Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Avian Physiology pp 494–504Cite as

Pancreas and Pineal

  • Chapter

  • 1235 Accesses

Abstract

The avian pancreas is located in the abdominal cavity of all birds on the right side; it is tightly bound by mesentery and blood vessels in position between the descending and ascending duodenal loops. This organ varies greatly in size, although it is always well formed and exhibits discrete characteristics. It varies in weight, from 2 to 4 g in 1.5–2.1 kg adult chickens to a mere fraction of a gram in most passerine species, whose body weight may be at the most a few grams. Generally, it has a smooth macroscopic appearance, is yellowish white in color, and does not exhibit the highly vascular appearance so common to other vertebrate endocrine glands such as thyroid and adrenal tissue, etc.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

Pancreas

  • Andrew, A. (1977). Pancreatic D cells in very young chick embryos. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 31, 463.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beaupain, D., and F. Dieterlen-Lievre. (1974). Etude immunocytologique de la differ enciation du pancreas endocrine chez l’embryon de poulet. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 23, 421.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benzo, C.A., and T.D. Green. (1974). Functional differentiation of the chick endocrine pancreas: insulin storage and secretion. Anat. Rec., 180, 491.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benzo, C.A., and S.B. Stearns. (1975). Radioimmunological evidence for early functional activity in chick embryonic alpha cells. Am. J. Anat., 142, 515.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, D.P., W. Stauffacher, L. Orci, M. Amherdt, and A.E. Renold. (1972). Defective immunoreactive insulin secretion in Acomys cahirinus. Diabetes, 21, 1060.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cieslak, S.R. (1984). Master’s Thesis, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cieslak, S.R., and R.L. Hazelwood. (1983). Does somatostatin (SRIF) stimulate glucagon release in Aves? Endocrinology, 112, 398 (Abstr. 1271).

    Google Scholar 

  • Colca, J.R., and R.L. Hazelwood. (1976). Pancreatectomy in the chicken: does an extra-pancreatic source of insulin exist? Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 28, 151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colca, J.R., and R.L. Hazelwood. (1982). Persistence of im-munoreactive insulin, glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide in the plasma of depancreatized chickens. J. Endocrinol. (London), 92, 317.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, E. (1973). The fine structure of the pancreatic nerves of the domestic fowl. Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat., 136, 501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DePablo, F., J. Roth, E. Hernandez, and R.M. Pruss. (1982). Insulin is present in chicken eggs and early chick embryos. Endocrinology, 111, 1909.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dieterlen-Lievre, F., and D. Beaupain. (1974). Etude immunocytologique de la différenciation du pancreas endocrine chez l’embryon de poulet. I. Ilots a insuline. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 22, 62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, J., W. Pugh, A. Yuen, and J.R. Kimmel. (1978). Differentiation of the avian endocrine pancreas. Diabetes, 27, 478 (Abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazelwood, R.L. (1976). In “Avian Physiology” (3rd ed.) (P.D. Sturkie, Ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag, Chapter 21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazelwood, R.L. (1981). In “The Islets of Langerhans” (S. Cooperstein and D. Watkins, Eds.). New York: Academic Press, Chapter 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hseih, T.M. (1951). The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system of the fowl. Ph.D. Thesis, Royal Veterinary College, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, D.L. (1971). Possible parasympathetic control of insulin secretion from the endocrine pancreas of the domestic fowl. M.S. Thesis, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langslow, D.R., J.R. Kimmel, and H.G. Pollock. (1973). Studies of the distribution of a new avian pancreatic polypeptide and insulin among birds, reptiles, amphibians and mammals. Endocrinology, 93, 558.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leibson, L., V. Bondareva, and L. Soltitskaya. (1976). The secretion and role of insulin in chick embryos and chicks. In “The Evolution of Pancreatic Islets” ( T. Grillo, L. Leibson, and A. Epple, Eds.) New York: Academic Press, p. 69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikami, S., and K. Ono. (1962). Glucagon deficiency induced by extirpation of alpha islets of the fowl pancreas. Endocrinology, 71, 464.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oakberg, E.F. (1949). Quantitative studies of pancreas and islands of Langerhans in relation to age, sex, and body weight in White Leghorn chickens. Am. J. Anat., 84, 279.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollock, H.G., and J.R. Kimmel. (1981). Immunoassay for avian pancreatic polypeptide and applications in chickens. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 45, 386.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Przbylski, R.J. (1967a). Cytodifferentiation of the chick pancreas II. Ultrastructure of the acinar cells. J. Morphol., 123, 85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Przbylski, R.J. (1967b). Cytodifferentiation of the chick pancreas. I. Ultrastructure of the islet cells and the initiation of granule formation. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 8, 115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rawdon, B.B., and A. Andrew. (1979). An immunocytochemical study of the distribution of pancreatic endocrine cells in chicks with special reference to the relationship between pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells. Histochemistry, 59, 189.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P.H. (1973). Pancreatic islets of Coturnix quail: Special reference to the islet organ of the splenic lobe. Anat. Rec., 178, 567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spiess, J., J.E. Rivier, J.A. Rodkey, C.D. Bennett, and W. Vale. (1979). Isolation and characterization of somatostatin from pigeon pancreas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 76, 2974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stellenwerf, W.A., and R.L. Hazelwood. (1978). Peripheral utilization of a glucose load in rats and chickens after alloxan and streptozotocin: A comparison. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 39, 131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swenne, I., and G. Lundquist. (1980). Islet structure and pancreatic hormone content of the developing chick embryo. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 41, 190.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trenkle, A., and K. Hopkins (1971). Immunological investigation of an insulin-like substance in the chicken egg. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 16, 493.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, T., and M. Yasuda. (1977). Electron microscopic study on the innervation of the pancreas of the domestic fowl. Cell Tissue Res., 180, 453.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weir, G.C., P.C. Goltsos, E.P. Steinberg, and Y.C. Patel. (1976). High concentration of somatostatin immunoreactivity in chicken pancreas. Diabetologia, 12, 129.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, S.C., and D. Porte, Jr. (1974). Neural control of the endocrine pancreas. Physiol. Rev., 54, 596.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pineal

  • Balemans, M. (1972). Age-dependent effects of 5-methoxytryptophol and melatonin on testes and comb growth of the White Leghorn (Gallus domesticus L.). J. Neural Transm., 33, 179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balemans, M. (1973). The inhibitory effect of 5-methoxytryptophol on ovarian weight, follicular growth, and egg production of adult White Leghorn hens (Gallus domesticus L.). J. Neural Trans., 34, 159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barchas J., F. DaCosta, and S. Spector. (1967). Acute pharmacology of melatonin. Nature (London), 214, 919.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binkley, S., E. Kluth, and M. Menaker. (1971). Pineal function in sparrows: circadian rhythms and body temperature. Science, 174, 311.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binkley, S., S. MacBride, D. Klein, and C. Ralph. (1973). Pineal enzymes: regulation of avian melatonin synthesis. Science, 181, 273.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binkley-Tatem, S. (1984). Dark and light pulses shift circadian rhythms. Satellite Symposium; 7th International Congress of Endocrinology, Abstr. H 100. J. Steroid Biochem., 20, 6B.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardinali, D.P., A.E. Cuello, J. Tramezzani, and J.M. Rosner. (1971). Effects of pinealectomy on the testicular function of the adult male duck. Endocrinology, 89, 1082.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cogburn, L.A., and P.C. Harrison. (1980). Adrenal, thyroid, and rectal temperature responses of pinealectomized cockerels to different ambient temperatures. Poult. Sci., 59 (5), 1132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deguchi, T. (1979). A circadian oscillator in cultured cells of chicken pineal gland. Nature (London), 282, 94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deguchi, T. (1981). Rhodopsin-like photosensitivity of isolated chicken pineal gland. Nature (London), 290 (5808), 706.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaston, S., and M. Menaker. (1968). Pineal function: the biological clock in sparrow. Science, 160, 1125.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grady, R.K., Jr., A. Caliguri, and I. V. Mefford. (1984). Day/night differences in pineal indoles in the adult pigeon. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., C: Comp. Pharmacol., 78, 141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gwinner, E., and I. Benzinger. (1978). Synchronization of a circadian rhythm in pinealectomized European starlings by daily injections of melatonin. J. Comp. Physiol., A, 127 (3), 209.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, P.C., and W.C. Becker. (1969). Extraretinal photocontrol of oviposition in pinealectomized domestic fowl. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 132, 164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, P.C., C.J. Organek, and L. Cogburn. (1974). Northeastern Regional report (NE-61).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedlund, L., and C.L. Ralph. (1967). Daily variation of pineal serotonin in Japanese quail and Sprague-Dawley rats. Am. Zool., 7, 712.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedlund, L., and A.V. Nalbandov. (1969). Innervation of the avian pineal body. Am. Zool., 9, 1090.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedlund, L., C.L. Ralph, J.D. Chepko, and J.J. Lynch. (1971). A diurnal serotonin cycle in the pineal body of Japanese quail: Photoperiod phasing and the effect of superior cervical ganglionectomy. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 16, 52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Homma, K., L. McFarland, and W.O. Wilson (1967). Response of the reproductive organs of the Japanese Quail to pinealectomy and melatonin injections. Poult. Sci., 46, 314.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Injidi, M.H., and J.M. Forbes. (1983). Growth and food intake of intact and pinealectomized chickens treated with melatonin and triiodothyronine. Br. Poult. Sci., 24, 463.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, H.J. (1971). Diurnal oscillations in pineal melatonin content. Life Sci., 10, 791.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacBride, S.E., C.L. Ralph, S. Binkley, and D.C. Klein. (1973). Pineal rhythms persist in superior cervical ganglioectomized chickens. Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., 32, 251 (Abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Maria, G., P. de Gallardo, and R.S. Piezzi. (1973). Serotonin content in pineal gland of Antarctic penguin. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 21, 468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, D.C., P.D. Sturkie, and K. Gross. (1973). Diurnal rhythm in serotonin of blood and pineals of chickens. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 46, 619.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, Y.S., A. Heller, R. Bhatnager, R. Wurtman, and J. Axelrod. (1968). Central control of the pineal gland: Visual pathways. Arch. Neurol., 18, 208.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moszowska, A., A. Scemama, M.M. Lombard, and M. Hery. (1973). Experimental modulation of hypothalamic content of the gonadotropic releasing factors by pineal factors in the rat. J. Neural Transm., 34, 11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pelham, R.W., and C.L. Ralph (1973). Diurnal rhythm of serum melatonin in chicken: abolition by pinealectomy. Physiologist, 16, 236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quay, W.B. (1963). Circadian rhythm in rat pineal serotonin and its modifications by estrous cycle and photoperiod. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 3, 473.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quay, W.B. (1964). Circadian and estrus rhythms in pineal melatonin and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA). Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 115, 710.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quay, W.B. (1966). Rhythmic and light-induced changes in levels of pineal 5-hydroxyindoles in the pigeon (Columba livia). Gen Comp. Endocrinol., 6, 371.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quay, W.B. (1974). “Pineal Chemistry.” Springfield: Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ralph, C.L., L. Hedlund, and W.A. Murphy. (1967). Diurnal cycles of melatonin in bird pineal bodies. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 22, 591.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, R.J. (1973). Comparative physiology: Pineal gland. Annu. Rev. Physiol., 35, 305.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saylor, A., and A. Wolfson. (1967). Avian pineal gland: progonadotrophic response in the Japanese quail. Science, 158, 1478.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shellabarger, C.J. (1953). Observations on the pineal in the White Leghorn capon and cockerel. Poult. Sci., 32, 189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, D.V., and C.W. Turner. (1967). Effect of melatonin upon the thyroid hormone secretion rate and endocrine glands of chicks. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 125, 407.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp, P.J., K. Klandorf, and R.W. Lea. (1984). Influence of lighting cycles on daily rhythms in concentrations of plasma tri-iodotyronine and thyroxine in intact and pinealectomized immature broiler hens (Gallus-domesticus). J. Endocrinol., 103, 337–345.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sturkie, P.D., J.J. Woods, and D. Meyer. (1972). Serotonin levels in blood, heart, and spleen of chickens, ducks and pigeons. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 139, 364.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, J.S., H. Hamm, and M. Menaker. (1980). Orcadian rhythms of melatonin release from individual superfused chicken pineal glands in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 77 (4), 2319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanabe, Y., K. Nakamura, and T. Nakamura. (1984). Photoperiodic regulation of plasma melatonin in intact or pinealectomized chickens. Satellite Symposium, 7th International Congress of Endocrinology, Abstr. H99. J. Steroid Biochem., 20, 6B.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wight, P.A.L., and G.M. MacKenzie. (1971). The histochemistry of the pineal gland of the domestic fowl. J. Anat., 108, 261.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wurtman, R.J., J. Axelrod, and D. Kelly. (1968). “The Pineal.” New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, N.H., and M. Menaker. (1975). Neural connections of sparrow pineal: role in circadian control of activity. Science, 190 (4213), 477.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. R. L. Hazelwood
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. C. Meyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Sciences, Cook College, Rutgers University, 08903, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

    P. D. Sturkie Ph.D. (Emeritus Professor of Physiology) (Emeritus Professor of Physiology)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hazelwood, R.L., Meyer, D.C. (1986). Pancreas and Pineal. In: Sturkie, P.D. (eds) Avian Physiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4862-0_23

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4862-0_23

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9335-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-4862-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation