Beziehung zum Klima, geschlossen aus Untersuchungen der Bewuchsstärke von Cholodnyplatten und Zählung der auf Koch’schen Platten erscheinenden Kolonien. Diss. Univ. Göttingen (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruglov, Yu., A. N. Pertseva, N. A. Sosnin, and G. S. Vas’kovskaya: Change of microbiological characteristics in soil with various fallow maintenance methods. Soviet Soil Sci. 11 415 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulin’ska, D.: Effect of herbicides on oxygen uptake by soil. Roczn. Nauk rolnicz. Ser. A, 93, 125 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kutuzova, R. S.: The character of temporal changes in the total incidence of soil bacteria and ammonifiers within the vegetative period. Mikrobiologiya 48 906 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ladd, J. N., P. G. Brisbane, J. H. A. Butler, and M. Amato: Studies on soil fumigation—III. Effects on enzyme activities, bacterial numbers and extractable ninhydrin reactive compounds. Soil Biol. Biochem. 8 255 (1976).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lajudie, J.: Contribution â l’étude des bactéries thermophiles telluriques. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 105 565, 737 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lara, F. G., P. Fusi, and E. Daniele: Effetto del limonene sulle attivitâ biologiche del suolo: 1a Nitrificazione. Italia for. mont. 33, 224 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Laskowski, D. A.: Effects of pesticides on soil microorganisms. Weed Sci. Soc. Ann. Meet., San Francisco, CA (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Laudelout, H. R. Lambert, and M. L. Pham: Variation saisonnière de la popu-lation microbienne du sol. Rev. E’col. Biol. Sol 15 147 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenhard, G.: The effect of 2,4-D on certain physiological aspects of soil micro-organisms. S. Afr. J. Agr. Sci. 2, 487 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J. A., and R. L. Starkey: Vegetable tannins, their decomposition and effects on decomposition of some organic compounds. Soil Sci. 106 241 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loub, W., and G. Haybach: Jahreszyklische Beobachtungen der Mikroflora’und Mikrofauna von Böden im südlichen Wienerwald. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol 4 59 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lozano Calle, J. M.: Seasonal variations on the microbial populations of various wheat soils under dry and irrigated conditions. Effect of soil and environmental factors on microbiological activity. An. Edafol. Agrobiol. 27 835 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, J. M., and L. M. Panting: Cultivation and the soil biomass. Soil Biol. Biochem. 12, 29 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mack, A. R.: Biological activity and mineralization of nitrogen in three soils as induced by freezing and drying. Can. J. Soil Sci. 43, 316 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macrae, I. C., and E. Vinckx: Effect of lindane and DDT on populations of protozoa in a garden soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 5, 245, (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahendrappa, M. K., R. L. Smith, and A. T. Christiansen: Nitrifying organisms affected by climatic region in Western United States. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 30, 60 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahler, R. L., and A. G. Wollum: Influence of water potential on the survival of rhizobia in a Goldsboro loamy sand. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 44, 988 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahler, R. L., and A. G. Wollum: The influence of soil water potential and soil texture on the survival of Rhizobium japonicum and Rhizobium leguminosarum isolates in the soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 45, 761 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  • Makawi, A. A. M.: The effect of salt spray on plant and soil microorganisms. Z. Bakt. II, 121, 611 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, J. A. P.: Natural variation in some soil nutrients as a means of assessing the importance of herbicide effects on microbial activity. Proc. Brit. Crop Prot. Conf. Weeds, p. 617 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinez Viera, R. and H. Pagel: Untersuchungen über den Einfluß von Atrazin and Simazin auf die N-bindenden Bakterien Azotobacter and Beijerinckia in ferralitischen Böden Kubas. Beiträge Trop. Landw. Vet. med. 16, 137 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCalla, T. M., T. J. Army, and A. F. Wiese: Comparison of the effects of chemical and sweep tillage methods of summer fallow on some properties of Pullman silty clay loam. Agron. J. 54, 404 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCormick, R. W., and D. C. Wolf: Effect of sodium chloride on CO2 evolution, ammonification, and nitrification in a Sassafras sandy loam. Soil Biol. Biochem. 12, 153 (1980).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGill, W. B., H. W. Hunt, R. G. Woodmansee, and J. O. Reuss: PHOENIX, a model of the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in grassland soils. In F. E. Clark, and T. Rosswall (eds.): Terrestrial nitrogen cycles, p. 49. Ecol. Bull. (Stockholm) 33(1981).

    Google Scholar 

  • McKeen, C. D.: Methyl bromide as a soil fumigant for controlling soil-borne pathogens and certain other organisms in vegetable seedbeds. Can. J. Bot. 32, 101 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meiklejohn, J.: Numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes in a Kenya soil. J. Soil Sci. 8, 240 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Meiklejohn, J.: Numbers of nitrifying bacteria in some Rhodesian soils under natural grass and improved pastures. J. Applied Ecol. 5, 291 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendez-Castro, F. A., and M. Alexander: Acclimation of Rhizobium to salts, increasing temperature and acidity. Rev. lat.-am. Microbiol.18,155 (1976).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mickovski, M.: Effect of burnt straw on the microflora of the soil. Ann. Fac. Agr. Univ. Skopje 20, 55 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikhailova, E. I., and Yu, Kruglov: Effect of some herbicides on the algal flora of soil. Pochvovedenie 8, 81 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Milkowska, A., and A. Gorzelak: Effect of atrazine and simazine on the soil microflora in weed control in forest nurseries. Sylwan 110, 13 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R. B., D. J. Stout, and K. E. Lee: Biological and chemical changes follow- ing scrub burning on a New Zealand hill soil. N. Z. J. Sci. 37B, 290 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R. D., and D. D. Johnson: The effect of soil moisture tension on carbon dioxide evolution, nitrification and nitrogen mineralization. Soil Sci. Soc.Amer. Proc. 28, 644 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishustin, E. N., and E. Z. Tepper: Effect of a long rotation, of monocultures and of fertilizers on composition of the soil microflora. Izv. timiryazev. sel’.-khoz. Akad. 6, 85 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Monib, M., Y. Abd-el-Malek, M. N. Zayed, and M. S. M. Saber: The antibacterial effect of dry tomato plants, onion peels, and guava leaves on soil microorganisms. Z. Bakt. II, 126, 630 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Morita, S., and A. Aoki: The effect of 2,4-D on the microbial action in orchard soils. Saikyo Univ. Fac. Agr. Sci. Rept. 2, 1 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrill, L. G., and J. E. Dawson: Growth rates of nitrifying chemoautotrophs in soil. J. Bact. 83, 205 (1962).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morton, L. H. G., and H. O. W. Eggins: The effect of constant alternating and fluctuating temperatures on the growth of some wood inhabiting fungi. Int. Biodeteriorat. Bull. 13, 116 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • Moser, U. S., and R. V. Olsen: Sulfur oxidation in four soils as influenced by soil moisture tension and sulfur bacteria. Soil Sci. 76, 251 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mughogho, L. K.: The fungus flora of fumigated soils. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 51, 441 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Munro, P. E.: Inhibition of nitrifiers by grass rot extracts. J. Applied Ecol. 3, 231 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, R. J. K.: Temperature effects on ammonification and nitrification in a tropical soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 7, 83 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagatsuka, T., and C. Furusaka: Effect of oxygen tension on bacterial number in a soil suspension. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 22, 287 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Naumann, K.: Veränderungen in der Zusammensetzung der Bodenbakterienflora nach Einbringung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln in den Boden. Z. Bakt. II, 126, 530 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Naumann, K.: Die Wirkung einiger Umweltfaktoren auf die Reaktion der Bodenmikro-flora gegenüber Pflanzenschutzmitteln. Z. Bakt. II, 127, 379 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, L. M., and D. Parkinson: Effect of freezing and thawing on survival of three bacterial isolates from an arctic soil. Can. J. Microbiol. 24,1468 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nepomiluev, V. F., and T. I. Kuzyakina: Effect of herbicides on microflora of peat-bog soil. Izv. timiryazev. sel’.-khoz. Akad. No.4, 84 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nissen, T. V.: Microbial activity in soil at different temperatures. Tidsskr. Planteavl. 78, 211 (1974).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Novak, B., and J. Pokorna’-Kozovâ: The effect of drying on the microbiological and biochemical properties of soil samples. Rostl. Vy’roba 15, 251 (1969)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ou, L. T., J. M. Davidson, and D. F. Rothwell: Response of soil microflora to high 2,4-D applications. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10, 443 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • OECD, Environment Committee—Chemicals Group, Chemicals Testing Programme: Report on the assessment of potential environmental effects of chemicals, Vol. 1 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Overman, A. J., and D. S. Burgis: Allyl alcohol as a soil fungicide. Phytopathol. 46, 532 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pantera, H.: The effect of herbicides on algae in the soil. Meded. Fac. Landb. wetensch. Gent 35, 847 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panterowa, H., H. Zurawski, and I. Gonetowa: Effect of claying light soil and adding herbicides on the soil microflora. Roczn. Gleboznawcze 26, 247 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parinkina, O. M.: Determination of bacterial growth rates in tundra soils. In T. Rosswall: Modern methods in the study of microbial ecology, p. 303. Bull. Ecol. (Stockholm) 17 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Parinkina, O. M.: Bacterial production in tundra soils. In A. J. Holding, O. W. Heal, S. F.MacLean, Jr., and P. W. Flanagan (eds.): Soil organisms and decomposition in tundra, p. 65. Tundra Biome Steering Committee, Stockholm (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkinson, D., S. Visser, and J. B. Whittaker: Effects of collembolan grazing on fungal colonization of leaf litter. Soil Biol. Biochem. 11 529 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Percich, J. A., and J. L. Lockwood: Interaction of atrazine with soil microorganisms: population changes and accumulation. Can. J. Microbiol. 24, 1145 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peshakov, G., E. Raikov, and D. Tsvetanov: Effect of some herbicides on soil microflora, ammonification and nitrification in soil. Pochv. Agrokhim. 4 (No. 6), 89 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Polonenko, D. R., C. I. Mayfield, and E. B. Dumbroff: Microbial responses to salt-induced osmotic stress. I. Population changes in an agricultural soil. Pl. Soil 59 269 (1981).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Postgate, J. R.: Death in macrobes and microbes. In T. R. G. Gray and J. R. Postgate: The survival of vegetative microbes, p. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Prusinkiewicz, Z.: Microbiological activity of soils as a function of the soil-water potential. Pol. J. Soil Sci. 7 81 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Raju, K. S., and G. Rangaswami: Studies on the effect of herbicides on the soil microflora. Indian J. Microbiol. 11 25 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramanujam, T., L. Batistic, and C. Bellinck: Effect of herbicides on decomposition of cellulose by Trichoderma viride in soil and in vitro effect of cellulase activity. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol 15 159 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramanujam, T., L. Batistic, and C. Bellinck, C. Bellinck, and J. Mayaudon: The effect of herbicides on the decom-

    Google Scholar 

  • position of 14 C-labelled cellulose and straw in soil. Effect of phenylcarbamates on biological activity. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol 16, 151 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratzke, U.: Proactinomycetes of derno-podzolic soil. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Biol. 5 735 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratzke, U.: Untersuchungen an Proactinomyceten (Nocardia). 1. Uber die Verbrei-tung von Proactinomyceten in den Böden eines Dauerdüngungs-and Fruchtfolgeversuches. Z. Bakt. II, 119 601 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reichman, G. A., D. L. Grunes, and F. G. Viets: Effect of soil moisture on ammonification and nitrification in two Northern Plains soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 30 363 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Remade, J.: Microbial transformation of nitrogen in forests. Oecol. Plant. 12 33 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, L. T.: The persistence of thiram in soil and its relationship to the microbiological balance and damping-off control. Can. J. Bot. 32, 335 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ridge, E. H.: Studies on soil fumigation—II. Effects on bacteria. Soil Biol. Biochem. 8, 249 (1976).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, J. E., and W. B. Bollen: A microplating method for soil moulds and its use to detect some effects of certain insecticides and herbicides. Applied Microbiol. 3, 190 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J. B. D.: The critical relationship between soil moisture content in the region of wilting point and the mineralization of natural soil nitrogen. J. Agr. Sci. 49 100 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J. B. D., P. O. Salonius, and F. E. Chase: A note on the differential response of Arthrobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp. to drying in soil. Can. J. Microbiol. 11 746 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, A. H.: Osmotic stress and microbial survival. In T. R. G. Gray and J. R. Postgate (eds.): The survival of vegetative microbes, p. 155. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, D. J.: Effects of storage on dehydrogenase activities of soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2, 55 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rouatt, J. W., E. A. Peterson, H. Katznelson, and V. E. Henderson: Microorganisms in the root zone in relation to temperature. Can. J. Microbiol. 9 227 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rübensam, E., K. Steinbrenner, and F. Naglitsch: Die Veränderungen der Bodenmikroflora und -mesofauna im Thyrower Nährstoffmangelversuch. ThaerArchiv 6 403 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rybalkina, A. V., and E. V. Kononenko: Methode d’étude de la microflore active des sols. Pédologie 7 (numéro special), 190 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabey, B. R.: Influence of soil moisture tension on nitrate accumulation in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 30, 263 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabey, B. R., L. R. Frederick, and W. V. Bartholomew: The formation of nitrate from ammonium nitrogen in soil: III. Influence of temperature and initial population of nitrifying organisms on the maximum rate and delay period. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 23, 462 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakai, H.: Effect of temperature on nitrification in soils. Soil Pl. Fd. 4159 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Salonius, P. 0.: Effects of mixing and various temperature regimes on the respiration of fresh and air-dried coniferous raw humus materials. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10, 479 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaller, G., und W. R. Fischer: Die Verwendung von Antimon-Elektroden zur pH-Messung in Böden. Z. Pflanzenern. Bodenkde 144 197 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreven, D. A. van, and W. H. Sieben: The effect of storage of soils under waterlogged conditions upon subsequent mineralization of nitrogen, nitrification and fixation of ammonia. Pl. Soil 37 245 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Seifert, J.: Ecology of soil microbes. Acta Univ. Carol. Biol. Vol. 1965 (No. 3), 245 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Seifert, J.: Ecology of soil microbes II. Acta Univ. Carol. Biol. Vol. 1966 (No. 2),139 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Seifert, J.: The influence of temperature on the number of bacteria in soil. Acta Univ. Carol. Biol. Vol. 1970 471 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Seifert, J.and Z. Mrazkova: The effect of soil drying on the number of bacteria and the degree of nitrification. Rostl. Vy’roba 12 29 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, L. N., and S. N. Saxena: Influence of 2,4-D on soil microorganisms with special reference to Azotobacter. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 22, 168 (1974).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shields, J. A., E. A. Paul, and W. E. Lowe: Factors influencing the stability of labelled microbial materials in soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 6 31 (1974).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shklyar, M. Z., A. V. Voevodin, and A. V. Beshanov: Effect on the soil micro-flora of herbicides applied before the emergence of crop seedlings. Agrobiologiya No. 2, 222 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sindhu, M. A., and A. H. Cornfield: Effect of sodium chloride and moisture content on ammonification and nitrification in incubated soil. J. Sci. Food Agr. 18 505 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, O., F. Bukatsch, and H. Poschenrieder: Über den Einfluß mineralischer and organischer Düngung auf Zahl and Tätigkeit von Mikroorganismen in lange Zeit ungedüngten Grasflächen. Mitt. f. Landkultur, Moor-and Torfwirtsch. 6 42 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, K.: The effect of 2,4-D and simazine on total bacteria, fungi, Azotobacter, ammonification and nitrification under field conditions. Pesticides India 6, 14 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova, V. I.: Der Einfluß von Herbiciden auf die Entwicklung der Mikroflora in der Rhizosphäre des Maises. Agrobiologiya (Moskva) No. 1, 88 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, N. R., V. T. Dawson, and M. E. Wenzel: The effect of certain herbicides on soil microorganisms. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 10, 197 (1946).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, N. R., V. T. Dawson, and M. E. Wenzel: Soil microorganisms are affected by some of the new insecticides. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 12 227 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobieszczariski, J.: Role of microorganisms in life of cultivated plants. I. Quantitative and qualitative changes in the microflora of the rhizosphere of rye and winter vetch during the vegetation period. Acta Microbiol. Polon. 14 161 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Söderström, B. E.: Seasonal fluctuations of active fungal biomass in horizons of a podzolized pine-forest soil in central Sweden. Soil Biol. Biochem. 11 147 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommers, L. E., R. F. Harris, F. N. Dalton, and W. R. Gardner: Water potential relations of three root-infecting Phytophthora species. Phytopathol. 60 932 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Soulides, D. A., and F. E. Allison: Effect of drying and freezing soils on carbon dioxide production, available mineral nutrients, aggregation, and bacterial populaton. Soil Sci. 91 291 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sparling, G. P., and M. V. Cheshire: Effects of soil drying and storage on subsequent microbial growth. Soil Biol. Biochem. 11, 317 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanford, G., H. M. Frere, and R. A. van der Pol: Effect of fluctuating tempera-tures on soil nitrogen mineralization. Soil Sci. 119 222 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, I. L.: Some observations on the microbial activity in remoistened air dried soils. Pl. Soil 8, 170 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, I. L., and F. E. Chase: Microbiological studies on an orchard soil under three cultural practices. Can. J. Microbiol. 3 351 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stotzky, G.: Activity, ecology, and population dynamics of microbes in soil. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 2 59 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stotzky, G., and R. D. Goos: Adaptation of the soil microbiota to high carbon dioxide and low oxygen tensions. Can. J. Microbiol. 12 849 (1966)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stotzky, G., and R. D. Goos, and M. I. Timonin: Microbial changes occurring in soil as a result of storage. Pl. Soil 16 1 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stout, J. D.: Bacterial populations of some grazed pastures in Hawkes Bay. N. Z. J. Agr. Res. 7, 91 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stout, J. D.: The distribution of soil bacteria in relation to biological activity and pedogenesis. I. General introduction and factors affecting populations at Taita Experimental Station, New Zealand. II. Soils of some Pacific Islands. N. Z. J. Sci. 14, 816, 834 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Strijdom, B. W., and C. J. Steenkamp: The combined effect of temperature and desiccation on Beijerinckia spp. in soil. S. Afr. J. Agr. Sci. 10, 197 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundman, V., V. Huhta, and S. Niemelä: Biological changes in northern spruce forest soil after clear-cutting. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10, 393 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tag El-Din, A. T. F., S. T. El-Deeb, A. A. Komeil, and A. S. El-Nawawy: Pesticides and soil enzymes relationships: II. Effect of three different herbicides on the activity of soil-dehydrogenase. Alex. J. Agr. Res. 25, 507 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • Taha, S. M., A. Halim El-Domaty, S. A. Z. Mahmoud, and A. M. Abdel-Hafez: Seasonal variation of microbial flora, organic matter and nitrogen fractions in Egyptian soil. J. Microbiol. U. A. R. 2, 195 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamm, E., and G. Krzysch: Zur Intensität des Abbaues organischer Düngerstoffe im Winterhalbjahr. Z. Acker-u. Pflanzenbau 124, 101 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tate, R. L., and R. E. Terry: Variation in microbial activity in histosols and its relationship to soil moisture. Applied Environ. Microbiol. 40, 313 (1980).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, C. B.: Short-period fluctuations in the numbers of bacterial cells in the soil. Proc. Royal Soc., Series B. (London) 119, 269 (1936).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tepper, E. Z., and L. A. Karyagina: Distribution of proactinomycetes in demopodzolic and chermozemic soil. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Biol. 5, 772 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Terry, R. E., and R. L. Tate: Effect of flooding on microbial activities in organic soils: nitrogen transformations. Soil Sci. 129, 88 (1980).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thiagalingam, K., and Y. Kanehiro: Effect of two fumigating chemicals and 2chloro-6-trichloromethylpyridine and temperature on nitrification of added ammonia in Hawaiian soils. Trop. Agr. 48, 357 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, H. G., and P. H. H. Gray: The fluctuations of bacterial numbers and nitrate content of field soils. Proc. Royal Soc., Series B (London) 106, 399 (1930).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, H. G., and P. H. H. Gray, and C. B. Taylor: Short-period fluctuations in bacterial numbers in soil. Trans. 3rd Internat. Congress Soil Sci. Vol. I, 175, Oxford (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari, V. K., and B. Rai: Effect of soil burning on microfungi. Pl. Soil 47, 693(1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tret’yakova, Y. P.: Effect of temperature on ammonification and nitrification in the podzolic soils of the Far North. Pochvovedenie No. 6, 158 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tu, C. M.: Effect of pesticides on acetylene reduction and microorganisms in a sandy loam. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10, 451 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tulabaev, B., and S. Tamikaev: Effect of herbicides on meadow soil microflora. Uzbek. biol. Zh. No. 2, 14 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyllova’, A.: The effect of soil drying on nitrification rates. Rostl. Vyroba 27, 315 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tynecka, Z., and Z. Gos’: The inhibitory action of garlic (Allium sativum L.) on growth and respiration of some microorganisms. Acta Microbiol. Polon. 5, 51 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ITlehlova, B.: Microflora in the soils of temporarily flooded meadows. Preslia 39, 295 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Uziak, S., K. Leoniak, and K. Gostkowska: The influence of some herbicides on the selected groups of microorganisms in loess and sandy soils. Ann. Univ. Marie Curie-Sklodowska, C, 26, 57 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaartaja, O., and V. P. Agnihotri: A comparison of rhizosphere floras in conifer beds treated with fungitoxicants. Z. Bakt. II, 124, 156 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkatesan, R., and G. Rangaswami: Studies on the microbial populations of paddy soil as influenced by moisture percentage and rice crop. Indian J. Exp. Biol.3, 30 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, J. M., J. A. Thompson, and K. O. Donovan: Death of root-nodule bacteria on drying. Aust. J. Agr. Res. 13, 258 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, J. M., J. A. Thompson, and K. O. Donovan, and L. M. Waters: The root-nodule bacteria as factors in clover establishment in the red basaltic soils of the Lismore District, New South Wales. II. Survival and success of inocula in laboratory trials. Aust. J. Agr. Res. 5, 61 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vindard, G., and P. Daste: Influence de l’acide 2,4-dichlorophénoxy-acétique sur le développement de l’Azotobacter dans le sol. C. r. Acad. Sci., Paris 233, 1310 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Virzo de Santo, A., and A. Alfani: Soil metabolism and microflora of four plots under different light intensities. Pedobiologia 15, 201 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, A. G., and E. K. Vaughan: The effect of fumigants on soil recolonization in the glasshouse by organisms colonizing the spermosphere. Ann. Applied Biol. 62, 405 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wensley, R. N.: Microbiological studies of the action of some selected soil fumigants. Can. J. Bot. 31, 277 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wildung, R. E., T. R. Garland, and R. L. Buschbom: The interdependent effects of soil temperature and water content on soil respiration rate and plant root decomposition in arid grassland soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 7, 373 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. M., and D. M. Griffin: Water potential and the respiration of microorganisms in the soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 7, 199 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  • Witkamp, M.: Microbial populations of leaf litter in relation to environmental conditions and decomposition. Ecology 44, 370 (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Witkamp, M.: Decomposition of leaf litter in relation to environment, microflora, and microbial respiration. Ecology 47, 194 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolff-Straub, R.: Mikrobiologische Untersuchungen einer Braunerde-Catena. Z. Pflanzenern. Bodenkde. 124, 108 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yurkevich, I. V., and N. Z. Tolkachev: Effect of different doses of 2,4-D and simazine on the microflora of a typical chernozem. Khimiya sel. Khoz. 10, 696 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zerfus, V. M.: Development of the microflora and biological activity of a leached chernozem upon reduction of its cultivations. Soviet Soil Sci. 11, 677 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zinchenko, V. A., and T. V. Osinskaya: Alteration of biological activity of soil during incubation with herbicides. Agrokhimiya No. 9, 94, (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zvyagintsev, D. G., and V. E. Zaitseva: Short-term changes in the biomass of fungi and bacteria in derno-podzolic soil. Mikrobiologiya 48, 1082 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this paper

Cite this paper

Domsch, K.H., Jagnow, G., Anderson, TH. (1983). An ecological concept for the assessment of side-effects of agrochemicals on soil microorganisms. In: Gunther, F.A. (eds) Residue Reviews. Residue Reviews, vol 86. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5473-7_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5473-7_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-5475-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5473-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics