Abstract
The position of the abdominal viscera and cardiac chambers can usually be determined confidently by noninvasive ultrasound. Variations from normal should be described in a sequential fashion. Abdominal and retroperitoneal organs easiest to evaluate include the liver, stomach, abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, and spleen (see Chapter 2).
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References
References by Topic Suggested Reading
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References Impact of Echo/General References
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Echo Application by Age Fetus
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Neonate
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Child
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Adult
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Related Imaging Modalities Angiography
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Computed Tomography
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Magnetic Resonance
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Radionuclide
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Examination Techniques Apical
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Esophageal
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Posterior Chest
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Right Parasternal
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Subcostal
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Suprasternal
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Contrast Echocardiography
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Doppler Echocardiography
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Sanders SP, Yeager S. Williams RG: Measurement of systemic and pulmonary blood flow and QP/QS ratio using Doppler and two-dimensional Echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 5l (6): 952–956, 1983.
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Stevenson JG. Kawabori I. Bailey WW: Noninvasive evaluation of Blalock-Taussig shunts: determination of patency and differentiation from patent ductus arteriosus by Doppler Echocardiography. Am Heart J 106 (5 pt I): 1121–1132. 1983.
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Vargas Barron J, Sahn DJ. Valdes-Cruz LM. etal: Clinical utility of two-dimensional floppier Echocardiography techniques for estimating pulmonary to systemic blood flow ratios in children with left to right shunting atrial septal defect. ventricular septal defect or patent ductus arteriosus. J Am Coll Cardiol 3 (1): 169–178, 1984.
Yock PG. Popp RL: Noninvasive estimation of l ight ventricular systolic presurc by Doppler ultrasound in patients with tricuspid regurgitation. Circulation 7 (K4): 657–662. 1984.
Examination of Complex Anatomy/Situs
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Huhta JC, Haglcr DJ, Seward JB. etal: Two-dimensional Echocardiography assessment of dextrocardia: a segmental approach. Am J Cardiol 50 (6): 1351–1360. 1982.
Huhta JC, Smallhorn JF, Macatney FJ: two dimensiona; echocardiographic diagnosis of situs. BR Heart J 48(2):97–108,1982
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Tomographic Analysis of Heart
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Seward, J.B., Tajik, A.J., Edwards, W.D., Hagler, D.J. (1987). Introduction to Tomographic Anatomy. In: Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Atlas. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4726-5_1
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