Skip to main content

Mnemonic Instruction in Special Education

  • Chapter
Imagery and Related Mnemonic Processes

Abstract

A decade has now passed since former President Gerald Ford signed into law PL 94–142, the 1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act, which recognized handicapped children as an integral part of all education. Today, 10% of the entire school population receives special education services, and over 125,000 person nel have entered the field of special education. Commensurate with these changes, funding for special education has tripled overall, while federal support has increased by a factor of 100 (Council for Exceptional Children, 1985).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anderson, R. B., St. Pierre, R. G., Proper, E. C., & Stebbins, L. B. (1978). Pardon us, but what was the question again? A response to the critique of the Follow Through Evaluation. Harvard Educational Review, 48, 161–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arter, J. A., & Jenkins, J. R. (1979). Differential diagnosis-prescriptive teaching: A crit ical appraisal. Review of Educational Research, 49, 517–555.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, R. C. (1975). Mnemotechnics in second-language learning. American Psycholo gist, 30 821–828.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, R. H. (1979). Memory, acquisition, and category clustering in learning disabled children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 27, 365–383.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, W. C. (1977). Teaching reading and language to the disadvantaged: What we have learned from field research. Harvard Educational Review, 47, 518–543.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, W. C., Engelmann, S., Carnine, D. W., & Maggs, A. (1982). Direct instruction technology: Making learning happen. In P. Karoly & J. J. Steffen (Eds.), Improving chil dren’s competence: Advances in child behavior analysis and therapy (Vol. 1, pp. 151–204). Lexington, MA: Heath.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellezza, F. S. (1981). Mnemonic devices: Classification, characteristics, and criteria. Review of Educational Research, 51, 247–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J. (1982). Unpublished doctoral research. University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, M. S., Lewis, R G., & Sutherland, B. (1976). Focus on early science. Columbus, OH: Merrill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borkowski, J. G., & Buchel, F. P. (1983). Learning and memory strategies in the mentally retarded. In M. Pressley & J. R. Levin (Eds.), Cognitive strategy research: Psychologi cal foundations (pp. 103–128). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bower, G. H. (1972). Mental imagery and associative learning. In L. Gregg (Ed.), Cogni tion in learning and memory. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnine, D. W. (1980). Three procedures for presenting minimally different positive and negative instances. Journal of Educational Psychology, 12, 452–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carnine, D., & Silbert, J. (1979). Direct instruction: Reading. Columbus, OH: Mer rill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coles, G. (1978). The learning disabilities test battery: Empirical and social issues. Harvard Educational Review, 48, 313–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Council for Exceptional Children. (1985). A special birthday for special education. Exceptional Children, 52, 99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dallago, M. L. L., & Moely, B. E. (1979). Free recall in boys of normal and poor reading levels as a function of task manipulations. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 30, 62–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Detterman, D. K. (1979). Memory in the mentally retarded. In N. R. Ellis (Ed.), Hand book of mental deficiency, psychological theory and research (2nd ed.) (pp. 727–760). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dretzke, B. J., & Levin, J. R. (1984). Building factual knowledge about the U.S. Presidents through pictorial mnemonic strategies. Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Englemann, S., & Carnine, D. (1982). Theory of instruction: Principles and applications. New York: Irvington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Englemann, S., Haddox, P., Hanner, S., & Osborne, J. (1978). Thinking basics: Correc tive reading comprehension A. Chicago: Science Research Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frostig, M., & Home, D. (1964). The Frostig program for the development of visual per ception: Teacher’s guide. Chicago: Follett.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaffney, J. S. (1984). LD children’s prose recall as a function of prior knowledge, instruction, and context relatedness. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Arizona State Univer sity, Tempe, AZ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gersten, R. (1985). Direct instruction with special education students: A review of evalu ation research. Journal of Special Education, 79, 41–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gersten, R., White, W. A., Falco, R., & Carnine, D. (1982). Teaching basic discrimina tions to handicapped and nonhandicapped individuals through a dynamic presentation of instructional stimuli. Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabilities, 2, 305–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goin, M. T., Peters, E. E., & Levin, J. R. (1986). Effects of pictorial mnemonic strategies on the reading performance of students classified as learning disabled. Paper presented at the 64th annual meeting of the Council for Exceptional Children, April 1–4, New Orleans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graves, A. W. (1986). Effects of direct instruction and metacomprehension training on finding main ideas by learning disabled children. Learning Disabilities Research, 1, 90–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammill, D. D., & Larsen, S. C. (1974). The effectiveness of psycholinguistic training. Exceptional Children, 41, 5–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higbee, K. L. (1979). Recent research on visual mnemonics: Historical roots and educa tional fruits. Review of Educational Research, 49, 611–629.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higbee, K. L., & Kunihira, S. (1985). Cross-cultural applications of Yodai mnemonics in education. Educational Psychologist, 20, 57–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • House, E. R., Glass, G. V., McLean, L. D., & Walker, D. F. (1978). No simple answer: Critique of the Follow Through Evaluation. Harvard Educational Review, 48(2), 128–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karoly, P., & Steffen, J. J. (1982). Improving children’s competence: Advances in child behavioral analysis and therapy (Vol. 1, pp. 202–205). Lexington, MA: Heath.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, S. A., & Kirk, W. (1971). Psycholinguistic learning disabilities: Diagnosis and remediation. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kneedler, R. D., & Hallahan, D. P. (1983). Foreword. Exceptional Education Quarterly, 4, viii-ix.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebrato, M. T., & Ellis, N. R. (1974). Imagery mediation in paired-associate learning by retarded and nonretarded subjects. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 78, 704–713.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J. R. (1976). What have we learned about maximizing what children learn? In J. R. Levin & V. L. Allen (Eds.), Cognitive learning in children: Theories and strategies. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J. R. (1981a). On functions of pictures in prose. In F. J. Pirozzolo & M. C. Witrock (Eds.), Neuropsychological and cognitive processes in reading (pp. 203–228). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J. R. (1985b). The mnemonic ‘80s: Keywords in the classroom. Educational Psy chologist, 16, 65–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J. R. (1982). Pictures as prose-learning devices. In A. Flammer & W. Kintsch (Eds.), Discourse processing (pp. 412–444). Amsterdam: North-Holland.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J. R. (1983). Pictorial strategies for school learning: Practical illustrations. In M. Pressley & J. R. Levin (Eds.), Cognitive strategy research: Educational applications (pp. 213–237). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J. R. (1985a). Educational applications of mnemonic pictures: Possibilities beyond your wildest imagination. In A. A. Sheikh (Ed.), Imagery in education: Imagery in the educational process (pp. 63–87). Farmingdale, NY: Bay wood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J, R. (1985b). Yodai features = mnemonic procedures: A commentary on Higbee and Kunihira. Educational Psychologist, 20, 73–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J. R. (in press). Four cognitive principles of learning-strategy instruction. Educa tional Psychologist.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J. R., & Pressley, M. (1985). Mnemonic vocabulary instruction: What’s fact, what’s fiction. In R. F. Dillon (Ed.), Individual differences in cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 145–172). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J. R., Anglin, G. J., & Carney, R. N. (in press). On empirically validating func tions of pictures in prose. In D. M. Willows & H. A. Houghton (Eds.), Illustrations, graphs and diagrams: Psychological theory and educational practice. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J. R., McCormick, C. B., & Dretzke, B. J. (1981). A combined pictorial mnemonic strategy for ordered information. Educational Communication and Technol ogy Journal, 29, 219–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J. R., Morrison, C. R., McGivern, J. E., Mastropieri, M. A., & Scruggs, T. E. (1986). Mnemonic facilitation of text-embedded science facts. American Educational Research Journal, 23, 489–506.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maggs, A., & Morath, P. (1976). Effects of direct verbal instruction on intellectual development of institutionalized moderately retarded children: A 2-year study. Journal of Special Education, 10, 357–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, L. (1979). On the trail of process. New York: Grune and Stratton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, C. J. (1978). Mediational processes in the retarded: Implications for teaching reading. In N. R. Ellis (Ed.), International review of research in mental retardation (Vol. 9, pp. 61–84). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mastropieri, M. A., & Peters, E. E. (1982). Maps as schema for prose recall. Logan, UT: Utah State University. (ERIC Documentation Reproduction Service No. ED 266 619).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mastropieri, M. A., Scruggs, T. E., & Levin, J. R. (1985a). Maximizing what excep tional students can learn: A review of keyword and other mnemonic strategy research. Remedial and Special Education, 6(2), 39–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mastropieri, M. A., Scruggs, T. E., & Levin, J. R. (1985c). Memory strategy instruction with learning disabled adolescents. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 18, 94–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mastropieri, M. A., Scruggs, T. E., & Levin, J. R. (in press). Direct instruction vs. mnemonic instruction: Relative benefits for exceptional learners. Journal of Special Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mastropieri, M. A., Scruggs, T. E., Levin, J. R., Gaffney, J., & McLoone, B. (1985b). Mnemonic vocabulary instruction for learning disabled students. Learning Disability Quarterly, 8, 57–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mastropieri, M. A., Scruggs, T. E., McLoone, B., & Levin, J. R. (1985d). Facilitating the acquisition of science classifications in LD students. Learning Disability Quarterly, 8, 299–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLoone, B., Scruggs, T. E., Mastropieri, M. A., & Zucker, S. (in press). Mnemonic instruction and training with LD adolescents. Learning Disabilities Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minskoff, E. (1975). Research on psycholinguistic training: Critique and guidelines. Exceptional Children, 42, 136–144.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minskoff, E., Wisemann, D. E., & Minskoff, J. G. (1972). The MWM program for developing language abilities. Ridgefield, NJ: Educational Performance Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osgood, C. E. (1957). A behavioristic analysis of perception and languages as cognitive phenomena. In J. S. Bruner (Ed.), Contemporary approaches to cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paivio, A. (1971). Imagery and verbal processes. New York: Holt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paivio, A. (1983). Strategies in language learning. In M. Pressley & J. R. Levin (Eds.), Cognitive strategy research: Educational applications (pp. 189–210). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palincsar, A. S., & Brown, A. L. (1984). Reciprocal teaching of comprehension-fostering and monitoring activities. Cognition and Instruction, 1, 117–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peters, E. E., & Levin, J. R. (1986). Effects of a mnemonic imagery strategy on good and poor readers’ prose recall. Reading Research Quarterly, 21, 179–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pressley, M. (1982). Elaboration and memory development. Child Development, 53, 296–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pressley, M. (1985). More about Yódai mnemonics: A commentary on Higbee and Kuni-hira. Educational Psychologist, 20, 69–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pressley, M., & Levin, J. R. (in press). Elaborative learning strategies for the inefficient learner. In S. J. Ceci (Ed.), Handbook of cognitive, social, and neurological aspects of learning disabilities. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pressley, M., Borkowski, J. G., & Schneider, W. (in press). Good strategy users coor dinate metacognition, strategy use, and knowledge. In R. Vasta & G. Whitehurst (Eds.), Annals of child development (Vol. 4). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pressley, M., Heisel, B. E., McCormick, C. B., & Nakamura, G. V. (1982). Memory strategy instruction with children. In C. J. Brainerd & M. Pressley (Eds.), Progress in Cognitive development research: Verbal processes in children (Vol. 2, pp. 125–160). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pressley, M., Johnson, C. J., & Symons, S. (in press). Elaborating to learn and learning to elaborate. Journal of Learning Disabilities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pressley, M., Levin, J. R., & Delaney, H. D. (1982). The mnemonic keyword method. Review of Educational Research, 52, 61–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pressley, M., Levin, J. R., & McDaniel, M. A. (inpress). Remembering versus inferring what a word means: Mnemonic and contextual approaches. In M. G. Mckeown & M. E. Curtis (Eds.), The nature of vocabulary acquisition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pressley, M., Levin, J. R., & Miller, G. E. (1981). How does the keyword affect vocabu lary comprehension and usage? Reading Research Quarterly, 16, 213–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rohwer, W. D., Jr. (1968). Mental mnemonics in early learning. Teachers College Record, 70, 213–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohwer, W. D., Jr. (1973). Elaboration and learning in childhood and adolescence. In H. W. Reese (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 8, pp, 1–57). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scruggs, T. E., Mastropieri, M. A., & Levin, J. R. (1985b). Vocabulary acquisition of retarded students under direct and mnemonic instruction. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 89, 546–551.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scruggs, T. E., Mastropieri, M. A., Levin, J. R., & Gaffney, J. S. (1985a). Facilitating the acquisition of science facts in learning disabled students. American Educational Research Journal, 22, 575–586.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scruggs, T. E., Mastropieri, M. A., Levin, J. R., McLoone, B. B., Gaffney, J. S., & Prater, M. (1985c). Increasing content area learning: A comparison of mne monic and visual-spatial direct instruction. Learning Disabilities Research, 1, 18–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scruggs, T. E., Mastropieri, M. A., McLoone, B., Levin, J. R., & Morrison, C. R. (in press). Mnemonic facilitation of text-embedded science facts with LD students. Jour nal of Educational Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, C. L’E., & Goldman, J. (1980). Beginning reading instruction for children with minimal brain dysfunction. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 13, 52–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S. C. (1981). The keyword mnemonic method for teaching vocabulary: Its use by learning disabled children with memory difficulties. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, A. M., & Turnure, J. E. (1979). Imagery and verbal elaboration with retarded chil dren: Effects on learning and memory. In N. R. Ellis (Ed.), Handbook of mental defi ciency, psychological theory, and research (pp. 659–697). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torgesen, J. (1982). The learning disabled child as an inactive learner: Educational impli cations. Topics in Learning and Learning Disabilities, 2(1), 45–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torgesen, J. K., & Goldman, T. (1977). Verbal rehearsal and short-term memory in reading-disabled children. Child Development, 48, 56–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torgesen, J., & Kail, R. V., Jr. (1980). Memory processes in exceptional children. In B. K. Keogh (Ed.), Advances in special education (Vol. 1, pp. 59–99). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torgesen, J. K., Murphy, H., & Ivey, C. (1979). The effects of an orienting task on the memory performance of reading disabled children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 12, 396–401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Veit, D., Scruggs, T. E., & Mastropieri, M. A. (1986). Extended mnemonic instruction with learning disabled students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 300–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wittrock, M. C. (1974). Learning as a generative process. Educational Psychologist, 11, 87–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, B. J., & Jones, W. (1981). Increasing meta comprehension in learning disabled and normally achieving students through self-questioning training. Learning Disability Quarterly, 5, 228–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worden, R E. (1983). Memory strategy instruction with the learning disabled. In M. Pressley & J. R. Levin (Eds.), Cognitive strategy research: Psychological foundations (pp. 129–153). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mastropieri, M.A., Scruggs, T.E., Levin, J.R. (1987). Mnemonic Instruction in Special Education. In: McDaniel, M.A., Pressley, M. (eds) Imagery and Related Mnemonic Processes. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4676-3_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4676-3_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9111-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-4676-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics