Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Multifunctional On-Line Brain Stimulation System: Investigation of Alcohol and Aging Effects

  • Chapter
Methods of Assessing the Reinforcing Properties of Abused Drugs

Abstract

A multifunctional on-line brain stimulation system designed for brain stimulation reward (BSR) research is described. This microcomputer-based system provides programs which permit determination of BSR thresholds, BSR response rates, and brain resistance. Studies using this system to investigate the reinforcing effects of ethanol and the effects of aging on BSR are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Arenberg, D., & Robertson-Tchabo. (1977). Learning and aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brody, H. (1976). An examination of cerebral cortex and brain stem aging. In R. D. Terry and S. Gerhson (Eds.), Aging: Neurobiology of aging. New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caggiula, A. R., & Hoebel, B. G. (1966). “Copulation-reward site” in the posterior hypothalamus. Science, 153, 1284–1285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, R. H., & Lydic, R. (1976). The effects of ethanol upon threshold and response rate for self-stimulation. Psychopharmacology, 50, 61–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cassens, G., & Mills, A. (1973). Lithium and amphetamine: Opposite effects on threshold of intracranial reinforcement. Psychopharmaco1ogia, 30, 283–290.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cassens, G., Shaw, C., Dudding, K., & Mills, A. (1975). On-line brain stimulation: Measurement of threshold of reinforcement. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 7, 145–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, A. N. G., & Manikar, G. D. (1979). D-amphetamine in elderly patients refractory to rehabilitation procedures. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 27, 174–177.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craik, F. I. M. (1977). Age differences in human memory. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dayan, A. D. (1971). Comparative neuropathology of aging studies on the brain of 47 species of vertebrates. Brain, 94, 31–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elias, M. F., & Elias, P. K. (1977). Motivation and activity. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emde, J. W., & Shipton, H. W. (1970). A digital controlled constant current stimulator. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 29, 310–313.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esposito, R. U., & Kornetsky, C. (1978). Opioids and rewarding brain stimulation. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2, 115–122.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferster, M., & Skinner, B. (1957). Schedule of reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Century-Croft.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gallistel, C. R. (1973). Self-stimulation: The neurobiology of reward and motivation. In J. A. Deutsch (Ed.), The physiological basis of memory. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • German, D. C., & Bowden, D. M. (1974). Catecholamine systems as the neural substrate for intracranial self-stimulation: A hypothesis. Brain Research, 73, 381–419.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glowinski, J., & Axelrod, J. (1966). Effects of drugs on the disposition of H3 — norepinephrine in the rat brain. Pharmacological Review, 18, 775–785.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huston, J. (1968). Reinforcement reduction: A method for training ratio behavior. Science, 159, 444.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huston, J. P., & Mills, A. W. (1971). Threshold of reinforcing brain stimulation. Communications in Behavioral Biology, 5, 331–340.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ingram, L. O. (1982). Effect of alcohol on membranes. In National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Biomedical processes and consequences of alcohol use (Alcohol and Health Monograph 2, pp. 3–27). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobowitz, D. M. (1978). Monoaminergic pathways in the central nervous system. In M. A. Lipton, A. DiMascio, & K. F. Killam (Eds.), Psychophàrmacology: A generation of progress (pp. 119–129). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. J. (1980). Naloxone suppression brain stimulation reward in the VNB but not in MFB. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 6, 367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. J. (1981a). Age-related decline in brain stimulation reward: Rejuvenation by amphetamine. Experimental Aging Research, 7, 225–234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M. J. (1981b). Effects of naloxone on brain stimulation reward threshold in the VNB and MFB. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 7, 165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, R., & Kornetsky, C. (1974). Negative and positive intracranial reinforcement thresholds: Effects of morphine. Psychopharmacologia, 38, 1–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Margules, D. L., & Olds, J. (1962). Identical “feeding” and “rewarding” systems. Science, 135, 374–375.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, J. F., & Berrios, N. (1979). Movement disorders of aged rats. Reversal by dopamine receptor stimulation. Science, 206, 477–479.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGeer, E., & McGeer, P. L. (1976). Neurotransmitter metabolism in the aging brain. In R. D. Terry & S. Gerhson (Eds.), Aging: Neurobiology of aging. New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGeer, E., McGeer, P. L., & Suzuki, J. S. (1977). Aging and extrapyramidal function. Archives of Neurology, 34, 33–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, N. E. (1960). Motivating effects of brain stimulation and drugs. Federation Proceedings, 19, 846–854.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olds, J. (1958). Self-stimulation experiments and differentiating reward systems. In H. H. Jasper, L. D. Proctor, R. S. Knighton, W. C. Noshay, & R. T. Costello (Eds.), Reticular formation of the brain (pp. 671–687). Boston: Little & Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olds, J., Killam, K. F., & Bach-y-Rita, P. (1956). Self-stimulation of the brain used as a screening method for tranquilizing drugs. Science, 124, 265–266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olds, J., Killam, K. F., & Eiduson, S. (1957). Effects of tranquilizers on self-stimulation of the brain. In S. Garratini & V. Ghetti (Eds.), Psychotrophic drugs (pp. 235–243). New York: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olds, J., & Milner, P. (1954). Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 47, 419–427.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ordy, J. M., Brizzee, K. R., Kaack, B., & Hansche, J. (1978). Age differences in short-term memory and cell loss in the cortex of the rat. Gerontology, 24, 276–285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phelps, R., & Lewis, M. J. (1982). A multifunctional on-line brain stimulation system. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 14, 323–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Routtenberg, A. (1981). Drugs of abuse and the endogenous reinforcement system: The resistance of intracranial self-stimulation behavior to the inebriating effects of ethanol. New York Academy of Sciences, 362, 60–66.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B. H., & Sethi, P. K. (1977). Aging and nervous system. Geriatrics, 18, 109–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, L. (1968). Chemistry of reward and punishment. In D. H. Efron (Ed.), Psychopharmacology: A review of progress, 1957–1967 (pp. 105–123). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • St. Laurent, J. (1972). Brain centers of reinforcement and the effects of alcohol. In B. Kissin & H. Begleiter (Eds.), Biology of alcoholism (pp. 85–106). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • St. Laurent, J., & Olds, J. (1967). Alcohol and brain centers of positive reinforcement. In R. Fox (Ed.), Alcoholism — Behavioral research, therapeutic approaches (pp. 80–101). New York: Springer/Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uhl, G., Kuhar, M. J., Goodman, R. R., & Snyder, S. H. (1979). Histochemi cal localization of the enkephalins. In E. Usdin, W. E. Bunney, Jr., & N. S. Kline (Eds.), Endorphins in mental health research (pp. 74–83). New York: Oxford University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ungerstedt, U. (1971). Stereotaxic mapping of the monoamine pathways in the rat brain. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 82(Suppl. 367), 1–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valenstein, E., & Meyers, W. (1964). Rate independent test of reinforcing consequences of brain stimulation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 57, 52–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vrtunski, P., Murray, R., & Wolin, L. R. (1973). The effect of alcohol on intracranially reinforced response. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 34, 718–725.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wauquier, A. (1976). The influence of psychoactive drugs on brain selfstimulation in rats: A review. In A. Wauquier & E. T. Rolls (Eds.), Brain-stimulation reward (pp. 123–170). Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wayner, M. J., Peterson, R., & Florczyk, A. (1972). A constant device for brain stimulation. Physiology & Behavior, 8, 1189–1191.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wise, R. A. (1978). Catecholamine theories of reward: A critical review. Brain Research, 152, 215–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wise, R. A., & Bozarth, M. A. (1981). Brain substrates for reinforcement and drug self-administration. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology, 5, 467–474.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Howard University, 20059, Washington, District of Columbia, USA

    Michael J. Lewis

  2. Cortex Corporation, Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA

    Richard W. Phelps

Authors
  1. Michael J. Lewis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Richard W. Phelps
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, 14260, Buffalo, New York, USA

    Michael A. Bozarth

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lewis, M.J., Phelps, R.W. (1987). A Multifunctional On-Line Brain Stimulation System: Investigation of Alcohol and Aging Effects. In: Bozarth, M.A. (eds) Methods of Assessing the Reinforcing Properties of Abused Drugs. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4812-5_22

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4812-5_22

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9163-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-4812-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation