Abstract
This essay is written in the belief that current legitimations of and regulations for medical research involving human subjects are the outgrowth of a fairly long, if often forgotten, history. We will attempt to bring certain chapters of this history to light, partly in the hope of providing a useful orientation, and partly to suggest that our ethical tradition may be in need of some new insights and directions at this point in medical history.
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Notes and References
Viktor von Weizsaecker, “Euthanasie and Menschenversuche,” special reprint from Psyche, I, 1947, Heidelberg: Verlag Lambert Schneider; and Hans Jonas, “Philosophical Reflections on Experimenting with Human Subjects,” in Paul Freund, ed. Daedalus, Spring 1969, 219–247.
Cf., e.g., the essay of Benedict Ashley, “Ethics of Experimenting with Persons,” in J. Schoolar and C. M. Gaitz, Research and the Psychiatric Patient (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1975), esp. p. 17.
Albert Moll, Aerztliche Ethik ( Stuttgart: Enke Verlag, 1902 ), pp. 565f.
Irving Ladimer and R. W. Newman, Clinical Investigations in Medicine: Legal,Ethical and Moral Aspects (Boston University Law and Medicine Research Institute, 1963 ), p. 1.
The ideas and quotations in this paragraph all come from the translation of the Introduction… by Henry Greene, Henry Schuman, Inc., 1949 ed. pp. 99–105. These were the principles of a very self-assured personality. Thus he states in his Cahier Rouge: “The strength of men who keep thinking about the same thing. It is not in writing easily or in acting easily. It is to have an awareness of what is good—I have it. It always comes to this. This is the essential thing… Perfection is possible. This epoch will bear my mark.” In F. Grande and M. Visscher, Claude Bernard and Experimental Medicine (Cambridge: Schenkman Publishing 1967), second paganation, p. 37.
Moll, op. cit.,p. 5. The page numbers of subsequent quotations will be given in the text.
One contemporary jurist, noting that the Guidelines probably lost all legal force with the end of World War II, has suggested that they be readopted. Cf. H. J. Wagner, “Heilsversuche and Experimente aus Rechtsmedizinischensicht,” reprint of lecture given January 8, 1975.
Reichsgesundheitsblatt,1931, p. 531.
Reichsgesundheitsblatt,1931, pp. 174 f.
The Hastings Center Report,6 (4), Aug. 1976, Special Supplement, pp. 6ff.
Bibliography of Society, Ethics and the Life Sciences 1979–80,Hastings-on-Hudson, The Hastings Center, 1978, p. 30.
Cf., e.g., Bradford Gray, “Complexities of Informed Consent,” Annals of the AAPS, 437, May 1978, 43.
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Yeide, H. (1985). Research Objectives and the Social Structuring of the Research Enterprise. In: Melnick, V.L., Dubler, N.N. (eds) Alzheimer’s Dementia. Contemporary Issues in Biomedicine, Ethics, and Society. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5174-3_8
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