Abstract
There are three pigmented tissues originating from neural crest which frequently degenerate during aging in industrialized societies: the pigmented epithelium of the eye, the substancia nigra of the thalmus and the pigmented cells of the organ of Corti. Each of these tissues once developed does not regenerate following loss. They must last the insults of a lifetime for the elderly to see clearly, hear well, and have smooth coordination. Is degeneration of these tissues interrelated? Are they influenced by common risk factors?
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
B.S. Schoenberg, D.W. Anderson, A.F. Haerer: Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in the biracial population of Copiah County, Mississippi. Neurology 35, 841 (1985)
L.R. Jenkyn, A.G. Reeves, T. Warren, R.K. Whiting, R.J. Clayton, W. tf. Moore, A. Rizzo, I.M. Tuzun, J.C. Bonnett, B.W. Culpepper: Neurologic signs in senescence. Arch. Neurol. 42, 1154 (1985)
A.F. Haerer, D.W. Anderson, B.C. Schoenberg: Prevalence of essential tremor: Results from the Copiah County Study. Arch. Neurol. 39, 750 (1982)
L.P. Rowland: Merritt’s Textbook of Neurology, 7th ed. (Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia 1984)
J.J. Geraghty, J. Jankovic, W.J. Zetusky: Association between essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease. Ann. Neurol. 17, 329 (1985)
B.E. Klein, R. Klein: Cataracts and macular degeneration in older Americans. Arch. Ophthalmol. 100, 571 (1982)
H.A. Kahn, H.M. Leibowitz, J.P. Ganley, M.M. Kini, T. Colton, R.S. Nickerson, T.R. Dawber: The Framing- ham Eye Study. II. Association of ophthalmic pathology with single variables previously measured in the Framingham Heart Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 106, 33 (1977)
P.W. Alberti: Hearing loss: What’s the underlying cause? Diagnosis 3, 31 (1986)
R.N. Kleinstein, M.R. Seitz, T.E. Barton, C.R. Smith: Iris color and hearing loss. Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 61, 145 (1984)
L. Hyman, F. Ferris, S. Fine, A.M. Lilienfeld, A. Varma: Risk factors in senile macular disease. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (Suppl.) 22, 69 (1982)
J.J. Weiter, F.C. Delori, G.L. Wing, K.A. Fitch: Relationship of senile macular degeneration to ocular pigmentation. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 99, 185 (1985)
M.E. Paetkau, T.A.S. Boyd, M. Grace, J. Bach-Mills, B. Winship: Senile disciform macular degeneration and smoking. Can. J. Ophthalmol. 13, 67 (1978)
R.D. Sperduto, R. Hiller: Systemic hypertension and age related maculopathy in the Framingham Study. Arch. Ophthalmol. 104, 216 (1986)
W.C. Knowler, P.H. Bennett, E.J. Ballintine: Increased incidence of retinopathy in diabetics with elevated blood pressure: A six-year follow up study in Pima Indians. N. Engl. J. Med. 302, 645 (1980)
V. Landolfo, L. Albini, S. De Simone: Senile macular degeneration and alteration of the metabolism of the lipids. Ophthalmologica 177, 248 (1978)
J. Pe’er, J. Vidaurri, S.-T. Halfon, S. Eisenberg, H. Zauberman: Association between corneal arcus and some of the risk factors for coronary artery disease. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 67, 795 (1983)
A.P. Bender, J.M. Sprafka, H.G. Jagger, K.H. Muckala, C.P. Martin, T.R. Edwards: Incidence, prevalence and mortality of diabetes mellitus in Wadena, Marshall and Grand Rapids, Minnesota: The three city study. Diabetes Care 9, 343 (1986)
R.C. Duvoisin: Is Parkinson’s disease acquired or inherited? Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 11, 151 (1984)
J.W. Langston, P. Ballard: Parkinsonism induced by 1-methyl- 4-phenyl-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP): Implications for treatment and the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 11, 160 (1984)
A.H. Rajput: Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 11, 156 (1984)
U. Spohr, K. Hofmann, W. Steck, J. Harenberg, E. Walter, N. Hengen, J. Augustin, H. Mori, A. Hock, A. Horsch, E. Weber: Evaluation of smoking-induced effects on sympathetic, hemodynamic and metabolic variables with respect to plasma nicotine and COHb levels. Atherosclerosis 33, 271 (1979)
J.L. Hooper, J.D. Mathews: Extensions to multivariate normal models for pedigree analysis, n. Modeling the effect of shared environment in the analysis of variation in blood lead levels. Am. J. Epidemiol. 117, 344 (1983)
D.V.L. Brown: Reaction of the rabbit retinal pigment epithelium to systemic lead poisoning. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 72, 404 (1974)
W.R. Green, S.N. Key: Senile macular degeneration: A histopathologic study. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 75, 180 (1977)
W. Koller, N. Biary, S. Cone: Disability in essential tremor: Effect of treatment. Neurology 36, 1001 (1986)
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Paetkau, M.E. (1987). Abnormal Arm Tone, Cigarette Smoking and Use of Blood Pressure Medication in a Sight Enhancement Clinic Population. In: Woo, G.C. (eds) Low Vision. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4780-7_34
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4780-7_34
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9152-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-4780-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive