Skip to main content

Acquiring and Using Words to Express Logical Relationships

  • Chapter
The Development of Word Meaning

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Cognitive Development ((2116))

  • 186 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter considers children’s understanding of a small set of terms (before, after, because, so, if, but, and or) that function to express relationships between propositions. Because these terms permit the linguistic expression of the logical structures central to human cognition, their acquisition has been of concern to investigators with a variety of interests, including language acquisition, the development of logical reasoning, and general cognitive development. Understanding how these terms are acquired ultimately contributes to our knowledge of the relationships among language, logic, and cognitive development by indicating the ways in which nonlinguistic representations are integrated with linguistic knowledge to produce descriptions of logical relationships.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Amidon, A., & Carey, P. (1972). Why five-year-olds cannot understand before and after. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 417–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baillargeon, R., Gelman, R., & Meek, B. (1981). Are preschoolers truly indifferent to causal mechanisms? Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bebout, L. J., Segalowitz, S. J., & White, G. J. (1980). Children’s comprehension of causal constructions with “because” and “so.” Child Development, 57, 565–568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bittetti-Capatides, J., Fiess, K., & Bloom, L. (1980). The contexts of causality. Paper presented at the Fifth Annual Boston University Conference on Child Language.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, L. (1970). Language development: Form and Junction in emerging grammars. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, L., Lahey, M., Hood, L., Lifter, K., & Fiess, K. (1980). Complex sentences: Acquisition of syntactic connectives and the semantic relations they encode. Journal of Child Language, 7, 235–261.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braine, M. D. S. (1978). On the relation between the natural logic of reasoning and standard logic. Psychological Review, 85, 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braine, M. D. S., & Rumain, B. (1981). Development of comprehension of “Or”: Evidence for a sequence of competencies. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 31, 46–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braine, M. D. S., & Rumain, B. (1983). Logical reasoning. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael’s manual of child psychology: Vol. 3. Cognitive development (pp. 263–340 ). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bremner, J. G. ( 1982, September). The infant’s environment and development of early knowledge. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Developmental Section of the British Psychological Society, Durham.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. L. (1976). The construction of temporal succession by preoperational children. In A. D. Pick (Ed.), Minnesota symposia on child psychology: Vol. 10 (pp. 23–83 ). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. L. (1977). Development, schooling, and the acquisition of knowledge about knowledge. In R. C. Anderson, R. J. Spiro, & W. E. Montague (Eds.), Schooling and the acquisition of knowledge. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. L., Bransford, J. D., Ferrara, R. A., & Campione, J. C. (1983). Learning, remembering, and understanding. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael’s manual of child psychology: Vol. 3. Cognitive development (pp. 77–166 ). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. L., & French, L. A. (1976). Construction and regeneration of logical sequences using causes or consequences as the point of departure. Child Development, 47, 930–940.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. L., & Murphy, M. D. (1975). Reconstruction of arbitrary versus logical sequences by preschool children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 20, 307–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. (1973). A first language: The early stages. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullock, M. ( 1981, April). Preschoolers’ understanding of causal mechanisms. Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullock, M., & Gelman, R. (1979). Preschool children’s assumptions about cause and effect: Temporal ordering. Child Development, 50, 89–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, S. (1977). Less may never mean ‘more’. In R. Campbell & P. Smith (Eds.), Recent advances in the psychology of language: Proceedings of the Stirling Conference on Psycholinguistics (pp. 109 - 132 ). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carey, S. (1982). Semantic development: The state of the art. In E. Wanner & L. R. Gleitman (Eds.), Language acquisition: The state of the art (pp. 347 - 389 ). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carni, E., & French, L. A. (1984). Before and after reconsidered: What develops? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 37, 394–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, E. V. (1971). On the acquisition of the meaning of “before” and “after.” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 10, 266–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, E. V. (1973). How children describe time and order. In C. A. Ferguson & D. I. Slobin (Eds.), Studies of child language (pp. 585–606 ). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, E. V. (1983). Meanings and concepts. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael’s manual of child psychology: Vol. 3. Cognitive development (pp. 787–840 ). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coker, P. L. (1978). Syntactic and semantic factors in the acquisition of before and after. Journal of Child Language, 5, 261–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dale, P. S. (1976). Language development: Structure and function ( 2nd ed. ), New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeLoach, J. S. (1980). Naturalistic studies of memory for object location in very young children. New Directions for Child Development, 10, 17–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson, M. (1978). Children’s minds. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, A. R. (1980). A syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic analysis of conjunction. Papers and Reports on Child Language Development, 19, 70–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, H. F. (1979). Children’s comprehension of “because” in reversible and nonreversible sentences. Journal of Child Language, 6, 279–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, H. F. (1980). Children’s judgements of correct and reversed sentences with “if.” Journal of Child Language, 7, 137–155.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ennis, R. H. (1976). An alternative to Piaget’s conceptualization of logical competence. Child Development, 47, 903–919.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiess, K., Bittetti-Capatides, J., & Bloom, L. (1979). The origin of complex sentences in language acquisition. Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, W. G. (1976). The language of disjunction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation: University of Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, W. G. (1976). The language of disjunction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation: University of Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • French, L. A. ( 1981, October). But of course preschoolers understand the meaning of ‘but’!. Paper presented at the Sixth Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • French, L. A. (1983, April). Language in scripts. In K. Nelson (Chair), Relations between event representations and language use. Symposium presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Detroit.

    Google Scholar 

  • French, L. A., & Brown, A. L. (1977). Comprehension of “before” and “after” in logical and arbitrary sequences. Journal of Child Language, 4, 247–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • French, L. A., & Nelson, K. (1981). Temporal knowledge expressed in preschoolers’ descriptions of familiar activities. Papers and Reports on Child Language Development, 20, 61–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • French, L. A., & Nelson, K. (1982). Taking away the supportive context: Preschoolers talk about the “then-and-there.” The Quarterly Newsletter of the Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition, 4, 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • French, L. A., & Nelson, K. (1983, September). The language of event descriptions. In L. French (Chair), The cognitive context of language use. Symposium presented at the Meetings of the Developmental Section of the British Psychological Society, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • French, L. A., & Nelson, K. (in press). Children’s understanding of relational terms: Some ifs, ors and buts. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallivan, J. (1982). Children’s understanding of “but”: Evidence from spontaneous production. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, Montreal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelman, R. (1978). Cognitive development. Annual Review of Psychology, 29, 297–332.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodz, N. S. (1978). Is before really easier to understand than after? Child Development, 53, 822–825.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graves, Z. R. (1981). The effect of context on mother-child interaction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation: City University of New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, S. A. (1961). A study of logical abilities in children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hood, L., & Bloom, L. (1979). What, when, and how about why: A longitudinal study of early expressions of causality. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 44 (6, Serial No. 181).

    Google Scholar 

  • Johannson, B. S., & Sjölin, B. (1975). Preschool children’s understanding of the coordinators “and” and “or.” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 19, 233–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, H. (1975). The meaning of before and after for preschool children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 19, 88–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kail, M. (1980). Etude génétique des présupposés de certains morphèmes grammaticaux [A developmental study of the presuppositions of particular grammatical morphemes. An example: BWT]. Un exemple: MAIS. Approches du langage, Publications de la Sorbonne, Serie Etudes, 16, 53–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1979). Language development after five. In P. Fletcher & M. Garman (Eds.), Language acquisition: Studies in first language development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, E. W., & Brent, S. B. (1968). Understanding connectives. Journal of Verbal Learning, 7, 501–509.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kavanaugh, R. D. (1979). Observations on the role of logically constrained sentences in the comprehension of “before” and “after.” Journal of Child Language, 6, 353–357.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keller-Cohen, D. (1974). Cognition and the acquisition of temporal reference. Papers from the Tenth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kun, A. (1978). Evidence for preschoolers’ understanding of causal direction in extended causal sequences. Child Development, 49, 218–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macnamara, J. (1972). Cognitive basis of language learning in infants. Psychological Review, 79, 1–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mandler, J. M. (1983). Representation. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael’s manual of child psychology: Vol. 3. Cognitive development (pp. 420–494 ). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maratsos, M. (1983). Some current issues in the study of the acquisition of grammar. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Carmichael’s manual of child psychology: Vol. 3. Cognitive development (pp. 707–786 ). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCabe, A. E., Evely, S., Abramovitch, R., Corter, C. M., & Pepler, D. J. (1983). Conditional statements in young children’s spontaneous speech. Journal of Child Language, 10, 253–258.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menyuk, P. (1969). Sentences children use. Cambridge, MA: MIT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neimark, E. D. (1970). Development of comprehension of logical connectives: Understanding of “or.” Psychonomic Science, 27, 217–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neimark, E. D., & Slotnick, N. S. (1970). Development of the understanding of logical connectives. Journal of Educational Psychology, 61, 451–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, K. (1977). Cognitive development and the acquisition of concepts. In R. C. Anderson, R. J. Spiro, & W. E. Montague (Eds.), Schooling and the acquisition of knowledge. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, K., & Gruendel, J. M. (1981). Generalized event representations: Basic building blocks of cognitive development. In M. Lamb & A. L. Brown (Eds.), Advances in developmental psychology: Vol. 1. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, D. R., & Nickerson, N. (1977). The contexts of comprehension: On children’s understanding of the relations between active and passive sentences. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 23, 402–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, D. R., & Nickerson, N. (1978). Language development through the school years: Learning to confine interpretation to the information in the text. In K. E. Nelson (Ed.), Children’s language: Vol. 1. New York: Gardner Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orne, M. T. (1970). Hypnosis, motivation, and the ecological validity of the psychological experiment. In W. J. Arnold & M. M. Page (Eds.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Vol. 18 (pp. 187–265 ). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paris, S. G. (1973). Comprehension of language connectives and propositional logical relationships. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 16, 278–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. (1928). Judgment and reasoning in the child. New York: Harcourt, Brace.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, M. M. (1979). Sorting out what’s in a word from what’s not: Evaluating Clark’s semantic features acquisition theory. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 27,1–47. Schmidt, C. R., & Paris, S. G. (1978). Operativity and reversibility in children’s understanding of pictorial sequences. Child Development, 49, 1219–1222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, B. J., & O’Brien, T. C. (1970). Logical thinking in children ages six through thirteen. Child Development, 41, 823–829.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shatz, M. (1978). The relationship between cognitive processes and the development of communication skills. In C. B. Keasey (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation: Vol. 25 (pp. 1–43 ). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shultz, T. R. (1982). Rules of causal attribution. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 47, (1, Serial No. 194).

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegler, R. S. (1976). The effects of simple necessity and sufficiency relationships on children’s causal inferences. Child Development, 47, 1058–1063.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sommerville, S. C., & Bryant, P. E. ( 1983, April). Children’s understanding of causal relations in domino arrays. Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Detroit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suppes, P., & Feldman, S. (1971). Young children’s comprehension of logical connectives. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 12, 304–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanz, C. (1980). Studies in the acquisition of deictic terms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wason, P. C., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1972). Psychology of reasoning: Structure and content. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

French, L.A. (1986). Acquiring and Using Words to Express Logical Relationships. In: Kuczaj, S.A., Barrett, M.D. (eds) The Development of Word Meaning. Springer Series in Cognitive Development. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4844-6_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4844-6_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9326-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-4844-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics