Abstract
Soil color is and has always been of interest to soil scientists around the world. It has entered into many classification systems and even modern classifications such as the US Soil Taxonomy use soil color at various levels.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Blume, H.P. 1968. Stauwasserböden.-Arb. Univ. Hohenheim (Landwirtschaft Hochschule) 42:242 S.; E. Ulmer, Stuttgart.
Brown, G. 1953. The occurrence of lepidocrocite in British soils. J. Soil Sci. 4: 220–228.
Cailliére, S., L. Gatineau, and St. Hénin. 1960. Préparation à basse température d’hematite alumineuse. C.R. Acad. Sci. 250: 3677–3679.
Campbell, A.S., and U. Schwertmann. 1984. Iron oxide mineralogy of placic horizons. J. Soil Sci. In press.
Carlson, L., and U. Schwertmann. 1981. Natural ferrihydrites in surface deposits from Finland and their association with silica. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 45: 421–429.
Carlson, L. and U. Schwertmann. 1984. Iron and manganese oxides from ground water treatment plants in Finland. J. Amer. Water Works (submitted).
Chen, C.C., J.B. Dixon, and F.T. Turner. 1980. Iron coating on rice roots: mineralogy and quantity influencing factors. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44: 635–639.
Childs, C.W., C.J. Downes, and N. Wells. 1982. Hydrous iron oxide minerals with short range order deposited in a spring/stream system, Tongariro National Park, New Zealand, Aust. J. Soil Res. 20: 119–129.
Chukhrov, F.V., B.B. Zvijagin, A.I. Gorshkov, L.P. Ervilova, and V.V. Balashova. 1973. Ferrihydrite. Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR. Ser. Geol. 4: 23–33.
Cornell, R.M., and U. Schwertmann. 1979. Influence of organic anions on the crystallization of ferrihydrite. Clays and Clay Min. 27: 402–410.
Correns, C.W., and W. von Engelhardt. 1941. Röntgenographische Untersunchungen über den Mineralbestand sedimentärer Eisenerze. Nachr. Akad. Wiss. Göttingen, Math.-Phys. Kl. 213: 131–137.
Coventry, R.J., R.M. Taylor, and R.W. Fitzpatrick. 1983. Pedological significance of the gravels in some red and grey earth of Central North Queensland. Aust. J. Soil Res. 21: 219–240.
Curi, N. 1983. Lithosequence and toposequence of oxisols from Goias and Minas Gerais states, Brazil. Ph.D. thesis, Purdue University.
Daniels, R.B., E.E. Gamble, S.W. Buol, and H.H. Bailey. 1975. Free iron sources in an aquult-udult sequence from North Carolina. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 39: 335–340.
Didier, P., D. Nahon, B. Fritz and Y. Tardy. 1983. Activity of water as a geochemical controlling factor in ferricretes. A thermodynamic model in the system: kaolonite Fe-oxidydroxides Fe-Al. Petrology of Geafliening and Soils Memoire No. 71, Institut de Geologie, Universite Strasbourg, 35–44.
Echols, R.K. 1983. Mineralogy and morphology of mottles in a Paleudult-Paleaquult toposequence. M.Sc. thesis, University of Florida.
Evans, L.J., J.G. Roswell, and J.D. Aspinall. 1978. Massive iron formations in some gleysolic soils of southwestern Ontario. Can. J. Soil Sci 58: 391–395.
Feitknecht, W. and W. Michaelis. 1962. Über die Hydrolyse von Eisen(III) perchlorat-Lösungen. Helv. Chim. Acta 45: 212–224.
Fey, M.V. 1983. Hypothesis for the pedogenic yellowing of red soil materials. Tech. Commun. Dept. of Agr. and Fisheries, Republic of South Africa 18: 130–136.
Fey, M.V. and J.B. Dixon. 1981. Synthesis and properties of poorly crystalline hydrated aluminous goethites. Clays and Clay Min. 29: 91–100.
Fitzpatrick, R.W. 1978. Occurrence and properties of iron and titanium oxides in soils along the eastern seaboard of South Africa. Ph.D. thesis, University of Natal.
Fitzpatrick, R.W., and U. Schwertmann. 1982. Al-substituted goethite, an indicator of pedogenic and other weathering environments in South Africa. Geoderma 27: 335–347.
Gastuche, M.C., T. Bruggenwert, and M.M. Mortland. 1964. Crystallization of mixed iron and aluminum gels. Soil Sci. 98: 281–289.
Goodman, B.A., and D.G. Lewis. 1981. Mössbauer spectra of aluminous goethites (a-FeOOH). J. Soil Sci. 32: 351–363.
Henmi, T., N. Wells, C.W. Childs, and R.L. Parfitt. 1980. Poorly-ordered iron rich precipitates from springs and streams on andesitic volcanoes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 44: 365–372.
Jenny, H. 1980. The soil resource: origin and behaviour. Ecological Studies 37. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Jones, R.C., W.H. Hudnall, and W.S. Sakai. 1982. Some highly weathered soils of Puerto Rico, 2. Mineralogy. Geoderma 27: 75–137.
Kämpf, N. 1981. Die Eisenoxidmineralogie einer Klimasequenz von Böden aus Eruptiva in Rio Grande do Sul, Brasilien. Dissertation. T.U. München Weihenstephan, Germany.
Kämpf, N., and U. Schwertmann. 1982. Goethite and hematite in a climo-sequence in southern Brazil and their application in classification of kaolinitic soils. Geoderma 29: 27–39.
Knight, R.J., and R.N. Sylva. 1974. Precipitation in hydrolysed iron(III) solutions. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 36: 591–597.
Langmuir, D. 1971. Particle size effect on the reaction goethite = hematite + water. Am. J. Sci. 271: 147–156.
Langmuir, D. 1972. Correction: Particle size effect on the reaction goethite = hematite + water. Am. J. Sci. 272: 972.
Lewis, D.G., and U. Schwertmann. 1979. The influence of aluminum on the formation of iron oxides. IV. The influence of [Al], [OH], and temperature. Clays and Clay Min. 27: 195–200.
Loeppert, R.H. and L.R. Hossner. 1984. Reactions of Fe(II) and Fe(III) with calcite. Clays and Clay Min. 32: 213–222.
Murad, E. 1982. Ferrihydrite deposits on an artesian fountain in lower Bavaria. N. Jb. Miner. Mh., H 2, 45–56, Stuttgart.
Murad, E. and U. Schwertmann. 1980. The Mössbauer spectrum of ferrihydrite and its relations to those of other iron oxides. Am. Min. 65: 1044–1049.
Nahon, D., C. Janot, A.M. Karpoff, H. Paquet, and Y. Tardy. 1977. Mineralogy, petrography and structures of iron crusts (ferricretes) developed on sandstones in the western part of Sengal. Geoderma 19: 263–277.
Norrish, K. and R.M. Taylor. 1961. The isomorphous replacement of iron by aluminum in soil goethites. J. Soil Sci. 12: 294 - 306.
Peña, F., and J. Torrent. 1984. Relationships between phosphate sorption and iron oxides in Alflsols from a river terrace sequence of Mediterranean Spain. Geoderma 33: 265–282.
Ross, G.J. and C. Wang. 1982. Lepidocrocite in a calcareous, well drained soil. Clays and Clay Min. 30: 394–396.
Schulze, D.G. 1981. Identification of soil iron oxide minerals by differential X-ray diffraction. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45: 437–440.
Schulze, D.G. 1982. The identification of iron oxides by differential X-ray diffraction and the influence of aluminum substitution on the structure of goethite. Dissertation, T.U.-München.
Schulze, D.G. 1984. The influence of aluminum on iron oxides VIII. Unit cell dimension of Al-substituted goethites and estimation of A1 from them. Clays and Clay Min. 32: 36–44.
Schulze, D.G., and U. Schwertmann. 1984. The influence of aluminum on iron oxides X. The properties of Al-substituted goethites. Clay Min. In press.
Schwertmann, U. 1959. Die fraktionierte Extraktion der freien Eisen-oxide in Boden, ihre mineralogischen Formen und ihre Entstehungsweisen. Z. Pflanzenern., Düng., Bodenk., 84: 194–204.
Schwertmann, U. 1965. Zur Goethit—und Hämatitbildung aus amorphem Eisen(III)-hydroxid. 2. Mitteilung. Z. Pflanzenern., Düng., Bodenk., 108: 37–45.
Schwertmann, U. 1966. Inhibitory effect of soil organic matter on the crystallization of amorphous ferric hydroxide. Nature 212: 645–646.
Schwertmann, U. 1971. Transformation of hematite to goethite in soils. Nature 232: 624–625.
Schwertmann, U. 1973. Electron micrographs of soil lepidocrocites. Clay Min. 10: 59–63.
Schwertmann, U. 1984. The influence of aluminum on iron oxides IX. Dissolution of Al-goethites in 6 M HC1. Clay Min. 19: 9–19.
Schwertmann, U., and H. Fechter. 1983. The point of zero charge of natural and synthetic ferrihydrites and its relation to adsorbed silicate. Clay Min. 17: 471–476.
Schwertmann, U. and H. Fechter. 1984. The influence of aluminum on iron oxides. XI. Burning, a possible means of aluminum-substituted maghemite formation in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 48:in press.
Schwertmann, U., and W.R. Fischer. 1973. Natural “amorphous” ferric hydroxide. Geoderma 10: 237–247.
Schwertmann, U. and R.W. Fitzpatrick. 1977. Occurrence of lepidocrocite and its association with goethite in Natal soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 41: 1013–1018.
Schwertmann, U., and B. Heinemann. 1959. Über das Vorkommen und die Entstehung von Maghemit in nordwestdeutschen Böden. Neues Jb. Min. Mh. 8: 174–181.
Schwertmann, U. and N. Kämpf. 1983. Oxidos de Ferro Jovens em Ambientes Pedogenéticos Brasileiros. (Young iron oxides in Brazilian pedogenic environments) R. bras. Ci. Solo 7: 251–255.
Schwertmann, U., and N. Kämpf. 1984a. Properties of goethite and hematite in kaolonitic soils of Southern and Central Brazil. Soil Sci. In press.
Schwertmann, U., and E. Murad. 1983. The effect of pH on the formation of goethite and hematite from ferrihydrite. Clays and Clay Min. 31: 277–284.
Schwertmann, U., and E. Schieck. 1980. Das Verhalten von Phosphat in eisenoxidreichen Kalkgleyen der Münchener Schotterebene. Z. f. Pflanzenern. und Bodenk. 143: 391–401.
Schwertmann, U. and R.M. Taylor. 1977. Iron oxides. In: Minerals in soil environments, J.B. Dixon and S.B. Weed, eds. pp. 145–179. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Madison, Wis. USA.
Schwertmann, U. and R.M. Taylor. 1979. Natural and synthetic poorly crystallized lepidocrocite. Clay Min. 14: 285–293.
Schwertmann, U. and R.M. Taylor. 1981. The significance of oxides for the surface properties of soils and the usefulness of synthetic oxides as models for their study. Bull. Int. Soc. Soil Sci. No. 60: 62–66.
Schwertmann, U. and H. Thalmann. 1976. The influence of Fe(II), Si and pH on the formation of lepidocrocite and ferrihydrite during oxidation of aqueous FeCl2 solutions. Clay Min. 11: 189–200.
Schwertmann, U., L. Carlson, and H. Fechter. 1984. Iron oxide formation in artificial ground waters. Schweiz. Zeitschr. Hydrologie, (submitted).
Schwertmann, U., W.R. Fischer, and H. Papendorf. 1968. The influence of organic compounds on the formation of iron oxides. Trans. 9th. Int. Congr. Soil Sci., Adelaide, Australia. 1: 645–655.
Schwertmann, U., R.W. Fitzpatrick, R.M. Taylor, and D.G. Lewis. 1979. The influence of aluminum on iron oxides. Part II. Preparation and properties of alsubstituted hematites. Clays and Clay Min. 27: 105–112.
Schwertmann, U., H. Kodama, and W.R. Fischer. 1984. Mutual interactions between organics and iron oxides. In: Interactions of soil minerals with natural organics and microbes. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Madison, Wis. USA. In press.
Schwertmann, U., E. Murad, and D.G. Schulze. 1982. Is there holocene reddening (hematite formation) in soils of axeric temperate areas? Geoderma 27: 209–223.
Süsser, P., and U. Schwertmann. 1983. Iron oxide mineralogy of ochreous deposits in drain pipes and ditches. Z. Kulturtechnik u. Flurbereinigung 24: 386–395.
Taylor, R.M. 1980. Formation and properties of Fe(II) Fe(III) hydroxy-carbonate and its possible significance in soil formation. Clay Min. 15: 369–382.
Taylor, R.M. 1982. Colour in soils and sediments—a review. Int. Clay Conf. 1981. pp. 749–761.
Taylor, R.M. 1984. Non silicate oxides: In: The chemistry of clays. Ed. Mineralogical Society, London. In press.
Taylor, R.M., and A.M. Graley. 1967. The influence of ionic environments on the nature of iron oxides in soils. J. Soil Sci. 18: 341–348.
Taylor, R.M., and R.M. MacKenzie. 1980. The influence of aluminum on iron oxides VI. The formation of Fe(II)-Al(III) hydroxychlorides, -sulphates, and -carbonates as new members of the pyroaurite group and their significance in soils. Clays and Clay Min. 28: 179–187.
Taylor, R.M., R.M. MacKenzie, A.W. Fordham, and G.P. Gillman. 1983. Oxide minerals. CSIRO Div. Soils, Jubilee Book, Soils, an Australian viewpoint.
Taylor, R.M., and U. Schwertmann. 1974. Maghemite in soils and its origin. I Properties and observations on soil maghemites. Clay Min. 10: 289 - 298.
Taylor, R.M., and U. Schwertmann. 1978. The influence of aluminum on iron oxides. Part I. The influence of A1 on Fe-oxide formation from the Fe(II) system. Clays and Clay Min. 26: 373–383.
Thiel, R. 1963. Zum System a-FeOOH-a-AlOOH. Z. anorg. allg. Chem. 326: 70–78.
Tipping, E., C. Woof, and D. Cooke. 1981. Iron oxide from a seasonally anoxic lake. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 45: 1411–1419.
Torrent, J., R. Guzmann and M.A. Parra. 1982. Influence of relative humidity on the crystallization of Fe(III) oxides from ferrihydrite. Clays and Clay Min. 30: 337–340.
Torrent, J., U. Schwertmann, H. Fechter, and F. Alferez. 1984. Quantitative relationships between soil colour and hematite content. Soil Sci. 136: 354–358.
Torrent, J., U. Schwertmann, and D.G. Schulze. 1980. Iron oxide mineralogy of some soils of two river terrace sequences in Spain. Geoderma 23: 191–208.
Towe, K.M. and W.F. Bradley. 1967. Mineralogical constitution of colloidal “hydrous ferric oxide.” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 24: 384–392.
Van der Marel, H.W. 1951. Gamma ferric oxide in sediments. J. Sediment Petrol. 21: 12–21.
Williams. J. and R.J. Coventry. 1979. The contrasting hydrology of red and yellow earths in a landscape of low relief. In: The hydrology of areas of low precipitation. Proc. Symp. Canberry, Int. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol., Publ. 128: 385–395.
Wolska, E. 1976. Über die Koexistenz der Aluminum- und Eisen(III)-hydroxideund-oxide. Mh. Chem. 107: 349–357.
Yapp, C.J. 1983. Effects of AlOOH-FeOOH solid solution on goethite-hematite equilibrium. Clays and Clay Min. 31: 239–240.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1958 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schwertmann, U. (1958). The Effect of Pedogenic Environments on Iron Oxide Minerals. In: Stewart, B.A. (eds) Advances in Soil Science. Advances in Soil Science, vol 1. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5046-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5046-3_5
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9539-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5046-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive