Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Handbook of Environmental Engineering ((HEE,volume 4))

Abstract

Water removal from municipal and industrial effluent streams constitutes an important step in wastewater and sludge treatment. The purpose of such treatment is to concentrate, separate, dispose, or utilize wastes and pollutants and to regenerate and return clean water to the environment. In this context, the discussion here will be limited only to industrial and municipal sludge dewatering, evaporation, and drying.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. R. S. Burd, “A Study of Sludge Handling and Disposal”, US Dept. of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Publ. WP-20-4 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  2. S. Kelman and C. P. Priesing, “Polyelectrolyte Flocculation-Sand Bed Dewatering,” paper presented at the Michigan WPCA Conf., June, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  3. “Recommended Standards for Sewage Works”, a Report of the Committee of the Great Lakes-Upper Mississippi River Board of State Sanitary Engineers, Health Education Service, Albany, NY, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  4. “Process Design Manual for Sewage Treatment and Disposal”, US EPA Technology Transfer, EPA 625/1-74-006, October, 1974, Ch. 7.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Water Pollution Control Federation, “MOP 8. Wastewater Treatment Plant Design,” WPCA (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  6. W. W. Eckenfelder, Jr. and D. J. O’Connor, Biological Waste Treatment, Pergamon Press, New York, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  7. W. W. Eckenfelder, Jr. and D. L. Ford, Water Pollution Control, Pemberton Press, Jenkins Publishing Co., New York, 1970, Ch. 20.

    Google Scholar 

  8. J. F. Vogler and W. Rundolfs, “Factors Involved in the Drainage of White-Water Sludge,” Proc. of the 5th Purdue Industrial Waste Conf., 1949, p. 305.

    Google Scholar 

  9. J. D. Swanwick and R. C. Baskerville, “Sludge Dewatering on Drying Beds,” paper presented at London Int. Engr. Exhib., April, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  10. J. D. Swanwick, J. Water Poll. Control Fed. 34 (3), 239 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  11. L. V. Carpenter, Sewage Works J. 10 (3), 503 (1938).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. J. R. Fleming, Public Works 90(8), 120, 202 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  13. J. E. Quon and G. B. Ward, Int. J. Air Water Poll. 9, 311 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  14. “Sludge Drying” (editors), Sewage and Ind. Wastes 31 (2), 239 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  15. T. R. Haseltine, “Measurement of Sludge Drying Bed Performance,” Sewage Ind. Wastes 23, (9), 1065 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. L. W. VanKleeck, “Sewage Works Guide,” reprint from Wastes Engineering, New York City (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  17. J. W. McLarren, Can. Mun. Util. 23, 51 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  18. M. Bowers, Sewage Ind. Wastes 29 (7), 835 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  19. W. J. Weber, Jr., Physicochemical Processes for Water Quality Control, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1972, Ch. 2, Ch. 12.

    Google Scholar 

  20. R. L. Carr, Jr., Water Sew. Works 114, R-64 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  21. W. A. Sperry, Sewage Works J. 13 (5), 855 (1941).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. R. S. Gale, Filtr. Separ. 5, 2, 133 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. “Operation of Wastewater Treatment Plants, Manual of Practice,” No. 11, WPCF, Washington, DC, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  24. J. K. Adams, Sewage Works J 15 (4), 704 (1943).

    Google Scholar 

  25. J. T. Burke and M. T. Dajani, “Organic Polymers in Treatment of Industrial Wastes”, Proc. 21st Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue University, Ext. Ser. 121, 303 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  26. C. D. Gates and R. McDermott, J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 60, 3, 331 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. W. K. Neubauer, J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 60, 7, 819 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. A. J. Kilbride, Wastes Engr. 568 (Oct. 1961).

    Google Scholar 

  29. “Advances in Sludge Disposal in the Period from Oct. 1, 1954 to Feb. 1, 1960”, A progress report of ASCE-San. Engr. Div., 88 (SA2), 13 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  30. W. T. South, Water Sew. Works 105, 347 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  31. C. W. Randall, Water Sewage Works 116, 373 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  32. C. W. Randall and C. T. Koch, J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 4, R215 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  33. E. R. Lynd, Sewage Ind. Wastes 28 (5), 697 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  34. R. B. Gauntlett and R. F. Pakcham, Pub. Works 102, 90 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  35. J. B. Crockford And V. R. Sparham, “Developments To Upgrade Settlement Tank Performance, Screening And Sludge Dewatering Associated With Industrial Wastewater Treatment”, 27Th Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, May, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  36. V. H. Lewin, The Surveyor 121 (3680), 1521 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  37. L. A. Lubow, J. N. Carolina Sec. AWAA 16, 118 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  38. J. Harrison and H. R. Bungay, Water Sew. Works 115, 217 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. T. Furman, Sewage Ind. Wastes 26 (6), 745 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. “Treatment and Disposal of Sewage Sludge”, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, London, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  41. E. A. Jeffrey, “Laboratory Study of Dewatering Rates for Digested Sludge in Lagoons,” Proc. 14th Ind. Water Conf. Purdue University, Ext. Ser. 104, 359 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  42. D. H. Howells and D. P. Dubois, Sewage Ind. Wastes 31 (7), 811 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  43. M. S. Anderson, “Sewage Sludge for Soil Improvement”, Circular No. 972, USDA, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  44. H. A. Lunt, Water Sewage Works 100 (8), 295 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. L. W. VanKleeck, Water Sewage Works, Ref. edition, p. R-203 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  46. R. D. Leary, “Production of Vitamin B12 from Milorganite,” Proc. of the 9th Purdue Industrial Waste Conf., 173, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  47. W. Rudolfs and E. J. Cleary, Sewage Works J. 5 (3), 409 (1933).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. E. Hurwitz, “The Use of Activated Sludge as an Adjuvant to Animal Feeds”, Proc. of the 12th Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, 1957, p. 395.

    Google Scholar 

  49. M. H. Doughery and R. R. McNary, Sewage Ind. Wastes 30 (9), 1151 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  50. S. A. Hart and P. H. McGauhey, Food Tech. 30 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  51. W. Bottenfield and N. C. Burbank, Ind. Water Wastes 9 (1), 18 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. J. T. Garrett, Sewage Ind. Wastes 31 (7), 841 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. C. J. Dick, Ind. Water Wastes 6 (1), 1 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  54. “Process Design Manual for Sludge Treatment and Disposal”, US EPA 625/1-79-011, Sept. (1979), Ch. 9–11.

    Google Scholar 

  55. W. L. Badger and J. T. Banchero, Introduction to Chemical Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1955, Ch. 10.

    Google Scholar 

  56. W. L. McCabe and J. C. Smith, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1976, Ch. 25.

    Google Scholar 

  57. J. H. Perry, ed., Chemical Engineer’s Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  58. G. Nonhebel and A. A. H. Moss, Drying of Solids in the Chemical Industry, CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  59. W. Davis and R. T. Hang, “Los Angeles faces Several Sludge Management Problems”, Water Wastes Eng. April (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  60. G. L. Fugate “Mechanical Sludge Filters and Dryers”, in “Manual for Sewage Plant Operation,” L. C. Billings, ed., Texas State Department of Health, Austin, Texas, 1946, p. 234.

    Google Scholar 

  61. C. H. Lipsett, Industrial Wastes—Their Conservation and Utilization, Atlas Publishing Co., New York, 1951.

    Google Scholar 

  62. C. L. Sercu, “New Incineration Facilities at Dow, Midland,” Proc. of the 14th Purdue Ind. Waste Conf., 612 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  63. A. C. Bryan and M. T. Garrett Jr., “What Do You Do With Sludge? Houston An Answer”, Pub. Works, 103, 10 Dec. 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  64. C. E. Irving, Water Works Wastes Engr. 2 (9), 70 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  65. D. B. Sussman and H. W. Gershman, “Thermal Methods for the Codisposal of Sludges and Municipal Residues,” Proc. 5th Conf. on Acceptable Sludge Disposal Techniques (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  66. D. B. Sussman, “More Disposal Operations Mixing Sewage Sludge and Municipal Solid Wastes”, Solid Wastes Management, August (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  67. J. F. Laboon, Civil Engr. 24 (1), 44, 100 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  68. W. R. Marshall Jr., Chem. Eng. Prog. Monogr. Ser. 50 (2), (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  69. “Atomized Suspension Adopted for Sludge”, eds., Chem. Eng. News (Sept. 14, 1964 ), 79.

    Google Scholar 

  70. K. L. Pinder and W. H. Gauvin, “Applications of the Atomized Suspension Technique to the Treatment of Waste Effluents,” in Proc. of the 12th Purdue Ind. Waste Conf., 1957, 217.

    Google Scholar 

  71. T. Helfgott and P. Webber, Water Works Wastes Engr. 2 (9), 76 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. P. J. Cardinal, Waste Water Treat. J. 12, 62 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  73. E. B. Besselievre, The Treatment of Industrial Wastes, McGraw-Hill, NY, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  74. J. H. Yamamota, J. F. Schnelle, Jr., and J. M. O’Donnell, “High Nitrogen Synthetic Fertilizer Produced from Organic Wastes”, Public Works, 106 Jan. (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  75. A. P. Colburn, Trans. AIChE 29, 174 (1933).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. R. E. Peck and D. T. Wasan, Adv. Chem. Engrg. 9, 247 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. L. Wenzel and R. R. White, Ind. Eng. Chem. 43, 1829 (1951).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. C. B. Shepherd, C. Hadlock, and R. C. Brewer, Ind. Eng. Chem. 30, 388 (1938).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. D. W. McCready and W. L. McCabe, Trans. AIChE 29, 131 (1933).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. P. Coackley and R. Allos, J. Proc. Inst. Sew. Purif. 6, 557 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  81. J. H. Nebiker, J. Water Poll. Control Fed. 39 (4), 608 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. O. A. Hougen, H. J. McCauley, and W. R. Marshall Jr., Trans. AIChE 36, 183 (1940).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. W. K. Lewis, Ind. Eng. Chem. 13, 427 (1921).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. T. K. Sherwood, Ind. Eng. Chem. 21, 12, 976 (1929).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. E. W. Comings and T. K. Sherwood, Ind. Eng. Chem. 26, 1096 (1934).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. O. Krischer, The Scientific Principles of Drying Technology, Springer-Verlag, W. Berlin, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  87. P. S. H. Henry, Proc. Roy. Soc. Ser. A 171, 215 (1939).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. G. King and A. B. D. Cassie, Trans. Faraday Soc. 36, 445 (1940).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. C. G. Gurr, T. J. Marshall, and J. T. Hutton, Soil Sci. 74, 335 (1952).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. J. M. Kuzmak and P. J. Sereda, Soil Sci. 84, 419 (1957).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. T. I. Harmathy, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fund. 8, 92 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. N. H. Ceaglske and O. A. Hougen, Trans. AIChE 33, 283 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  93. T. K. Sherwood and E. W. Comings, Ind. Eng. Chem. 25, 311 (1933).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. R. W. Corben and D. M. Newitt, Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs. (London) 33, 52 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. S. J. Friedman and W. R. Marshall, Jr., Chem. Eng. Progr. 45 (8), 482 (1949).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. C. O. Miller, B. A. Smith, and W. H. Schuette, Trans. AIChE 38, 841 (1942).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. C. F. Prutton, C. O. Miller, and W. H. Schuette, Trans. AIChE 38, 123 (1942).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. W. C. Saeman and T. R. Mitchell, Jr., Chem. Eng. Progr. 50 (9), 467 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. S. J. Friedman and W. R. Marshall, Jr., Chem. Eng. Progr. 45 (9), 573 (1949).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. R. B. Bird, W. E. Stewart, and E. N. Lightfoot, Transport Phenomena, Wiley, New York, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  101. P. C. Carman, Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs. (London) 16, 168 (1938).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. H. P. Grace, Chem. Eng. Progr. 49 (6), 303 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. H. P. Grace, Chem. Engr. Progr. 49 (7), 367 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. P. Coackley and B. R. S. Jones, Sew Ind. Wastes 28, 8, 963 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  105. J. H. Nebiker, T. G. Sanders, and D. D. Adrian, J. Water Poll. Control Fed. (Res. Suppl., part 2 ), p. R255 (Aug. 1969).

    Google Scholar 

  106. J. T. Novak, “Character and Dewatering Properties of Sludges from Water Treatment,” in Water—1974. II. Municipal Wastewater Treatment, AIChE Symp. Ser. 71 (No. 145), 235 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  107. J. H. Nebiker, “Application,” in “Source Control of Water Treatment Waste Solids,” D. D. Adrian, P. A. Lutin, and J. H. Nebiker, eds., Civil Engineering Report EVE 7-68-1, Univ. of Mass., Amherst, 1968, Ch. IV.

    Google Scholar 

  108. D. D. Adrian, “Dewatering Sewage Sludge on Sand Beds”, in Water—1972, AIChE Symp. Ser. 69 (No. 129), 188 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  109. H. Blunk, “Beitrag zur Berechnung von Faulräumen,” Gesundheitzingenieur, 48, 4, 37 (1926).

    Google Scholar 

  110. W. Vater, “Die Entwasserung, Trocknung und Beseitigung vom städtischen Klarschlam,” Doctoral Dissertation, Technische Hochschule, Hannover, 1910.

    Google Scholar 

  111. “Water Pollution Research 1965,” Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London, 1966, p. 91.

    Google Scholar 

  112. J. H. Nebiker and D. D. Adrian, Filtr. Sep. 245, (May/June 1969 ).

    Google Scholar 

  113. K. M. Lo, “Digital Computer Simulation of Water and Wastewater Sludge Dewatering on Sand Beds,” Civil Engineering Report EVE.26-71-1, U. of Mass. Amherst (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  114. E. Lindsey, Chem. Eng. 60 (4), 227 (1953)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 The HUMANA Press Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sakellaropoulos, G.P. (1986). Drying and Evaporation Processes. In: Wang, L.K., Pereira, N.C. (eds) Water Resources and Natural Control Processes. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 4. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4822-4_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4822-4_8

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9177-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-4822-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics