Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Trace Metal Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

  • Chapter
Liquid Chromatography in Environmental Analysis

Part of the book series: Contemporary Instrumentation and Analysis ((CIA))

Abstract

The trace analysis of metals has long been an area of interest for analytical chemists, and with the increasing awareness of the biological and possible toxic properties of certain metals, this interest continues to increase. However, toxicity, toxicological properties, medicinal properties, nutritional values, are only a part of the reason for our interest in metal analysis. Industry has long felt the need to determine product purity and/or element composition because such factors directly affect the overall performance of various industrial metals and the products to be derived therefrom. Environmental protection agencies have long been aware of the fact that various waterways, watersheds, lakes, and even bays and shorelines can become quite contaminated by various metal species. The Food and Drug Administration as well as the US Department of Agriculture have long been aware of the need to monitor various human or animal food products for trace metal content, and a long list of maximum allowed levels for various metals has been compiled by such governmental regulatory agencies. The need and interest to perform trace metal analysis has been present for a very long time, and a very large number of instruments have been developed and marketed to satisfy customer needs in metal analysis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Berman, E. “Toxic Metals and Their Analysis”; Heyden: London, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Pinta, M. “Modern Methods for Trace Element Analysis”; Ann Arbor Science: Ann Arbor, MI, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kuwana, T., Ed. “Physical Methods in Modern Chemical Analysis”, Academic Press: New York, 1978, 1980; vols. 1, 2.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Risby, T. H. Ed., “Ultratrace Metal Analysis in Biological Sciences and the Environment”; Advances in Chemistry Series No. 172, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Pecsok, R. L.: Shields, L. D.; Cairns, T.; McWilliams, I. G. “Modern Methods of Chemical Analysis”; Wiley: New York, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Willard, H. H.; Merritt, L L., Jr.; Dean, J. A.; Settle, F. A., Jr. “Instrumental Methods of Analysis,” 6th edition, D. Van Nostrand Co.: New York, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Skoog, D. A.; West, D. M. “Principles of Instrumental Analysis”; 2nd edition, Saunders: Philadelphia, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Schwedt, G. “Chromatographic Methods in Inorganic Analysis”; Hütling Verlag: Heidelberg, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Perry, J. A. “Introduction to Analytical Gas Chromatography. History, Principles, and Practice”; Dekker: New York, 1981, Chromatographic Science Series, volume 14.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Schwedt, G., In “Topics in Current Chemistry”; Boschke, F. L., Ed.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1981; volume 85, p. 160.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Florence, T. M.; Batley, G. E. In “Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry”; CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida, 1980, p. 219.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Estes, S. A.; Uden, P. C.; Rausch, M. D.; Barnes, R. M. J. High Resol. Chrom. Chrom. Comm. 1980, 3,471.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Uden, P. C.: Barnes, R. M.; DiSanzo; F. P. Anal. Chem. 1978, 50, 852.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Uden, P. C.; Henderson, D. E. The Analyst 1977 102, 889.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Sucre, L.; Jennings, W. J. High Resol. Chrom. Chrom. Comm. 1980, 3, 452.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Bachmann, K.; Hamm, U.; Tschopel, P.; Tolg, G. In “The International Winter Symposium on Spectrochemical Methods of Analysis”; Puerto Rico: January, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Rudolph, J.; Bachmann, K.; Steffen, A.; Tsalas, S. J. Mikrochim. Acta 1977, I, 471.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Tsalas, S.; Bachmann, K. Anal. Chim. Acta 1978, 98, 17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Rudolph, J.; Bachmann, K. Chromatographia 1977, 10, 731.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Rudolph, J.; Bachmann, K. Mikrochimica Acta 1979, I, 477.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Cassidy, R. M. In “Trace Analysis”; Lawrence, J. F., Ed.; Academic Press: New York, 1981, volume 1.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Schwedt, G. Chromatographia 1979, 12, 613.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Gast, C. H. PhD dissertation to the Department of Chemistry, Free University of Amsterdam, Holland, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Tollinche, C. A.; Risby, T. H. J. Chrom. Sci. 1978, 16, 448.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Veening, H.; Willeford, B. R. Rev. Inorg. Chem. 1979, 1, 282.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Pohl, C. A.; Johnson, E. L. J. Chrom. Sci. 1980, 18, 442.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Smith, F. C., Jr.; and Chang, R. C. CRC Crit. Rev. Analy. Chem. 1980, 197, CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  28. MacDonald, J. C., Amer. Lab. 1979, 1, 45.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Massey, R. E. Paper presented at the Sixth Annual AOAC Spring Workshop, Ottawa, Canada, May, 1981. Association of Official Analytical Chemists.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Cassidy, R. M. Paper presented at the Sixth Annual AOAC Spring Workshop, Ottawa, Canada, May, 1981. Association of Official Analytical Chemists.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Scott, R. P. W. “Liquid Chromatography Detectors”; Elsevier: New York, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Beckett, J. R.; Nelson, D. A. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 909–910.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Uden, P. C.; Walters, F. H. Anal. Chim. Acta 1975, 79, 175.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Uden, P. C.; Parees, D. M.; Walters, F. H. Anal. Lett. 1975, 8, 795.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Haworth, D. T.; Liu, T. J. Chrom. Sci. 1976, 14, 519–520.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Haworth, D. T.; Liu, T. J. Chem. Ed. 1976, 53, 730–731.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Greenwood, J. M.; Veening, H.; Willeford, B. R. J. Organomet. Chem. 1972, 38, 345–348.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Gast, C. H.; Nooitgedacht, F.; Kraak, J. C. J. Organomet. Chem. 1980, 184, 221.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Gast, C. H.; Kraak, J. C. J. Liquid Chrom. 1981, 4, 765–783.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Gast, C. H.; Kraak, J. C.; Staal, L. H.; Vrieze, K. J. Organomet. Chem. 1981, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Graf, R. E.; Lillya, C. P. J. Organometal. Chem. 1973, 47, 413–416.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Valenty, S. J.; Behnken, P. E. Anal. Chem. 1978, 50, 834–837.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. O’Laughlin, J. W.; Hanson, R. S. Anal. Chem. 1980, 52, 2263–2268.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Jessen, E. B.; Taugbol, K.; Greibrokk, T. J. Chrom. 1979, 168, 139–142.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Schwedt, G. Chromatographia 1978, 11, 145–148.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Huber, J. F. K.; Kraak, J. C.; Veening, H. Anal. Chem. 1972, 44, 1554–1559.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Henderson, D. E.; Chaffee, R.; Novak, F. P. J. Chrom. Sci. 1981, 19, 79–83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. O’Laughlin, J. W.; O’Brien, T. P. Anal. Lett. 1978, A11(10), 829–844.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Jezorek, J. R.; Freiser, H. Anal. Chem. 1979, 51, 373–376.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Elchuk, S.; Cassidy, R. M. Anal. Chem. 1979, 51, 1434–1438.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Cassidy, R. M.; Elchuk, S. J. Chrom. Sci. 1980, 18, 217–223.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Cassidy, R. M.; Elchuk, S. J. Liquid Chrom. 1981, 4, 379–398.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Cassidy, R. M.; Elchuk, S. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1982, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Cassidy, R. M.; Elchuk, S.; McHugh, J. O. Anal. Chem. 1982, 54, 726–731.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Horwitz, E. P.; Bloomquist, C. A. A. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1975, 35, 425–434.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Horwitz, E. P.; Bloomquist, C. A. A.; Delphin, W. H. J. Chrom. Sci. 1977, 15, 41–46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Horwitz, E. P.; Bloomquist, C. A. A. J. Chrom. Sci. 1974, 12, 200–205.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Horwitz, E. P.; Bloomquist, C. A. A. J. Chrom. Sci. 1974, 12, 11–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Horwitz, E. P.; Bloomquist, C. A. A. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1972, 34, 3851–3871.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Vandergrift, G. F.; Horwitz, E. P. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 1977, 39, 1425–1432.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Bushee, D.; Young, D.; Krull, I. S.; Savage, R. N.; Smith, S. B., Jr. J. Liquid Chrom. 1982, 5(4), 693–706.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Middleditch, B. S., Ed. “Practical Mass Spectrometry. A Contemporary Introduction”; Plenum: New York, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Gross, M. L., Ed. “High Performance Mass Spectrometry: Chemical Applications”; ACS Symposium Series No. 70; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Watson, J. T. “Introduction to Mass Spectrometry. Biomedical, Environmental, and Forensic Applications”; Raven Press: New York, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  65. McFadden, W. “Techniques of Combined Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry: Applications in Organic Analysis; Wiley: New York, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  66. McLafferty, F. W. Pure Appl. Chem. 1978, 50, 831–835.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Schnute, W. C.; Smith, D. E. Amer. Lab. 1980, 7, 87–95.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Pereira, W. E.; Hughes, B. A. J. American Water Works Assn. 1980, 72, 220–230.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Keith, L. H. J. Chrom. Sci. 1979, 17, 48–54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Chang, C. Amer. Lab. 1980, 11, 49–59.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Cotter, R. J. Anal. Chem. 1980, 52, 1589A–1606A.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Christie, W. H.; Eby, R. E.; Warmack, R. J.; Landau, L. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 13–17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Ligon, W. V., Jr. Science 1979, 205, 151–159.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Henion, J. D.; Maylin, G. A. Biomed. Mass Spec. 1980, 7, 115–121.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Tsuge, S.; Hirata, Y.; Takeuchi, T. Anal. Chem. 1979, 51, 166–169.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Yoshida, Y.; Yoshida, H.; Tsuge, S.; Takeuchi, T. J. High Resol. Chrom. Chrom. Comm. 1980, 3, 16–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. McFadden, W. H.; Bradford, D. C.; Games, D. E.; Gower, J L. Amer. Lab. 1977, 10, 55–64.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Arpino, P. J.; Guiochon, G. Anal. Chem. 1979, 51, 682A–700A.

    Google Scholar 

  79. McFadden, W. H. J. Chrom. Sci. 1980, 18, 97–115.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Arpino, P. J.; Krien, P.; Vajta, S.; Devant, G. J. Chrom. 1981, 203, 117–130.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Games, D. E.; Hirter, P.; Kuhnz, W.; Lewis, E.; Weerasinghe, N. C. A.: Westwood, S. A. J. Chrom. 1981, 203, 131–138.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Henion, J. D. J. Chrom. Sci. 1981, 19, 57–64.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Kirby, D. P.; Vouros, P.; Karger, B. L.; Hidy, B.; Petersen, B. J. Chrom. 1981, 203, 139–152.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Karger, B. L.; Kirby, D. P.; Vouros, P.; Foltz, R. L.; Hidy, B. Anal. Chem. 1979, 51, 2324–2328.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Vouros, P.; Lankmayr, E. P.; Hayes, M. J.; Karger, B. L.; McGuire, J. M. J. Chrom. 1982, 251, 175–188.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Jewett, K. L.; Brinckman, F. E. In “Detectors in Liquid Chromatography”; Vickrey, T. M., Ed.; Dekker: New York, 1982, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Van Loon, J. C. Anal. Chem. 1979, 51, 1139A–1150A.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Van Loon, J. C. Amer. Lab. 1981, 5, 47–53.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Fernandez, F. J. Perkin-Elmer Atomic Absorption Newsletter 1971, 16(2), 33–36.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Vickers, T. J. In “Physical Methods in Modern Chemical Analysis”; Kuwana, T., Ed.; Academic Press: New York, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Pinta, M. “Modern Methods for Trace Element Analysis”; Ann Arbor Science: Ann Arbor, MI, 1978; Chapters 4–6.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Willard, H. H.; Merritt, L. L., Jr.; Dean, J. A.; Settle, F. A., Jr. “Instrumental Methods of Analysis”; 6th edition; Van Nostrand: New York, 1981; Chapters 1, 5.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Kahn, N.; Van Loon, J. C. J. Liquid Chrom. 1979, 2(1), 23–36.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Koizumi, H.; McLaughlin, R. D.; Hadeishi, T. Anal. Chem. 1979, 51, 387–392.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Tittarelli, P.; Mascherpa, A. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 1466–1469.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Burns, D. T.; Glockling, F.; Harriott, M. Analyst 1981, 106, 921.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Hillman, D. C. J.; MS. Thesis submitted to the Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Stockton, R. A.; Irgolic, K. J. Intern. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1979, 6, 313–319.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Renoe, B. W.; Shideler, C. E.; Savory, J. Clin. Chem. 1981, 27, 1546–1550.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Irgolic, K. J.; Banks, C. H.; Bottino, N. R.; Chakraborti, D.; Gennity, J. M.; Hillman, D. C.; O’Brien, D. H.; Pyles, R. A.; Stockton, R. A.; Wheeler, A. E.; Zingaro, R. A. Anal. Lett. 1982, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Brinckman, F. E.; Blair, W. R.; Jewett, K. L; Iverson, W. P. J. Chrom. Sci. 1977, 15, 493–503.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Parks, E. J.; Brinckman, F. E.; Blair, W. R. J. Chrom. 1979, 185, 563–572.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Jewett, K. L.; Brinckman, F. E. J. Chrom. Sci. 1982, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Brinckman, F. E.; Blair, W. R. “National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 556”; Proceedings of a Workshop on Measurements and Standards for Recycled Oil-II; September, 1979, p. 25.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Fernandez, F. J. Perkin-Elmer Chromatog. Newslett. 1977, 5(2), 17–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Cassidy, R.; Hurteau, M.; Misland, J.; Ashley, R. J. Chrom. Sci. 1976, 14, 444.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Naranjit, D.; Thomassen, Y.; Van Loon, J. C. Anal. Chim. Acta 1979, 110, 307–312.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Brinckman, F. E.; Jewett, K. L.; Iverson, W. P.; Irgolic, K. J.; Ehrhardt, K. C.; Stockton, R. A. J. Chrom. 1980, 191, 31–46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Grabinski, A. A. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 966–968.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Ricci, G. R.; Shepard, L S.; Colovos, G.; Hester, N. S. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 610–613.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Woolson, E. A.; Aharonson, N. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1980, 63, 523–528.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Iadevaia, R.; Aharonson, N.; Woolson, E. A. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1980, 63, 742–746.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Chang, Y.; Sternson, L. A.; Repta, A. J. Anal. Lett. 1978, B11, 449–459.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Riley, C. M.; Sternson, L. A.; Repta, A. J. J. Chrom. 1981, 217, 405–420.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Riley, C. M.; Sternson, L. A.; Repta, A. J. J. Chrom. 1981, 219, 235–244.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Siemer, D. D.; Koteel, P.; Haworth, D. T.; Taraszewski, W. J.; Lawson, S. R. Anal. Chem. 1979, 51, 575–579.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Van Loon, J. C.; Lichwa, J.; Radziuk, B. J. Chrom. 1977, 136, 301–305.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Pinta, M. “Modern Methods for Trace Element Analysis”; Ann Arbor Science: Ann Arbor, MI, 1978; Chapter 7.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Demers, D. R.; Allemand, C. D. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 1915–1921.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Baird Corporation Tech. Bull. Baird Corporation: Bedford, MA, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Pinta, M. “Modern Methods for Trace Element Analysis”; Ann Arbor Science: Ann Arbor, MI, 1978; Chapters 2–4.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Fassel, V. A. Anal. Chem. 1979, 51, 1290A–1308A.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Fassel, V. A. Science 202, 183–191.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Dahlquist, R. L.; Knoll, J. W. Appl. Spec. 1978, 32, 1–29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Kahn, H. L.; Smith, S. B., Jr.; Schleicher, R. G. Amer. Lab. 1979, 8, 65–77.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Barnes, R. M. CRC Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 1978, 203–296.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Ward, A. F. Amer. Lab. 1978, 11, 79–87.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Bushee, D.; Krull, I. S.; Savage, R. N.; Smith, S. B., Jr. J. Liquid Chrom. 1982, 5(3), 463–478.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Krull, I. S.; Bushee, D.; Savage, R. N.; Schleicher, R. G.; Smith, S. B., Jr. Anal. Lett. 1982, 15(A3), 267–281.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Whaley, B. S.; Snable, K. R.; Browner, R. F. Anal. Chem. 1982, 54, 162–165.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Fraley, D. M.; Yates, D.; Manahan, S. E. Anal. Chem. 1979, 51, 2225–2229.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Fraley, D. M.; Yates, D. A.; Manahan, S. E.; Stalling, D.; Petty, J. Appl. Spec. 1981, 35, 525–531.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Gast, C. H.; Kraak, J. C.; Poppe, H.; Maessen, F. J. M. J. J. Chrom. 1979, 185, 549–561.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Morita, M.; Uehiro, T.; Fuwa, K. Anal. Chem. 1980, 52, 349–351.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Morita, M; Uehiro, T.; Fuwa, K. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 1806–1808.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Morita, M.; Uehiro, T. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 1997–2000.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Taylor, L T.; Hausier, D. W.; Squires, A. M. Science 1981, 213, 644–646.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Hausler, D. W.; Taylor, L. T. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 1223–1227.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Hausler, D. W.; Taylor, L. T. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 1227–1231.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Uden, P. C. Paper presented at the International Winter Conference on Developments in Atomic Plasma Spectrochemical Analysis, Puerto Rico, January, 1980. Heyden: New York, 1982; in press.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Koropchak, J. A.; Coleman, G. N. Paper presented at the International Winter Conference on Developments in Atomic Plasma Spectrochemical Analysis, Puerto Rico, January, 1980. Heyden: New York, 1982, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Uden, P. C.; Bigley, I. E.; Walters, F. H. Anal. Chim. Acta 1978, 100, 555–561.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Uden, P. C.; Bigley, I. D. Anal. Chim. Acta 1977, 94, 29–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. The Model 310 Polarographic Detector for HPLC. EG&G Princeton Applied Research Corporation, Princeton, N. J.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Bioanalytical Systems “Electrochemical Detectors for Liquid Chromatography Technical Bulletin”; Bioanalytical Systems: West Lafayette, IN 47906.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Metrohm/Brinkmann Voltammetric/Amperometric Detector and Detector Cell for HPLC. Brinkmann Instruments: Westbury, NY, PB 244.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Electrochemical Detector for HPLC, Model 5100. Environmental Science Associates: Bedford, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Electrochemical Detector for HPLC. Waters Associates: Milford, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Kissinger, P. T.; Felice, L. J.; Miner, D. J.; Preddy, C. R.; Shoup, R. E. In “Contemporary Topics in Analytical and Clinical Chemistry”; Hercules, D. M.; Hieftje, G. J.; Snyder, L R.; Evenson, M. A., Eds.; Plenum: NY, 1978; vol. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Vohra, S. K. Amer. Lab. 1981, 5, 66.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Lankelma, J.; Poppe, H. J. Chrom. 1976, 125, 375–388.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Vandemark, F.; Ryan T. H. Perkin-Elmer Chromatog. Newslett. 1978, 6, 20–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Buchta, R. C.; Papa, L. J. J. Chrom. Sci. 1976, 14, 213–219.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Swartzfager, D. G. Anal. Chem. 1976, 48, 2189–2191.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Brunt, K.; Bruins, C. H. P. J. Chrom. 1978, 161, 310–314.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Hanekamp, H. B.; Voogt, W. H.; Bos, P.; Frei, R. W. Anal. Lett. 1979, 12(A2), 175–189.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Kissinger, P. T. Anal. Chem. 1977, 49, 447A–456A.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Stulik, K.; Pacakova, V. J. Chrom. 1980, 192, 135–141.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Samuelson, R.; O’Dea, J.; Osteryoung, J. Anal. Chem. 1980, 52, 2215–2216.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Kissinger, P. T.; Bratin, K.; Davis, G. C.; Pachla, L. A. J. Chrom. Sci. 1979, 17, 137–146.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Fleet, B.; Little, C. J. J. Chrom. Sci. 1974, 12, 747–752.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Hashimoto, H.; Maruyama, Y. J. Chrom. 1978, 152, 387–393.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Fenn, R. J.; Siggia, S.; Curran, D. J. Anal. Chem. 1978, 50, 1067–1073.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Bratin, K.; Kissinger, P. T.; Briner, R. C. Anal. Chim. Acta 1981, 130, 295–311.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Dionex Corporation Technical Bulletin on the Electrochemical Detector for Ion Chromatography, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Blaedel, W. J.; Wang, J. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 78–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. MacCrehan, W. A. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 74–77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. MacCrehan, W. A.; Durst, R. A. Anal. Chem. 1978, 50, 2108–2112.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. MacCrehan, W. A.; Durst, R. A.; Bellama, J. M. Anal. Lett. 1977, 10(14), 1175–1188.

    Google Scholar 

  170. MacCrehan, W. A.; Durst, R. A.; Bellama, J. M. National Bureau of Standards Special Publication No. 519, “Trace Organic Analysis: A New Frontier in Analytical Chemistry”; 1979; pp. 57–63.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Molnar, L; Knauer, H.; Wilk, D. J. Chrom. 1980, 201, 225–240.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Reeve, R. N. J. Chrom. 1979, 177, 393–397.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Chiu, G. Anal. Chem. 1980, 52, 1157–1158.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Vydac Separation Materials for Liquid Chromatography Technical Bulletin. Catalog 1980A, 1981 A. The Separations Group, Hesperia, Calif.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Stevenson, R. L.; Harrison, K. Amer. Lab. 1981, 5, 76–81.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Gjerde, D. T.; Fritz, J. S. J. Chrom. 1980, 188, 391–399.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Pohlandt, C.; Fritz, J. S. J. Chrom. 1979, 176, 189–197.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Gjerde, D. T.; Fritz, J. S.; Schmuckler, G. J. Chrom. 1979, 186, 509–519.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Gjerde, D. T.; Schmuckler, G.; Fritz, J. S. J. Chrom. 1980, 187, 35–45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Dionex Corporation, Sunnyvale, Calif.; The Separations Group, Hesperia, Calif.; Wescan Instruments, Inc., Santa Clara, Calif., Laboratory Data Control, Inc., Riviera Beach, Florida; Tracor Corp., Austin, Texas.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Igawa, M.; Saito, K.; Tsukamoto, J.; Tanaka, M. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 1942–1944.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Blasius, E.; Janzen, K-P.; Adrian, W.; Klautke, G.; Lorscheider, R.; Mauer, P-G; Nguyen, V. B.; Scholten, G.; Strockenen, J. Z. Anal. Chem. 1977, 284, 337–360.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Igawa, M.; Ito, T.; Tanaka, M. Bunseki Kagaku 1980, 29, 580–584

    Google Scholar 

  184. Igawa, M.; Ito, T.; Tanaka, M. Chem. Abstr. 1980, 93, 214823q.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Kimura, K.; Nakajima, M.; Shono, T. Anal. Lett. 1980, 13, 741–750.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Small, H.; Stevens, T. S.; Bauman, W. C. Anal. Chem. 1975, 47, 1801–1809.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Girard, J. E. Anal. Chem. 1979, 51, 836–839.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Mulik, J. D.; Sawicki, E. Env. Sci. Tech. 1979, 13, 804–809.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Long, T. S.; Reinsvold, A. L. Paper presented at the 4th International Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants, New Orleans, LA, November, 1977. Proceedings, p. 624–629.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Anderson, C. Clin. Chem. 1976, 22, 1424–1426.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Wetzel, R. A.; Anderson, C. L.; Schleicher, H.; Crook, G. D. Anal. Chem. 1979, 51, 1532–1535.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Rich, W. E.; Wetzel, R. A. In “Monitoring of Toxic Substances”; Scheutzle, D., Ed.; ACS Symposium Series No. 94; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Igawa, M.; Saito, K.; Tsukamoto, J.; Tanaka, M. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 1942–1944.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Girard, J. E.; Glatz, J. A. Amer. Lab. 1981, 10, 26–35.

    Google Scholar 

  195. King, J. N.; Fritz, J. S. J. Chrom. 1978, 153, 507–516.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Fritz, J. S. Pure Appl. Chem. 1977, 49, 1547–1554.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Koch, W. F. Anal. Chem. 1979, 51, 1571–1573.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Jenke, D. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 1535.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. O’Bynum, M. A.; Tyree, S. Y., Jr.; Weiser, W. E. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 1935–1936.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Wescan Instruments, Inc., Technical Bulletin on the Model 261 Two-Channel Ion Analyzer. Wescan Corp.: Santa Clara, CA, 1981–82.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Keller, J. M. Anal. Chem. 1981, 53, 344–345.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Mulik, J. D.; Sawicki, E., Eds. “Ion Chromatographic Analysis of Environmental Pollutants,” Ann Arbor Science: Ann Arbor, MI, 1979; vols. 1, 2.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Dionex Corporation Technical Bulletins/Notes in Ion Chromatography, Dionex Corp., Sunnyvale, Calif.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Steiber, R.; Merrill, R. Anal. Lett. 1979, 12, 273–278.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. O’Laughlin, J. W. Anal. Chem. 1982, 54, 178–181.

    Google Scholar 

  206. Gilbert, T. R.; Hildebrand, K. J. Amer. Lab. 1982, 2, 72–78.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Johnson, E. L. Amer. Lab. 1982, 98–104.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Chemical Analysis, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    I. S. Krull

Authors
  1. I. S. Krull
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Health and Welfare Canada, Ottawa, Canada

    James F. Lawrence

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 The Humana Press Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Krull, I.S. (1984). Trace Metal Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. In: Lawrence, J.F. (eds) Liquid Chromatography in Environmental Analysis. Contemporary Instrumentation and Analysis. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5306-8_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5306-8_5

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9778-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5306-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation