Abstract
This chapter describes some problems and opportunities associated with conceptual modelling for the kind of “open systems” we foresee developing in the future. Computer applications will be based on communication between subsystems that will have been developed separately and independently. Some of the reasons for independent development are: competition, economics, geographical distribution, and diverse goals and responsibilities. We must deal with all the problems that arise, from conceptual disparities. Subsystems will be open-ended and incremental — undergoing continual evolution. There are no global objects. The only thing that all the various subsystems hold in common is the ability to communicate with each other. Message Passing Semantics is a methodology that we are developing to deal with highly parallel, distributed, open systems. Various aspects of this methodology deal with communication, description, transaction management, problem solving, change, completeness, and self-knowledge.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Artificial Intelligence, Special Issue on Non-Monotonic Logic, D. Bobrow (ed.), Vol. 13, Nos. 1 and 2, April 1980.
Attardi, G., M. Simi, “Semantics of Inheritance and Attributions in the Description System Omega,”Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, August 1981.
Backus, J., “Can Programming be Liberated from the von Neumann Style?,”Communications of the ACM, Vol. 21, No. 8 August 1978, pp. 613 – 641.
Barber, G.R, “Office Semantics,” Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1982.
Birtwistle, G.M., O.-J. Dahl, B. Myhrhaug, K. Nygaard,Simula Begin, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1973.
Bobrow, D.G., M.J. Stefik, “Loops: An Object Oriented Programming System for Interlisp,” Draft Report, Xerox PARK, 1982.
Byrd, R.J., S.E. Smith, S.P. de Jong, “An Actor-Based Programming System,”SIGOA Conference on Office Information Systems, June 1982.
Curry, G., L. Baer, D. Lipkie, B. Lee, “Traits: An Approach to Multiple-Inheritance Subclassing,”Proc. Conference on Office Information Systems, SIGOA Newsletter, Vol. 3, Nos. 1 and 2, June 1982.
Church, A., “The Calculi of Lambda-Conversion,”Annals of Mathematics Studies No.6, Princeton Univ. Press, 1941.
Clinger, W.D., “Foundations of Actor Semantics,” Technical Report MIT/AI/TR-633, MIT Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence, May 1981.
diSessa, A., “On Learnable Representations of Knowledge: A Meaning for the Computational Metaphor,” Memo MIT/AIM-441, MIT Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence, September 1977.
Friedman, D.P., D.S. Wise, “The Impact of Applicative Programming on Multiprocessing,”Proc. ACM International Conference on Parallel Processing, 1976, pp. 263–272.
Hewitt C., G. Attardi, H. Lieberman, “Specifying and Proving Properties of Guardians for Distributed Systems,” Proc. Conference on Semantics of Concurrent Computation, INRIA, Evian, France, July 1979.
Hewitt, C., G. Attardi, and M. Simi, “Knowledge Embedding with a Description System,”Proc. 1st AAAI National Conference, August 1980.
Hayes, P. J., “In Defense of Logic,”Proc. 5th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Cambridge, Mass., 1977, pp. 559–565.
Hewitt, C., H. Baker, “Laws for Communicating Parallel Processes,”Proc. 1977 IFIP Congress, 1977.
Hewitt, C.E., “PLANNER: A Language for Proving Theorems in Robots,”Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Washington, D.C., May 1969.
Hewitt, C.E., “How To Use What You Know,”Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Tbilisi, USSR, August 1975.
Hewitt, C.E., “Viewing Control Structures as Patterns of Passing Messages,”Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 8, 1977, pp. 323–364.
Hoare, C.A.R., “Communicating Sequential Processes,”Communications of the ACM, Vol. 21, No. 8, August 1978.
Ichbiah, J.D., B. Krieg- Brueckner, B.A. Wichmann, H.F. Ledgard, J.-C. Heliard, J.-R. Abrial, J.P.G. Barnes, M. Woodger, O. Roubine, P.N. Hilfinger, R. Firth,Reference Manual for the Ada Programming Language: Proposed Standard Document, Department of Defense, US Government Printing Office 008-000-00354-8, July 1980; also in:Lecture Notes in Computer Science, No. 106, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1981.
Ingalls, D.H., “The Smalltalk-76 Programming System: Design and Implementation,”Conference Record of the Fifth Annual ACM Symposium on Programming Languages, Tucson, Arizona, January 1978.
Kahn, K.M., “Creation of Computer Animation from Story Descriptions,” Ph.D. thesis, MIT, 1979.
Kornfeld, W.A., Hewitt, C., “The Scientific Community Metaphor,” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol. SMC-11, No. 1, January 1981.
Kornfeld, W., “Concepts in Parallel Problem Solving,” Ph.D. thesis, MIT, 1982.
Landin, P.J., “A Correspondence Between ALGOL 60 and Church’s Lambda Notation,” Communications of the ACM, Vol. 8, Nos. 2 and 3, 1965.
Lieberman, H., “A Preview of Act-1,” Al Memo No. 625, MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, 1981.
Lieberman, H., “Thinking About Lots of Things At once Without Getting Confused: Parallelism in Act-1,” Al Memo No. 626, MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, 1981.
Liskov B., A. Snyder, R. Atkinson, C. Schaffert, “Abstraction Mechanism in CLU,” Communications of the ACM, Vol. 20, No. 8, August 1977, pp. 564–576.
McCarthy, J., P. Hayes, “Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence,” in D. Michie, B. Meltzer (eds.), Machine Intelligence 4, Edinburgh Univ. Press, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1969.
McCarthy, J., et al., LISP 1.5 Programmer’s Manual, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1962.
McCarthy, J., “Circumscription- A Form of Non-Monotonic Reasoning,” Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 13, Nos. 1 and 2, April 1980, pp. 27–39.
McDermott, D., “Non-Monotonic Logic 11: Non-Monotonic Modal Theories,” Research Report No. 174, Dept. of Computer Science, Yale Univ., February 1980.
Milner, R., “A Theory of Type Polymorphism in Programming,” Journal of Computer and System Sciences, Vol. 17, 1978, pp. 348–375.
Minsky, M., “A Framework for Representing Knowledge,” in P. Winston (ed.), The Psychology of Computer Vision, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1975, pp. 211–277.
Moore, R. C., “The Role of Logic in Knowledge Representation and Commonsense Reasoning,” Proc. AAAI National Conference, Pittsburgh, Penn., August 1982.
Newell, A., “Some Problems of Basic Organization in Problem-Solving Programs,” Memorandum RM-3283-PR, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif., December 1962.
Rosser, B.J., “Highlights of the History of the Lambda-Calculus,” Conference Record ACM Symposium on Lisp and Functional Programming, Plymouth, Mass., August 1982.
Scott, D. S., “Lattice Theoretic Models for Various Type-free Calculi,” Proc. 4th International Congress on Logic, Methodology and the Philosophy of Science, Bucharest, Hungary, 1972.
Steele, G. L., Jr., G. J. Sussman, “The Revised Report on SCHEME: A Dialect of LISP,” Memo MIT/AIM-452, MIT Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence, January 1978.
Sussman, G. J., T. Winograd, E. Charniak, “MICRO-PLANNER Reference Manual,” Memo MIT/AIM-203, MIT Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence, 1970.
Shaw, M., W.A. Wulf, R.L. London, “Abstraction and Verification in Alphard: Defining and Specifying Iteration and Generators,” Communications of the ACM, Vol. 20, No. 8, August 1977.
Theriault, D., “A Primer for the Act-1 Language,” Memo MIT/ AIM-672, MIT Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence, April 1982.
Turing, A.M., “Computability and Lambda- Definability,” Journal of Symbolic Logic, Vol. 2, 1937, pp. 153–163.
Weyhrauch, R.W., “Prolegomena to a Theory of Mechanized Formal Reasoning,” Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 13, Nos. I and 2, April 1980, pp. 133–170.
Weinreb, D., D. Moon, “LISP Machine Manual,” MIT Laboratory for Artificial Intelligence, March 1981.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hewitt, C., de Jong, P. (1984). Open Systems. In: Brodie, M.L., Mylopoulos, J., Schmidt, J.W. (eds) On Conceptual Modelling. Topics in Information Systems. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5196-5_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5196-5_6
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9732-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5196-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive