Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Heart and Circulation: Anatomy, Hemodynamics, Blood Pressure, Blood Flow

  • Chapter
Avian Physiology

Abstract

The heart of most birds is located in the thorax slightly to the left of the median line and is almost parallel to the long axis of the body, except that the apex may be bent to the right (Figure 6–1). The heart is surrounded by the pericardial sac. The bird heart, like the mammal’s, has four chambers, two atria and two ventricles. The right atrium is usually larger than the left. The left ventricle is usually three or more times larger than the right and is considerably thicker. The radii of curvature at the apex are less than at the base and therefore tension and pressure here are less. Avian cardiac muscle has no transverse tubules and the fibers are much smaller than mammalian ones (Sommer and Steere, 1969; Akester, 1971). The atria have openings into the ventricles, which are closed by the atrioventricular (AV) valves (Figure 6–2). The left valve is thin, membranous, and bicuspid, as it is in mammals. The right valve is simply a muscular flap. It originates at the right side of base of the pulmonary artery, where it is held up by trabecular muscle.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abati, A., and J.J. McGrath (1973). Physiological responses to acute hypoxia in altitude acclimatized chicken. J. Appl. Physiol., 34, 804.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Magied, E.T.M. (1978). Encapsulated sensory receptors in the wall of avian common carotid. J. Anat., 127, 198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abraham, A. (1969). “Microscopic Innervation of the Heart and Blood Vessels in Vertebrates Including Man.” Oxford: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, W.R. (1958). “Comparative Morphology of the Carotid Body.” Springfield: Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akers, T.K., and C.N. Peiss. (1963). Comparative study of effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine on cardiovascular system of turtle, alligator, chicken and opossum. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 112, 396.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akester, A.K. (1971). The heart (Chapter 31) and Blood vascular system (Chapter 32). In “Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl,” Vol 2 (D.J. Bell and B.M. Freeman, Eds.). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akester, A.R. (1967). Renal portal shunts in the kidney of domestic fowl. J. Anat., 101, 241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ames, E., and E. Skadhauge. (1971). Effects of arginine vasotocin on excretion of Na, K, CI, and urea in hydrated chicken. Am. J. Physiol., 221, 1223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen, H.T. (1966). Physiological adaptations in diving vertebrates. Physiol. Rev., 46, 212.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bamford, O.S., and G.M.O. Maloiy. (1980). Energy metabolism and heart rate during treadmill exercise in the Marabou stork. J. Appl. Physiol., 53, 211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baudinette, R.V., A.L. Tonkin, J. Orbach, R.S. Seymour, and J.F. Wheeldrake. (1982). Cardiovascular function during treadmill exercise in the turkey. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 72, 327.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baudinette, R.V., J.P. Loveridge, K.J. Wilson, C.D. Mills, and K. Schmidt-Nielsen. (1978). Heat loss from feet of herring gulls at rest and during flight. Am. J. Physiol., 230, 920.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumel,J., and L. Gerchman. (1968). The avian intercarotid anastomosis and its homologue in other vertebrates. Am. J. Anat., 122, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bech, C., W. Rautenberg, B. May, and K. Johansen. (1980). Effect of spinal cord temperature on carotid blood flow in the Peking duck. Pfleugers Arch., 385, 269.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bech, C, and K. Johansen. (1980). Blood flow changes in the duck during thermal panting. Acta Physiol. Scand., 110, 351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bech, C., and S. Nomoto. (1982). Cardiovascular changes associated with treadmill running in the Peking duck. J. Exp. Biol., 97, 345.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, C. (1969). Indirect cholingeric vasomotor control of intestinal blood flow in the domestic fowl. J. Physiol., 205, 317.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, C., and C. Rome. (1984). Pharmacological investiga-tions of the vasodilator nerves supplying the duck’s foot. Br. J. Pharmacol., 82, 801.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, T., and T. Malmfors. (1970). The adrenergic ner-vous system of the domestic fowl. Z. Zelliorsch. Mikrosk. Anat., 106, 22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, M., J.S. Hart, and O.Z. Roy. (1970). Respiration oxygen consumption and heart rate in some birds during rest and flight. Z. Vgl. Physiol., 66, 201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Besch, E.B., and H. Kadono. (1977). Hypoxia: International Satellite Symposium on Respiratory Function of Birds, Adults and Embryonic, 27th, Gottingen, Germany, 1977. Berlin and New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boelkins, J.N., W.J. Mueller, and K.L. Hall. (1973). Cardiac output distribution in the laying hen during shell formation. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 46, 735.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolden, S.L., L.M. Krista, G.R. McDaniel, L.E. Miller, and E.C. Nora. (1983). Effect of aortic atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular variables among hyper- and hypotensive turkeys. Poult. Sci., 62, 1287.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolton, T.B. (1967). Intramural nerves in ventricular myocardium of domestic fowl and other animals. Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother., 31, 253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolton, T.B. (1968). Studies on the longitudinal muscle of the anterior mesenteric artery of domestic fowl. J. Physiol. (London), 196, 273.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braun, E.J., and W.H. Dantzler. (1974). Effect of ADH on single nephron glomerular filtration rate in the avian kidney. Am. J. Physiol., 226, 1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braun, E.J., M.E. Burrows, and S.P. Duckies. (1982). Avian renal portal valve: a reexamination of its control. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., 41, 1008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bredick, H.E. (I960). Intraventricular pressure in chickens. Am. J. Physiol., 198, 153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brush, A.H. (1966). Avian heart size and cardiovascular performance. Auk, 83, 266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunag, R.D., and E.J. Walaszek. (1962). Blockade of depressor responses to serotonin and tryptamine by lipergic acid derivatives in the chicken. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn., 135, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, R.R., and J.R. Beljan. (1970). Animal restraint: Application in space environment. Aerospace Med., 41, 1061.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, R.R., E.L. Besch, and A.H. Smith. (1968). Effect of chronic hypoxia on the pulmonary arterial blood pressure of the chicken. Am. J. Physiol., 214, 1438.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, P.J. (1967). The effect of progressive hypoxia on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems of chickens. J. Physiol., 191, 309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, P.J. (1970). The effect of progressive hypoxia on the respiratory systems of pigeon and duck. J. Physiol., 210, 527.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, P.J., and D.R. Jones. (1968). Onset of, and recovery from diving bradycardia in ducks. J. Physiol. (London), 196, 255.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, P.J., and D.R. Jones. (1971). Variations in heart rate and regional distribution of blood flow on the normal pressor response to diving in ducks. J. Physiol. (London), 214, 457.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, P.J., and A.J. Woakes. (1980). Heart rate, respiratory frequency and wing beat frequency of freeflying barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis). J. Exp. Biol., 85, 213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, P.J., and D.R. Jones. (1982). Comparative physiology of diving in vertebrates. Adv. Comp. Physiol. Biochem., 8, 179.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, P.J., N.H. West, and D.R. Jones. (1977). Respiratory and cardiovascular responses of the pigeon to sustained level flight in a wind tunnel. J. Exp. Biol., 71, 7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, R.G., and D.F. Opdyke. (1982). Evolution of angiotensin II-induced catecholamine release. Am. J. Physiol., 243, R65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Catlett, R.L., and B.L. Johnson. (1974). Cardiac responses to diving in wild ducks. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 47, 925.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chand, N., and P. Eyre. (1975). Cardiovascular histamine receptors in the domestic chicken. Arch. Mt. Pharmacodyn. Ther., 216, 197.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, T.W. (1970). Effects of oxytocin and adrenaline on oviduct motility, blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration rate of domestic hen. Nanyang Univ. J., 4, 178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, E.B., and N. Hu. (1982). Developmental hemody-namic changes in the chick embryo from stages 18 to 27. Circ. Res., 51, 810.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, D.H. and A.M. Schnall. (1970). Medullary cells of origin of vagal cardioinhibitory fibers in pigeon. II: Electrical stimulation of the dorsal motor nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 140, 321.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, P.A., W.R. Siegfried, and P.G.H. Frost. (1977). Some physiological and biochemical adaptations to diving in three species of ducks. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 57, 277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dijk J.A . (1932). Arch. Neerl. Physiol., 17, 495. Cited from Prosser. (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreyer, M.V., H.P.A. De Boom, P.D. De Wet, J.M.W. Le Roux, D.J. Coetzer, and F. Eloff. (1977). Excision and localization of the avian carotid body. Acta Anat., 99, 192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Durfee, W.K. (1963). Cardiovascular reflex mechanisms in the fowl. Ph.D. Thesis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durfee, W.K., and P.D. Sturkie. (1963). Some cardiovascular responses to anoxia in the fowl. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., 22, 182.

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Ackad, T.M. (1972). Histamine in the avian cardiovascular system. Thesis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Ackad, T., M. and P.D. Sturkie. (1972). Histamine in blood and tissues of Aves. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 141, 448.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Halawani, M.E., P.E. Waibel, J.R. Appel, and A.L. Good. (1973). Catecholamines and monoamine oxidase activity in turkeys with high or low blood pressure. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 35, 463.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fedde, M.R., and M.M. Guffy. (1983). Routes of blood supply to the head of the Peking duck. Poult. Sci., 62, 1660.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feigl, E., and B. Folkow. (1963). Cardiovascular responses in diving and during brain stimulation in ducks. Acta Physiol. Scand., 57, 99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, T.M., D.H. Miller, J.W. Bradley, and R.L. Atkinson. (1969). Blood pressure and heart rate of turkeys, 17–21 months of age. Poult. Sci., 48, 1478.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fich, S., and W. Welkowitz. (1973). Perspectives in cardiovascular analysis and assistance. In “Perspectives in Biomedical Engineering” (R. M. Kenedi, Ed.). Baltimore: University Park Press. Proc. of Symposium held at University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, in 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folkow, B., and E.H. Rubinstein. (1965). Effect of brain stimulation on diving in ducks. Hralrad Skrifter NR. Videnck-Akad. (Oslo), 48, 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folkow, B., K. Fuxe, and R.R. Sonnenschein. (1966). Responses of skeletal musculature and its vasculature during diving in the duck: Pecularities of adrenergic vasoconstriction innervation. Acta Physiol. Scand., 67, 327.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Folkow, B., N.J. Nilsson, and L.R. Yonce. (1967). Effects of diving on cardiac output in ducks. Acta Physiol. Scand., 70, 347.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Folkow, B., and R. Yonce. (1967). The negative inotropic effect of vagal stimulation on the heart ventricles of the duck. Acta. Physiol. Scand., 71, 77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Girard. H. (1973). Arterial pressure in chick embryos. Am. J. Physiol., 224, 454.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gooden, B.A. (1980). The effects of hypoxia on the vasoconstrictor response of isolated mesenteric arterial vasculature from chickens and ducklings. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., C: Comp. Pharmacol., 67, 249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glenny, F.H. (1940). A systematic study of the main arteries in the region of the heart of aves. Anat. Rec., 76, 371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, K. (1974). Studies on Physiology of serotonin. Ph.D. Thesis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, K., and P.D. Sturkie. (1975). Concentration of serotonin in intestine and factors affecting its release. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 148, 1261.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grubb, B. (1981). Blood flow and O2 consumption in avian skeletal muscle during hypoxia. Am. J. Physiol., 50, R450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grubb, B. (1982). Cardiac output and stroke volume in exercising ducks and pigeons. J. Appl. Physiol., 53, 211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grubb, B. (1983). Allometric relations of cardiovascular function in birds. Am J. Physiol., 245, H567.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grubb, B., C.D. Mills, J.M. Colacino, and K. Schmidt-Niel-sen. (1977). Effect of arterial C02 on cerebral blood flow in ducks. Am. J. Physiol., 232, H596.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grubb, B., J.M. Colacino, and K. Schmidt-Nielsen (1978). Cerebral blood flow in birds. Effect of hypoxia. Am. J. Physiol., 234, H230.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grubb, B., J.H. Jones, and K. Schmidt-Nielsen. (1979). Avian cerebral blood flow. Influence of the Bohr effect on oxygen supply. Am. J. Physiol., 236, H744.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grubb, B., D.D. Jorgensen, and M. Conner. (1983). Cardio-vascular changes in the exercising Emu. J. Exp. Biol., 104, 193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamlin, R.L., and R.M. Kondrich. (1969). Hypertension regulation of heart rate and possible mechanism contributing to aortic rupture in turkeys. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., 28, 329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartman, F.A. (1955). Heart weight in birds. Condor, 57, 221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, S.C., E.G. Copen, D.W. Eskelson, S.R. Graff, L.D. Poulsen, and D.L. Rasmussen. (1954). Autonomic pharmacology of the chicken with particular reference to adrenergic blockade. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 112, 8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heymans, C., and E. Neil. (1958). “Reflexogenic Areas of the Cardiovascular System.” Boston: Little, Brown & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, E.F. (1970). “The Innervation of the Vertebrate Heart.” Springfield: Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollands, K.G., R.S. Gowe, and P.M. Morse. (1965). Effects of food restriction on blood pressure, heart rate and certain organ weights of the chicken. Poult. Sci., 6, 297.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollands, K.G., and E.S. Merritt. (1973). Blood pressure and its genetic variation and co-variation with certain economic traits in egg type chickens. Poult. Sci., 52, 1722.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horton, E.W. (1971). Prostaglandins. In “Physiology and Biochemistry of the Fowl” (D.G. Bell and B.M. Freeman, Eds.), New York: Academic Press. 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunsaker, W.G. (1959). Blood flow and calcium transfer through uterus of hen. Ph.D. thesis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johansen, K. (1964). Regional distribution of circulating blood during submersion asphyxia in the duck. Acta Physiol. Scand., 62, 1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, P. (1983). Comparative aspects of central cardiovascular control with special reference to adrenergic mechanisms. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., C: Comp. Pharmacol., 74, 239.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R.E., and F.R. Lockner. (1968). Heart size and altitude in ptarmigan. Condor, 70, 185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D.R. (1969). Avian afferent vagal activity related to respiratory and cardiac cycles. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 28, 961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D.R. (1973). Systemic arterial baroreceptors in ducks and the consequence of their denervation on some cardiovascular responses to diving. J Physiol. 234, 499, 518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D.R. (1981). Control of cardiovascular adjustments to diving in birds and mammals. “Advances in Physiological Sciences,” Vol 20, Advances in Animal and Comparative Physiology (G. Pethes and V. L. Frenyo, Eds.), p. 307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D.R., and P.J. Butler. (1982). On the cardioinhibitory role of water immersion per se in ducklings during submersion. Can. J. Zool., 60, 830.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D.R., and K. Johansen. (1972). The blood vascular system of birds. In “Avian Biology,” Vol III, (D.S. Farner and J.R. King, Eds.). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D.R., and M.J. Purves. (1970). The effects of carotid denervation upon the respiratory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia in the duck. J. Physiol., 211, 295.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D.R., and G.F. Holeton. (1972). Cardiovascular and respiratory responses of ducks to progressive hypocapnic hypoxia. J. Exp. Biol., 56, 657.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D.R., R.M. Bryan, Jr., N.W. West, R.H. Lord, and B. Clark. (1979). Regional distribution of blood flow during diving in the Auk. Can. J. Zool., 57, 995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D.R., W.K. Milson, and N.H. West. (1980). Cardiac receptors in ducks: The effect of their stimulation and blockade on diving bradycardia. Am. J. Physiol., 7, R50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D.R., W.K. Milsom, and G.R.J. Gabbott. (1982). Role of central and peripheral chemoreceptors in diving responses of ducks.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D.R., W.K. Milsom, F.M. Smith, N.H. West, and O.S. Bamford. (1983). Diving responses in ducks after acute barodenervation. Am. J. Physiol., 245, R222.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King, D.Z., and A.S. King. (1978). A possible aortic vasore- ceptor zone in the domestic fowl. J. Anat., 127, 195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, K., W. Lochner and E. Wetterer. (1963). Methods of measuring bloodflow. In “Handbook of Physiology,” Section 2, Vol 2. (W. F. Hamilton & P. Dow, Eds.), American Physiological Society. Chapter 38, p. 1277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krista, L.M., R.E. Burger, and P.E. Waibel. (1963). Blood pressure and heart rate in the turkey as measured by indirect methods and their modifications by pharmacological agents. Poult. Sci., 42, 646.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krista, L.M., P.E. Waibel, R.N. Shofkner, and J.H. Souther. (1970). A study of aortic rupture and performance as influenced by selection for hypertension and hypotension in the turkey. Poult. Sci., 49, 405.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krista, L.M., E.C. Mora, and G.R. McDaniel. (1978). A com-parison between aortic lumen surfaces of hypertensive and hypotensive turkeys. Poult. Sci., 58, 738.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krista, L.M., S.D. Beckett, C.E. Branch, G.R. McDaniel, and R.M. Patterson. (1981). Cardiovascular responses in turkeys as affected by diurnal variation and stressors. Poult. Sci., 60, 462.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuenzel, W., J.W. Kusiak, P.C. Augustine, and J. Pitha. (1983). Effect of a beta-adrenergic antagonist on blood pressure, heart rate and beta-adrenoceptors in turkey poults. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., C: Comp. Pharmacol., 76, 371.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langille, B.L., and D.R. Jones. (1975). Central cardiovascular dynamics of ducks. Am. J. Physiol., 228, 1856.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langille, B.L. (1983). Role of venoconstriction in the cardiovascular responses to head immersion. Am. J. Physiol., 244, R292.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenel, R., L.N. Katz, and S. Rodbard. (1948). Arterial hypertension in the chicken. Am. J. Physiol., 152, 557.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lillo, R.S., and D.R. Jones (1982a). Control of diving responses by carotid bodies and baroreceptors in ducks. Am. J. Physiol., 11, R105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lillo, R.S., and D.R. Jones. (1982b). Effects of cardiovascular variables on hyperpnea during recovery from diving. J. Appl. Physiol., 52, 206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, Y.C., P.D. Sturkie, and J. Tummons. (1970). Effects of cardiac sympathectomy reserpine and environmental temperatures on catecholamines, in the chicken heart. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 48, 182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, F.E. (1967). The cardiac veins of Gallus domesticus. J. Anat., 101, 555.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, S., and M. Pickford. (1961). The persistence of a depressor response to oxytocin after denervation and blocking agents. B. J. Pharmacol. Chemother., 16, 129.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magno, M.G. (1973). Cardiorespiratory responses to carotid body stimulation with NaCN in the chicken. Respir. Physiol., 17, 220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magno, M.G., and P.D. Sturkie. (1969). The mechanism of the phase lag of respiratory blood pressure waves in chickens. Physiologist, 12, 290 (Abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Malinow, M.R., and J.A. Moguilevsky. (1961). Effects of es-trogens on atherosclerosis. Nature (London), 190, 422.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manoch, M.A., S. Gitter, I.M. Levinger, and S. Strieker. (1971). On the origin of respiratory waves in the circulation. Pfleugers Arch., 325, 50.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGinnis, C.H., and R.K. Ringer. (1966). Carotid sinus reflex in the chicken. Poult. Sci., 45, 402.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGinnis, C.H., and R.K. Ringer. (1967). Arterial occlusion and cephalic baroreceptors in the chicken. Am. J. Vet. Res., 28, 1117.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGregor, D.D. (1979). Non-cholinergic vasodilator innervation in the feet of ducks and chickens. Am. J. Physiol., 237, H117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merrill, G., R.E. Russo, and J.M. Halper. (1981). Cardiac output distribution before and after endotoxin challenge in the rooster. Am. J. Physiol., 241, R67.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Midgard, U., and C. Bech. (1981). Responses to catecholamines and nerve stimulation of the perfused rate tibotarsale and associated blood vessels in the hind limb of the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). Acta Physiol. Scand., 112, 77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millard, R.W., K. Johansen, and G. Milsom (1972). Unpublished data; see D.R. Jones and K. Johansen. (1972). In “Blood Vascular System of Birds” (D.S. Farner, U.J.R. King, Eds.). New York: Academic Press, Chapter 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, A.F. (1980). The actions of Angiotensin II in the chicken. In “The Renin Angiotensin System” (J.A.Johnson and R.R. Anderson, Eds.). New York: Plenum, p. 79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moynihan, J.B., and N.A. Edwards. (1975). Blood flow in the reproductive tract of the domestic hen. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 51, 745.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller, H.D., and M.E. Caroll. (1966). The relationship of blood pressure, heart rate, and body weight to aging in the domestic fowl. Poult. Sci., 45, 1195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murillo-Perrol, N.L. (1967). The development of the carotid body in Gallus domesticus. Acta Anat., 68, 102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, Y., H. Nishimura, and M.C. Khosta. (1982). Va-sodepressor action of Angiotensin in conscious chickens. Am. J. Physiol., 243, H456.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Natoff, I.L., and M. Lockett. (1957). The assay of histamine, 5-HT, adrenaline and noradrenaline on blood pressure of the fowl. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 9, 467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickel, R., A. Schummer, E. Seiferle, W.G. Siller, and P.A.L. Wright. (1977). Anatomy of the Domestic Birds. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishimura, H., Y. Nakamura, R.P. Sumner, and M.C. Khosla. (1982). Vasopressor and depressor actions of angiotensin in the anesthetized fowl. Am. J. Physiol., 242, H314.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nolan, W.F., W.W. Weathers, and P.D. Sturkie. (1978). Thermally induced peripheral blood flow changes in chickens. J. Appl. Physiol., 44, 81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odlind, B. (1978). Blood flow distribution in the renal portal system of intact hen. A study of the venous system using microspheres. Acta Physiol. Scand., 102, 342.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paff, G.H., R.J. Boucek, and G.S. Gutten. (1965). Ventricular blood pressures and competency of valves in early embryonic chick heart. Anat. Rec., 151, 119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petren, T. (1926). Die coronararterien des vogelherzens. Morphol., Jahrb., 56, 239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piiper, J., F. Drees, and P. Scheid. (1970). Gas exchange in the domestic fowl during spontaneous breathing and artificial ventilation. Respir. Physiol., 9, 234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ploucha, J.M., R.K. Ringer, and J.B. Scott. (1981). Vascular responses of the chicken hind limb to vasoactive agents, asphyxia, and exercise. Can. J. Physiol., 59, 1228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ploucha, J.M., and R.K. Ringer. (1981). Aortic wave velocity in chickens and ducks. Poult. Sci., 60, 2337.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Portmann, A. (1950). Des organes de la circulation sanguine. In “Traite de Zoologie,” Vol 15 (P. P. Grasse, Ed.). Paris: Masson, p. 243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray, P.J., and M.R. Fedde. (1969). Responses to alterations in respiratory PO2 and PCO2 in the chicken. Respir. Physiol., 6, 135.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, S.A., and A.H. Sykes. (1967). The effects of hypoxia, hypercapnia, and asphyxia in the domestic fowl. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 21, 691.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ringer, R.K. (1968). Blood pressure of Japanese and bob- white quail. Poult. Sci., 47, 1602.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ringer, R.K., and K. Rodd. (1959). Hemodynamic changes associated with aging in the bronze turkey. Poult. Sci., 38, 395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ringer, R.K., H.S. Weiss, and P.D. Sturkie. (1955). Effect of sex and age on blood pressure in the duck and pigeon. Am. J. Physiol., 183, 141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ringer, R.K., P.D. Sturkie, and H.S. Weiss. (1957). Role of gonads in the control of blood pressure in chickens. Am. J. Physiol., 190, 54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodbard, S., and A. Fink. (1948). Effects of body temperature changes on the circulation time in the chicken. Am. J. Physiol., 152, 383.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodbard, S., and Katz, L.N. (1949). The pulmonary arterial pressure. Am. Heart J., 38, 863.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodbard, S., and M. Tolpin. (1947). A relationship between body temperature and the blood pressure in the chicken. Am. J. Physiol., 151, 509.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodbard, S., N. Reyes, G. Mininni, and H. Saiki. (1954). Neurohumoral transmission of the pressor response to intracranial compression. Am. J. Physiol., 176, 455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapirstein, L.A., and F.A. Hartman. (1959). Cardiac output and its distribution in the chicken. Am. J. Physiol., 196, 751.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaible, T.F. (1977). Some aspects of the physiology and pharmacology of histamine in the mesenteric vasculature and tissues of the chicken. Thesis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scanes, C.G., H. Mozolic, E. Kavanagh, G. Merrill, and J. Rabii. (1982). Distribution of blood flow in the ovary of domestic fowl and changes after prostaglandin F-2a treatment. J. Reprod. Fertil., 64, 227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sillau, A.H., S. Cueva, and P. Morales. (1980). Pulmonary arterial hypertension in male and female chickens at 3300 meters. Pfleugers Arch., 366, 269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, C.G. (1982). Antihypertensive effect of Captopril in turkeys. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 169, 101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, C.F., R.H. Harms, and B.L. Damron. (1965). Fail-ure of reserpine to modify the incidence of aortic ruptures induced in turkeys by diethylstilbestrol. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 120, 321.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sisson, S., and J.D. Grossman. (1953). “Anatomy of domestic animals” (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A.H., W.L. Spangler, J.M. Goldberg, and E.A. Rhode. (1979). Tolerance of domestic fowl to high sustained G’s. Aviat. Space Environ. Med., 50, 120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommer, J.R., and R.J. Steere. (1969). Transverse tubules in chicken cardiac muscle. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., 28, 328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Speckman, E.W., and R.K. Ringer. (1962). The influence of reserpine on plasma cholestrol, hemodynamics, and arteriosclerotic lesions in Bronze turkeys. Poult. Sci., 41, 40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Speckman, E.W., and R.K. Ringer. (1963). The cardiac output and carotid and tibial blood pressure of the turkey. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol., 41, 2337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Speckman, E.W., and R.K. Ringer. (1964). Static elastic modulus of the turkey aorta. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 42, 553.

    Google Scholar 

  • Speckman, E.W., and R.K. Ringer. (1966). Volume pressure relationship in the turkey. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 44, 901.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strano, J.J., W. Welkowitz, and S. Fish. (1972). Measurement and utilization of in vivo blood pressure transfer functions of dog and chicken aortas. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., 19, 261.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stubel, H.S. (1910). Beiträge zur kenntnis der physiologie des blutkreislautes der verschiedenen. Arch. Gesamte Physiol. Menschen Tiere, 135, 249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie, P.D. (1965). Avian Physiology, 2nd edition, Cornell Press, Ithaca, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie, P.D. (1966). Cardiac output in ducks. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 123, 487.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie, P.D. (1967). Cardiovascular effects of acclimatization of heat and cold in chickens. J. Appl. Physiol., 22, 13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie, P.D. (1970a). Seven generations of selection for high and low blood pressure in chickens. Poult. Sci., 49, 953.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie, P.D. (1970b). Circulation in Aves. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., 29, 1674.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie, P.D. (Ed.). (1976). Circulation. In “Avian Physiology,” (3d ed.) New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie, P.D., and R.K. Ringer. (1955). Effects of suppression of pituitary gonadotrophin on blood pressure in the fowl. Am. J. Physiol., 180, 53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie, P.D., and J.A. Vogel. (1959). Cardiac output, central blood volume and peripheral resistance in chickens. Am. J. Physiol., 197, 1165.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie, P.D., and K. Textor. (1961). Relationship of blood pressure level in chickens to resistance to physical stresses. Am. J. Physiol., 200, 1155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie, P.D., and J.M. Eiel. (1966). Effects of estrogen on cardiac output, blood volume, and plasma lipids of the cock. J. Appl. Physiol., 21, 1927.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie, P.D. and Yuchong, Lin. (1968). Sex difference in blood norepinephrine of chickens. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 24, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie, P.D., and D.W. Poorvin. (1973). The avian neurotransmitter. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 143, 644.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie, P.D., H.S. Weiss, and R.K. Ringer. (1953). The effects of age on blood pressure in the fowl. Am. J. Physiol., 174, 405.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie, P.D., R.K. Ringer, and N.S. Weiss. (1956). Relationship of blood pressure to mortality in chickens. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 92, 301.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie, P.D., W. Durfee, and M. Sheahan. (1957). Demonstration of an improved method on taking blood pressure in chickens. Poult. Sci., 36, 1160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie, P.D., W.K. Durfee, and M. Sheahan. (1958). Effects of reserpine on the fowl. Am. J. Physiol., 194, 184.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie, P.D., J.A. Vogel, and K. Textor. (1962). Cardiovascular differences between high and low blood pressure chickens. Poult. Sci., 41, 1619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie, P.D., D. Poorvin, and N. Ossario. (1970). Levels of epinephrine, and norepinephrine in blood and tissues of duck, pigeon, turkey and chicken. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 135, 267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie, P.D., J.J. Woods, and D. Meyer. (1972). Serotonin levels in blood, heart, and spleen of chickens, ducks, and pigeons. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 139, 364.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie, P.D., and A. Abati. (1975). Blood flow in mesenteric, hepatic portal and renal portal veins of chickens. Pfleugers Arch., 359, 127.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie, P.D., G. Dirner, and R. Gister. (1977). Shunting of blood flow from the renal portal to hepatic portal circulation of chickens. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 58, 213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie, P.D., G. Dimer and R. Gister. (1978). Role of renal portal valve in the shunting of blood flow in renal and hepatic portal circulations of chickens. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., C: Comp. Pharmacol. 59, 95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, M.G. (1964). Wave travel in arteries and the design of the cardiovascular system. In “Pulsatile Blood Flow” (E.O. Attinger, Ed.). New York: McGraw Hill, Chapter 21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tazawa, H. (1981a). Measurement of blood pressure of chick embryos with an implanted needle catheter. J. Appl. Physiol., 51, 1023.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tazawa, H. (1981b). Effect of 02 and C02 in N2, He, and SF6 on chick embryo blood pressure and heart rate. J. Appl. Physiol., 51, 1017.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, R.M., and J.M. Coon. (1948). Effects of adrenolytic agents on response to pressor substances in the domestic fowl. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., 7, 259.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, V.A. (1968a). Respiratory exchange and evaporative water loss in the flying Budgerigar. J. Exp. Biol., 48, 67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, V.A. (1968b). Respiratory physiology of house sparrows in relation to high altitude flight. J. Exp. Biol., 48, 55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, V.A. (1972). Metabolism during flight in the laughing gull, Larus atricilla. Am. J. Physiol., 22, 237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tummons, J.L. (1970). Nervous control of heart rate in domestic fowl. Ph.D. thesis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tummons, J.L., and P.D. Sturkie. (1969). Nervous control of heart rate during excitement in the adult Leghorn cock. Am. J. Physiol., 216, 1437.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Mierop, L.H.S., and C.J. Bertuch. (1967). Development of arterial blood pressure in the chick embryo. Am. J. Physiol., 212, 43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, J. (1961). Studies on cardiac output in the chicken. Ph. D. thesis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, J.A., and P.D. Sturkie. (1963a). Effects of starvation in the cardiovascular system of chickens. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 112, 111.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel, J.A., and P.D. Sturkie. (1963b). Cardiovascular responses on chicken to seasonal and induced temperature changes. Science, 140, 1404.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, H.S., and P.D. Sturkie. (1951). An indirect method for measuring blood pressure in chickens. Poult. Sci., 30, 587.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, H.S., and M. Sheahan. (1958). The influence of maturity and sex on blood pressure of turkeys. Am. J. Vet. Res., 19, 209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, H.S., R.K. Ringer, and P.D. Sturkie. (1957). Development of the sex difference in blood pressure of chickens. Am. J. Physiol., 188, 383.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, H.S., H. Fisher, and P. Griminger. (1961). Seasonal variation in avian blood pressure. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., 2, 115 (abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Welkowitz, W., and S. Fich. (1967). A non-uniform hybrid model of the aorta. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 29, 316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittow, G.C., P.D. Sturkie, and G. Stein, Jr. (1964). Cardio-vascular changes associated with thermal polypnea in the chicken. Am. J. Physiol., 207, 1349.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whittow, G.C., P.D. Sturkie, and G. Stein, Jr. (1965a). Cardiovascular effects of hypothermia in the chicken. Nature (London), 206, 200.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whittow, G.C., P.D. Sturkie, and G. Stein, Jr. (1965b). Cardiovascular changes in restrained chickens. Poult. Sci., 44, 1452.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J.R., and D.G. Butler. (1983a). Neural mechanisms affecting pressor responses to angiotensins in the Peking duck. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 74, 351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J.R., and D.G. Butler. (1983b). 6-Hydroxydopamine treatment diminishes noradrenergic and pressor responses to angiotensin II in adrenalectomized ducks. Endocrinology, 112, 653.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J.R., and D.G. Butler. (1983c). Adrenalectomy inhibits noradrenergic, adrenergic and vasopressor responses to Angiotensin II in Peking duck. Endocrinology, 112, 645.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woakes, A.J., and P.J. Butler. (1983). Swimming and diving in tufted ducks with particular reference to heart rate and gas exchange. J. Exp. Biol., 107, 311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfenson, D., A. Berman, Y.F. Frei, and N. Snapir. (1978). Measurement of blood flow distribution by radioactive mi-crospheres in the laying hen. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 61, 549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfenson, D., Y.F. Frei, N. Snapir, and A. Berman. (1981). Heat stress effects of capillary blood flow and its redistribution in the laying hen. Pfleugers Arch., 390, 86.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfenson, D., Y.F. Frei, and A. Berman. (1982). Responses of the reproductive vascular system during the egg formation cycle of unanesthetized laying hens. Br. Poult. Sci., 23, 425.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, J.J. (1971). Studies on the distribution and action of serotonin in the avian cardiovascular system. Ph.D. Thesis, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodbury, R.A., and W.F. Hamilton. (1937). Blood pressure studies in small animals. Am. J. Physiol., 119, 663.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodbury, R.A., and B.E. Abreu. (1944). Influence of oxytocin (pitocin) upon heart and blood pressure. Am. J. Physiol., 142, 114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wooley, P. (1959). The effect of posterior lobe pituitary extracts on blood pressure in several vertebrate species. J. Exp. Biol., 36, 453.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. P. D. Sturkie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Sciences, Cook College, Rutgers University, 08903, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

    P. D. Sturkie Ph.D. (Emeritus Professor of Physiology) (Emeritus Professor of Physiology)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sturkie, P.D. (1986). Heart and Circulation: Anatomy, Hemodynamics, Blood Pressure, Blood Flow. In: Sturkie, P.D. (eds) Avian Physiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4862-0_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4862-0_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9335-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-4862-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation