Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  • Chapter
Pathology of the Esophagus

Abstract

In the past several decades, concepts of neoplasia have changed markedly. Research efforts in a number of systems including colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, melanoma, and experimental systems in animals such as hepatoma have generated a large body of information on neoplastic development.1–7 Neoplasia appears to be a chronic process that develops through a series of progressive stages, sequentially acquiring various biologic features associated with “malignant” behavior. Although these features are relatively well characterized morphologically in a few systems such as melanoma, cervical carcinoma, and colorectal carcinoma, in most tumor types, the sequence of morphologic changes that comprises the neoplastic developmental pathway is poorly or incompletely characterized. In addition, the differences between various stages of neoplastic development are very poorly understood at a basic molecular level. Nonetheless, several generalizations are important to consider:

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Clark WH Jr, Folberg R, Ainsworth AM:Tumor progression in primary human cutaneous malignant melanomas. In:Human Malignant Melanoma, pp 15 – 32, Clark WH Jr, Goldman LI, Mastrangelo MJ (eds). New York:Grune & Stratton, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Clark WH Jr, Mastrangelo MJ, Ainsworth AM:Current concepts of the biology of human cutaneous malignant melanoma. Adv Cancer Res 24:267 – 338, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Clark WH Jr, Ainsworth AM, Bernadino EA:The developmental biology of primary human malignant melanomas. Semin Oncol 2:83 – 103, 1975.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Elder DE, Bondi EE, Greene MH, Clark WH Jr:The relationship of nevi and melanoma:The dysplastic nevus syndrome. In:Pathology of Malignant Melanoma, p 194, Ackerman AB (ed). New York:Masson, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Farber E, Cameron R:The sequential analysis of cancer development. Adv Cancer Res 31:125– 226, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Morson BC:The Pathogenesis of Colorectal Cancer, pp 58–71. Philadelphia:Saunders, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Richart RM:Natural history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Clin Obstet Gynecol 10:748 – 784, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Illmensee K:Reversion of malignancy and normalized differentiation of teratocarcinoma cells in chimeric mice. Basic Life Sci 12:3 – 25, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Illmensee K, Stevens LC:Teratomas and chimeras. Sci Am 240:120 – 132, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Winchester RJ, Kunkle HG:The human la sys-tem. Adv Immunol 28:221 – 292, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Li FP, Shiang EL:Screening for oesophageal cancer in 62,000 Chinese. Lancet 2:804, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Miller RW:Cancer epidemics in the People’s Republic of China. J Natl Cancer Inst 60:1195 – 1203, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Yang CS:Research on esophageal cancer in China:A review. Cancer Res 40:2633 – 2644, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. The Coordinating Group for Research on Etiol-ogy of Esophageal Cancer in North China:The epidemiology and etiology of esophageal cancer in North China. Chin Med J 1:167 – 183, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  15. The Coordinating Groups for the Research of Esophageal Carcinoma, Honan Province and Chinese Acadamy of Medical Sciences:Studies on relationship between epithelial dysplasia and carcinoma of the esophagus. Chin Med J 1:110 – 116, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Tumor Prevention, Treatment and Research Group, Chengchow, Honan:Esophageal Cancer Re-search Group, Chinese Acadamy of Medical Sciences, Peking; and Linhsien County People’s Hospital, Honan:Pathology of early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Chin Med J3:180 – 192, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Thompson JJ, Zinsser K, Enterline HT:Barrett’s metaplasia and adenocarcinoma of the lower esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. Hum Pathol 14:42 – 60, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Thompson JJ:Esophageal cancer and the pre-malignant changes of esophageal diseases. In:Contemporary Issues in Gastroenterology, Diseases of Esophagus, Vol 1, pp 255 – 256. New York:Churchill—Livingstone, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Warwick GP, Harrington JS:Some aspects of the epidemiology and etiology of esophageal cancer with particular emphasis on the Transkei, South Africa. Adv Cancer Res 17:81 – 229, 1973.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Crespi M, Grassi A, Amiri G, Monoz N, Aramesh B, Mojtabai A, Casale V:Oesophageal lesions in Norther Iran:A premalignant condition. Lancet ii:217 – 220, 1979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Mahboubi E:The epidemiology of oral cavity, pharyngeal and esophageal cancer outside of North America and Western Europe. Cancer 40:1879 – 886, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Wolpowitz A, Van Heerden J, Punt AM, Van de Werke I, Scholtz A, Hartley L:Carcinoma of the esophagus. S Afr Med J 56:1043 – 1044, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Dreyer L:The incidence of dysplasia and associated epithelial lesions in the oesophageal mucosa of South African Blacks. S Afr Med J 58:406 – 408, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Wynder EL, Mabuchi K:Etiological and environmental factors. JAMA 226:1546 – 1548, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Fagelman KM, Jager R, and Polk HC:Esophageal carcinoma:Trends in incidence, treatment methods, and prognosis. J Ky Med Assoc 77:637 – 642, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Shani M, Modan B:Esophageal cancer in Israel:Selected clinical and epidemiological aspects. Dig Dis Sci 20:951 – 954, 1975.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Faivre J, Milan C, Martin F, Michiels R, Cabanne F, Klepping, C:Cancer of the esophagus:An incidence study in Cote d’Or (Burgundy). Oncology 38:1 – 3, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Norton GA, Postlethwait RW, Thompson WM:Esophageal carcinoma:A survey of populations at risk. South Med J 73:25 – 27, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. VanRensberg SJ, Kruger EF, Louw MEJ, duPlessis JP:Vitamin A status and esophagus cancer risk:Epidemiologic and experimental evidence for a positive association. Nutr Rep Int 24:1123 – 1131, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Chilvers C, Fraser P, Beral V:Alcohol and oesophageal cancer:An assessment of the evidence from routinely collected data. J Epidemiol Community Health 33:127 – 133, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Wynder EL, Bross IJ:A study of etiological factors in cancer of the esophagus. Cancer 14:389 - 413, 1961.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Auerbach O, Stout AP, Hammond EC, Garfinkle L:Histologic changes in esophagus in relation to smoking habits. Arch Environ Health 11:4- 15, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Pour P, Ghadirian P:Familial cancer of the esophagus in Iran. Cancer 33:1649- 1652, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Tyldesley WR:Oral leukoplakia associated with tylosis and esophageal carcinoma. J Oral Pathol 3:62- 70, 1974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Joske RA, Benedict EB:The role of benign esophageal obstruction in the development of carcinoma of the esophagus. Gastroenterology 36:749- 755, 1959.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Goldstein HM, Zermosa J:Association of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck with cancer of the esophagus. AJR 131:791 – 794, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Mandard AM, Tourneux J, Gignoux M, Blanc L, Segol P, Mandard JC:In situ carcinoma of the esophagus:Macroscopic study with particular reference to the Lugol test. Endoscopy 12:51 – 57, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Schickendantz GA, Sabagh RA, Ramos Mejia MM, Terzano G:Cytologic-histopathologic correlation in esophageal cancer. Acta Cytol (Baltimore) 11:64 – 67, 1967.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Khan MY, Maltzman B, Jonnard R:Carcinoma of esophagus. NY State J Med 575 – 579, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  40. O’Gara RW, Horn RC:Intramucosal carcinoma of the esophagus. Arch Pathol 60:95 – 98, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Postlethwait RW, Musser AW:Changes in the esophagus in 1,000 autopsy specimens. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 68:953 – 956, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Bishop D, Lushpihan A:The cytology of carcinoma in situ and early invasive carcinoma of the esophagus. Acta Cytol (Baltimore) 21:298 – 300, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Seifert E, Borst HH, Ostertag H:Carcinoma—in—situ of the esophagus (early esophageal carcinoma). Endoscopy 5:147 – 153, 1973.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Ming SC:Tumors of the esophagus and stomach. In:Atlas of Tumor Pathology, Series 2, Fascicle 7, p 30 - 36. Washington, DC:Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Itai Y, Kogure T, Okuyama Y, Akiyama H:Diffuse finely nodular lesions of the esophagus. AJR 128:563 – 566, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Barge J, Molas G, Maillard JN, Fekete F, Bogomoletz WV, Potet F:Superficial oesophageal carcinoma:An esophageal counterpart of early gastric cancer. Histopathology 5:493 – 510, 1981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Mayerowitz BR, Shea LT:The natural history of squamous verrucose carcinoma of the esophagus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 61:646, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Laufer I:Double Contrast Gastrointestinal Radiology with Endoscopic Correlation, p 127. Philadelphia:Saunders, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Toriie S, Kohli Y, Akasaka Y, Kawai K:New trial for endoscopical observation of esophagus by dye scattering method. Endoscopy 7:75 - 79, 1975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Miller G, Maurer W, Savary M, Monnier P, Gloor, F:A case of oesophageal cancer limited to the mucosa and submucosa. Endoscopy 3:175 – 178, 1979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Geboes K, Desmet V, Vantrappen G, Mebis J:Vascular changes in the esophageal mucosa. Gastrointest Endos 26:29 – 32, 1980.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kolstad P, Stafl A:Atlas of Colposcopy, 2nd ed. Baltimore:University Park Press, pp 23–27,1977.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Cartier R:Practical Colposcopy. Basel:Karger, pp 76 – 93, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Stafl A, Mattingly RF:Colposcopic diagnosis of cervical neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol 41:168 – 176, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Younghusband JD, Aluwihare APR:Carcinoma of the oesophagus:Factors influencing survival. Br J Surg 57:422, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Ellis FH, Lane FWJ, Boyce HW Jr:Cancer of the esophagus. Hosp Pract 11:63 – 67, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Sherlock P, Winawer SJ:Cancer of the esophagus. Pract Gastroenterol 3:10, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Prolla JC:Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract:Histopathology and cytology in detection. JAMA 226:1552 – 1554, 1973.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Bruni HC, Nelson RS:Carcinoma of the esophagus and cardia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 70:367, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Wiot JW, Felson B:Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract:Radiologic differential diagnosis. JAMA 226:1548 – 1552, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. The American Joint Committee for Cancer Staging and End Results Reporting:Clinical staging system for carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer 25:50, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Rubin P:Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. I. Esophagus:Detection and diagnosis. JAMA 226:1544 – 1546, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Parker EF, Gregorie HB:Carcinoma of the esophagus. JAMA 235:1018 – 1020, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Stone R, Rangel DM, Gordon HE, et al.:Carcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction. Am J Surg 134:70, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Pearson JG:The value of radiotherapy in the management of esophageal cancer. AJR 105:500, 1969.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Parker EF, Gregorie HB Jr, Arrants JE, et al.:Carcinoma of the esophagus. Ann Surg 171:746, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Morson BC, Dawson IMP:Gastrointestinal Pathology, p 28. OxfordLondonEdinburghMelbourne:Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Emamy H, Melizad M:Carotidoesophageal fistula complicating carcinoma of the esophagus. Report of a case. Ann Surg 42:376, 1976

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Grajower M, Baryel VS:Ectopic hyperparathyroidism (pseudohyperparathyroidism) in esophageal malignancy. Am J Med 61:134, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Stephens RL, Hansen HH, Muggia R:Hypercalcemia in epidermoid tumors of the head and neck and esophagus. Cancer 31:1487, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Hamilton JW, Hartman CR, McGregor DH, et al.:Synthesis of parathyroid hormone peptides by a human squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 45:1023 – 1030, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Kumar GK, Naidu VG, Razzaque MA:Esophageal carcinoma with pseudohyperparathyroidism and hypercorticism. J Gastroenterol 65:222 – 225, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Cahan WG, Castro EB, Rosen PA, et al.:Separate primary carcinomas of the esophagus and head and neck region in the same patient. Cancer 37:85, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Rubin P:Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. II. Esophagus:Treatment—localized and advanced. JAMA 227:175 – 176, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Coogner JT:Cancer of the gastriontestinal tract:Surgical principles of resection and reconstruction. JAMA 227:176 – 178, 1974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Nakayama K, Kinoshita Y:Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract:Surgical treatment combined with pre-operative concentrated irradiation. JAMA 227:178 – 181, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Rider WD:Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract:Innovations in radiation therapy. JAMA 227:183 – 184, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Rubin P:Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. JAMA 227:184 – 185, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Person JG:Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract:The value of radiation therapy. JAMA 227:181 – 183, 1974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Boyd DP, Kim MCC:Survival in carcinoma of the esophagus. Surg Clin North Am 47:613, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Horatio Enterline (Professor of Surgical Pathology)

  2. Kaiser-Permanente Regional Laboratory, 97015, Clackamas, OR, USA

    John Thompson

Authors
  1. Horatio Enterline
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. John Thompson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Enterline, H., Thompson, J. (1984). Squamous Cell Carcinoma. In: Pathology of the Esophagus. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5216-0_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5216-0_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9741-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5216-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation