Abstract
This chapter summarizes the diverse physiologic functions that are influenced by alpha-2 adrenergic receptor activation. A great deal of attention has been given to the cardiovascular system, although the physiologic consequences of alpha-2 receptor occupancy are described for other target organs as well. The diverse cellular consequences of alpha-2 adrenergic receptor activation are paralled by the demonstration of several possible biochemical signaling systems that are activated by these receptors, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, alterations in Ca2+ translocation, and acceleration of Na+/H+ exchange. A similar diversity is known to exist for electrophysiologic consequences of alpha-2 adrenergic receptor occupancy (also explored in Chapter 6). What remains for future experimental data to determine is whether alpha-2 adrenergic receptors all share certain early biochemical and/or electrophysiological events that lead to differing distal effects depending on the particular target cell, or whether distinct signaling mechanisms prevail resulting in the distinct biochemical and physiological changes characteristic of varying target organs.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aghajanian, G. K. (1982) Central noradrenergic neurons: A locus for the functional interplay between α2 adrenoceptors and opiate receptors. J. Clin. Psychiat. 43, 20–24.
Aghajanian, G. K. (1985) The neurobiology of opiate withdrawal: Receptors, second messengers and ion channels. Psychiatry Lett. 111, 57–60.
Aghajanian, G. K. (1978) Tolerance of locus ceruleus neurons to morphine and suppression of withdrawal response by Clonidine. Nature 276, 186–188.
Aghajanian, G. K. and VanderMaelen, C. P. (1982) α2-Adrenoceptor-mediated hyperpolarization of locus ceruleus neurons: Intracellular studies in vivo. Science 215, 1394–1396.
Ahlquist, R. P. (1962) The adrenoceptor receptor-detector. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 139, 38–41.
Ahren, B., Ludquist, I., and Jarhult, J. (1984) Effects of α1-, α2- and β-adrenoceptor blockers on insulin secretion in the rat. Acta Endocrinol. 105, 78–82.
Alabaster, V. A., Keir, R. F., and Peters, C. J. (1985) Comparison of activity of α-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists in dog and rabbit saphenous vein. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 330, 33–36.
Andrejak, M., Pommier, Y., Mouille, P., and Schmitt, H. (1980) Effects of some α-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on the guinea pig ileum. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 314, 83–87.
Angus, J. A., Cocks, T. M., and Satoh, K. (1986) The α-adrenoceptors on endothelial cells. Fed. Proc. 45, 2355–2359.
Appleton, C., Martin, G. V., Algeo, S., Olajos, M., and Goldman, S. (1984) α1- and α2-adrenergic venoconstriction in intact dogs. Circulation 70 (suppl. II), 232.
Ardlie, N. G., Cameron, H. A., and Garrett, J. (1984) Platelet activation by circulating levels of hormones: A possible link in coronary heart disease. Thrombosis Res. 36, 315–322.
Ariens, E. J. and van Rossum, J. M. (1957) pDx, pAx and pDx’ values in the analysis of pharmacodynamics. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 110, 275–299.
Ashton, H. (1984) Benzodiazepine withdrawal: An unfinished story. Br. Med. J. 288, 1135–1140.
Ashton, H. and Rawlins, M. D. (1978) Central nervous system depressant actions of Clonidine and UK-14,304: Partial dissociation of EEG and behavioral effects. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 5, 135–140.
Atweh, S. F. and Kuhar, M. J. (1977) Autoradiographic localization of opiate receptors in rat brain. I. Spinal cord and lower medulla. Brain Res. 142, 53–67.
Auch-Schwelk, W., Starke, K., and Steppeler, A. (1983) Experimental conditions required for the enhancement by α-adrenoceptor antagonists of noradrenaline release in the rabbit ear artery. Br. J. Pharmacol. 78, 543–551.
Awad, R., Payne, R., and Deth, R. C. (1983) α-Adrenergic receptor subtype associated with receptor binding, calcium influx, calcium release and contractile events in the rabbit aorta. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 227, 60–67.
Baker, S. and Marshall, I. (1982) The effect of RX781094, a selective α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, on [3H]-noradrenaline release in the mouse vas deferens. Br. J. Pharmacol. 76, 212P.
Barajas, L. and Wang, P. (1979) Localization of tritiated norepinephrine in the renal arteriolar nerves. Anat. Res. 195, 525–534.
Barajas, L., Powers, K., and Wang, P. (1984) Innervation of the renal cortical tubules: A quantitative study. Am. J. Physiol. 247, F50–F60.
Barnes, J. S., Dubocovich, M. L., Nies, A. S., and Gerber, J. G. (1982) Lack of interaction between tricyclic antidepressants and Clonidine at the α2-adrenoceptor on human platelets. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 32, 744–748.
Baum, T. and Becker, F. T. (1982) Alpha-adrenergic and 5-hydroxytryptaminergic receptor stimulants as new antihypertensive drugs, with observations on involvement of opiate receptors. Clin. Exp. Hyper. A4, 235–248.
Beani, L., Bianchi, C., Giacomelli, A., and Tamperi, F. (1978) Noradrenaline inhibition of acetylcholine release from guinea pig brain. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 48, 179–193.
Beckeringh, J. J., Thoolen, M. J., M. C., de Jonge, A, Wilffert, B., Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M., and van Zwieten, P. A. (1984) Differential effects of the calcium entry blocker D600 on contractions of rat and guinea pig aortas elicited by various α-adrenoceptor agonists. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 229, 515–521.
Benfey, B. G. and Varma, D. R. (1962) Studies on the cardiovascular actions of antisympathomimetic drugs. Int. J. Neuropharmacol. 1, 9–12.
Bennett, D. A., de Feo, J. J., Elko, E. E., and Lai, H. (1982) Naloxone-induced reversal of Clonidine, but not hydralazine, hypotension. Drug. Devel. Res. 2, 175–179.
Bentley, S. M., Drew, G. M., and Whiting, S. B. (1977) Evidence for two distinct types of postsynaptic α-adrenoceptor. Br. J. Pharmacol. 61, 116P–117P.
Berne, R. M. (1958) Effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine on coronary circulation. Circ. Res. 6, 644–655.
Besse, J. C. and Furchgott, R. F. (1976) Dissociation constants and relative efficacies of agonists acting on alpha adrenergic receptors in rabbit aorta. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 197, 66–78.
Bevan, J. A. (1979) Sites of transition between functional systemic and cerebral arteries of rabbits occur at embryological junctional sites. Science 204, 635–637.
Bevan, J. A. (1984) Autonomic pharmacologist’s guide to the cerebral circulation. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 5, 234–236.
Bevan, J. A., Bevan, R. D., and Laher, I. (1985) Role of α-adrenoceptors in vascular control. Clin. Sci. 68 (suppl. 10), 83s–85s.
Bock, K. D., Heimsoth, V., Merguet, P., and Schoenermark, J. (1966) Klinische and kinische-experimentelle Untersuchungen mit einer neuen blutdrucksenkender Substanz: Dicholorphenylaminoimidazolin. Deutsch. Med. Wschr. 91, 1761–1770.
Bolli, P., Erne, P., Ji, B. H., Block, L. H., Kiowski, W., and Buhler, F. R. (1984) Adrenaline induces vasoconstriction through postjunctional alpha2-adrenoceptors and this response is enhanced in patients with essential hypertension. J. Hyperten. 2 (suppl. 3), 115–118.
Bottarie, S. P., Vokaer, A., Kaivez, E., Lescrainier, J.-P., and Vauquelin, G. P. (1983) Differential regulation of α-adrenergic receptor subclasses by gonadal steriods in human myometrium. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 57, 937–941.
Bousquet, P. and Guertzenstein, P. G. (1973) Localization of the central cardiovascular action of Clonidine. Br. J. Pharmacol. 49, 573–579.
Boyer, J. L., Cardenas, C., Posadas, C., and Garcia-Sainz, J. A. (1983) Pertussis toxin induces tachycardia and impairs the increase in blood pressure produced by α2-adrenergic agonists. Life Sci. 33, 2627–2633.
Bramnert, M. and Hokfelt, B. (1983) Failure of naloxone to reduce the Clonidine induced reduction of blood pressure and plasma noradrenaline in patients with essential hypertension. Acta. Physiol. Scand. 118, 379–383.
Broadley, K. J. (1970) An analysis of the coronary vascular responses to catecholamines using a modified Langendorff heart preparation. Br. J. Pharmacol. 40, 617–629.
Broadley, K. J. (1982) Cardiac adrenoceptors. J. Anton. Pharmacol. 2, 119–145.
Brodde, O.-E., Motomura, S., Endoh, M., and Schumann, H. J. (1978) Lack of correlation between the positive inotropic effect evoked by α-adrenoceptor stimulation and the levels of cyclic AMP and/or cyclic GMP in the isolated ventricle strip of the rabbit. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 10, 207–219.
Brown, M. J., Struthers, A. D., Di Silvio, L., Yeo, T., Ghatei, M., and Burrin, J. M. (1985) Metabolic and haemodynamic effects of α2-adrenoceptor stimulation and antagonism in man. Clin. Sci. 68 (suppl 10), 137s–139s.
Burns, T. W., Langley, P. E., Terry, B. E., Bylund, D. B., Hoffman, B. B., Lefkowitz, R. J., Garcia-Sainz, J. A., and Fain, J. W. (1981) Pharmacological characterization of adrenergic receptors in human adipocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 67, 467–475.
Calvette, J. A., Hayes, R. J., Oates, N. S., Sever, P. S., and Thorn, S. (1984) Alpha1 and α2 adrenoceptor responses in isolated human arteries. Br. J. Pharmacol. 83, 364P.
Cambridge, D. (1981) UK-14,304, a potent and selective α2-agonist for the characterization of α-adrenoceptor subtypes. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 72, 413–415.
Cambridge, D., and Davey, M. J. (1980) Comparison of the α-adrenoceptors located on sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve terminals. Br. J. Pharmacol. 69, 345P–346P.
Cami, J., de Torres, S., San, L., Sole, A., Guerra, D., and Ugena, B. (1985) Efficacy of Clonidine and of methadone in the rapid detoxification of patients dependent on heroin. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 38, 336–341.
Campbell, B. C., Elliot, H. L., Hamilton, C. A., and Reid, J. L. (1980) Changes in blood pressure, heart rate and sympathetic activity on abrupt withdrawal of tiamenidine (Hoe440) in essential hypertension. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 18, 449–454.
Cavero, I., Shepperson, N., Lefevre-Borg, F., and Langer, S. Z. (1983) Differential inhibition of vascular smooth muscle responses to α1- and α2-adrenoceptor agonists by diltiazem and verapamil. Circ. Res. 52, (suppl. 1), 69–76.
Cedarbaum, J. M. and Aghajanian, G. K. (1977) Catecholamine receptors on locus ceruleus neurons: Pharmacological characterization. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 44, 375–385.
Chabardes, D., Montegut, M., Imbert-Teboul, M., and Morel, F. (1984) Inhibition of α2-adrenergic agonist on AVP-induced cAMP accumulation in isolated collecting tubule of the rat kidney. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 37, 263–275.
Chance, W. T. (1983) Clonidine analgesia: Tolerance and cross-tolerance to autoanalgesia. Life Sci. 33, 2241–2246.
Chang, E. B., Field, M., and Miller, R. J. (1982) α-Adrenergic receptor regulation of ion transport in rabbit ileum. Am. J. Physiol. 242, G237–G242.
Cheng, H. C., Gleason, E. M., Nathan, B. A., Lachman, P. J., and Woodward, J. K. (1981) Effects of Clonidine on gastric secretion in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 217, 121–126.
Cherksey, B., Mendelsohn, S., Zadunaisky, J., and Altszuler, N. (1982) Demonstration of α2-adrenergic receptors in rat pancreatic islets using radioligand binding. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 171, 196–200.
Cheung, D. W. (1985) The effect of Bay K 8644 on contraction mediated by α-adrenoceptors in the rat saphenous vein. Br. J. Pharmacol. 85, 317–319.
Cheung, Y. D., Barnett, D. B., and Nahorski, S. R. (1982) [3H]Rauwolscine and [3H] yohimbine binding to rat cerebral and human platelet membranes; Possible heterogeneity of α2-adrenoceptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 84, 79–85.
Chiu, A. T., McCall, D. E., Thoolen, M. J. M. C., and Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M. (1986) Ca+ + utilization in the contraction of rat aorta to full and partial α1-adrenoceptor agonists. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 238, 224–231.
Clare, K. A. and Scrutton, M. C. (1983) The properties of 45Ca2+ uptake into human blood platelets induced by PAF and adrenaline. Thromb. Haemost. 50, 41.
Clare, K. A., Scrutton, M. C., and Thompson, N. T. (1984) Effects of α2-adrenoceptor agonists and of related compounds on aggregation of, and on adenylate cyclase activity in, human platelets. Br. J. Pharmacol. 82, 467–476.
Clifton, C. G., O’Neill, W. M., and Wallin, J. D. (1981) Tiamenidine, a new antihypertensive agent: Efficacy, safety and rebound hypertension. Curr. Ther. Res. 30, 397–404.
Clough, D. P. and Hatton, R. (1981) Hypotensive and sedative effects of α-adrenoceptor agonists: Relationship to α1 and α2-adrenoceptor potency. Br. J. Pharmacol. 73, 595–604.
Cocks, T. M. and Angus, J. A. (1983) Endothelium-dependent relaxation of coronary arteries by noradrenaline and serotonin. Nature 305, 627–630.
Cohn, J. N., Levine, T. B., Olivari, M. T., Garberg, V., Lura, D., Francis, G. S., Simon, A. B., and Rector, T. (1984) Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. 311, 819–823.
Connolly, T. M. and Limbird, L. E. (1983) The influence of Na+ on the α2-adrenergic system of human platelets. J. Biol. Chem. 258, 3907–3912.
Connor, H. E., Drew, G. M., and Finch, L. (1982) Clonidine-induced potentiation of reflex vagal bradycardia in anesthetized cats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 34, 22–26.
Constantine, J. W., Gunnell, D., and Weeks, R. A. (1980) Alpha1 and α2 vascular adrenoceptors in the dog. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 66, 281–286.
Constantine, J. W., Level, W., and Archer, R. (1982) A dog saphenous vein preparation with functional postsynaptic α2- but not α1-adrenoceptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 85, 325–329.
Conway, E. L., Louis, W. J., and Jarrott, B. (1979) The effect of acute α-methyldopa administration on catecholamine levels in anterior hypothalamic and medullary nuclei in rat brain. Neuropharmacology 18, 279–286.
Cooke, J. H., Johns, E. J., MacLeod, J. H., and Singer, B. (1972) Effect of renal nerve stimulation, renal blood flow and adrenergic blockade on plasma renin activity in the cat. J. Physiol. 226, 15–36.
Cooke, J. P., Rimele, T. J., Flavahan, N. A., and Vanhoutte, P. M. (1985) Nimodipine and inhibition of α-adrenergic activation of the isolated canine saphenous vein. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 234, 598–602.
Corby, D. G. and O’Barr, T. G. (1981) Decreased α-adrenergic receptors in newborn platelets: Cause of abnormal response to epinephrine. Dev. Pharmacol. Ther. 2, 215–225.
Cowen, P. J. and Nutt, D. J. (1982) Abstinence symptoms after withdrawal of tranquilizing drugs: Is there a common neurological mechanism? Lancet ii, 360–362.
Cutter, W. E., Bier, D. M., Shah, S. D., and Cryer, P. E. (1980) Epinephrine plasma clearance rates and physiologic thresholds for metabolic and hemodynamic actions in man. J. Clin. Invest. 66, 94–101.
Davidov, M., Kakaviatos, N., and Finnerty, F. A. (1967) The antihypertensive effects of an imidazoline compound. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 8, 810–816.
Davis, D. S., Wing, L. M. H., Reid, J. L., Neill, E., Tippett, P., and Dollery, C. T. (1977) Pharmacokinetics and concentration-effect relationships of intravenous and oral Clonidine. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 21, 593–600.
Dawes, P. M. and Vizi, E. S. (1973) Acetylcholine release from the rabbit isolated superior cervical ganglion preparation. Br. J. Pharmacol. 48, 225–232.
Decker, N., Ehrhardt, J. D., Leclerc, G., and Schwartz, J. (1984) Postjunctional α-adrenoceptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 326, 1–6.
deJonge, A., Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M., and van Zwieten, P. A. (1981) Participation of cardiac presynaptic α2-adrenoceptors in the bradycardic effects of Clonidine and analogues. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 317, 8–12.
De Langen, C. D. J., Hogenboom, F., and Mulder, A. H. (1979) Presynaptic noradrenergic α-receptors and modulation of 3H-noradrenaline release from rat brain synaptosomes. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 60, 79–89.
Delbarre, B. and Schmitt, H. (1973) A further attempt to characterize sedative receptors activated by Clonidine in chickens and mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 22, 355–359.
Delini-Stula, A., Baumann, P., and Buch, O. (1979) Depression of exploratory activity by Clonidine in rats as a model for the detection of relative pre- and postsynaptic central noradrenergic receptor selectivity of α-adrenolytic drugs. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 307, 115–122.
DeMey, J. and Vanhoutte, P. M. (1981) Uneven distribution of postjunctional α1 and α2-like adrenoceptors in canine arterial and venous smooth muscle. Circ. Res. 48, 875–884.
Dharmsathaphorn, K., Yamashiro, D. J., Lindeborg, D., Mandel, K. G., McRoberts, J., and Ruffolo, R. R., Jr. (1984) Effects of structure-activity relationships of α-adrenergic compounds on electrolyte transport in the rabbit ileum and rat colon. Gastroenterology 86, 120–128.
Dismukes, K., De Boer, A. A., and Mulder, A. H. (1977) On the mechanism of α-receptor mediated modulation of 3H-noradrenaline release from slices of rat brain neocortex. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 299, 115–122.
Docherty, J. R. and Hyland, L. (1984) Neuro-effector transmission through postsynaptic α2-adrenoceptors in human saphenous vein. Br. J. Pharmacol. 83, 362P.
Docherty, J. R., MacDonald, A., and McGrath, J. C. (1979) Further sub-classification of α-adrenoceptors in the cardiovascular system, vas deferens and anococcygeus muscle of the rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 67, 421P–422P.
Dollery, C. T. and Reid, J. L. (1973) Central noradrenergic neurones and the cardiovascular actions of Clonidine in the rabbit. Br. J. Pharmacol. 47, 206–216.
Donowitz, M., Cusolito, S., Battisti, L., and Fogel, R. (1982) Dopamine stimulation of active Na+ and Cl- absorption in rabbit ileum. Interaction with α-adrenergic and specific dopamine receptors. J. Clin. Invest. 69, 1008–1016.
Doxey, J. C. and Roach, A. G. (1980) Presynaptic α-adrenoceptors; in vitro methods and preparations utilised in the evaluation of agonists and antagonists. J. Auton. Pharmacol. 1, 73–99.
Doxey, J. C., Roach, A. G., Strachan, D. A., and Virdee, N. K. (1984) Selectivity and potency of 2-alkyl analogues of the alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan (RX781094) in peripheral systems. Br. J. Pharmacol. 83, 713–722.
Drew, G. M. (1976) Effects of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on pre- and postsynaptically located alpha-adrenoceptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 36, 313–320.
Drew, G. M. (1978) Pharmacological characterization of the presynaptic α-adrenoceptors regulating cholinergic activity in the guinea pig ileum. Br. J. Pharmacol. 64, 293–300.
Drew, G. M. and Whiting, S. B. (1979) Evidence for two distinct types of postsynaptic α-adrenoceptor in vascular smooth muscle in vivo. Br. J. Pharmacol. 67, 207–215.
Drew, G. M., Gower, A. J., and Marriott, A. S. (1979) α2-adrenoceptors mediate clonidine-induced sedation in the rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 67, 133–141.
Dubocovich, M. L. (1984) Presynaptic α-adrenoceptors in the central nervous system. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 430, 7–25.
Duckies, S. P. (1980) Functional activity of the noradrenergic innervation of large cerebral arteries. Br. J. Pharmacol. 69, 193–199.
Duckies, S. P., Bevan, R. D., and Bevan, J. A. (1976) An in vitro study of prolonged vasospasm of a rabbit cerebral artery. Stroke 7, 174–178.
Durbin, T., Rosenthal, L., McArthur, K., Anderson, D., and Dharmsathaphorn, K. (1982) Clonidine and lidamidine (WHR-1142) stimulate sodium and chloride absorption in the rabbit intestine. Gastroenterology 82, 1352–1358.
Egleme, C., Godfraind, T., and Miller, R. C. (1984) Enhanced responsiveness of isolated rat aorta to Clonidine after removal of the endothelial cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 81, 16–18.
Elliott, H. L., and Reid, J. L. (1983) Evidence for postjunctional vascular α2-adrenoceptors in peripheral vascular regulation in man. Clin. Sci. 65, 237–241.
Eisner, D., Saeed, M., Sommer, O., Holtz, J., and Bassenge, E. (1984) Sympathetic vasoconstriction sensitive to α2-adrenergic receptor blockade. Hypertension 6, 915–925.
Engberg, G., Elam, M., and Svensson, T. H. (1982) Clonidine withdrawal: Activation of brain noradrenergic neurons with specifically reduced α2-receptor sensitivity. Life Sci. 30, 235–243.
Fain, J. N. and Garcia-Sainz, J. A. (1980) Role of phosphatidylinositol turnover in α1- and of adenylate cyclase inhibition in α2-effects of catecholamines. Life Sci. 26, 1183–1194.
Farnebo, L-O and Hamberger, B. (1971) Drug-induced changes in the release of 3H-monoamines from field stimulated rat brain slices. Acta Physiol. Scand. (suppl. 371), 35–44.
Farsang, C. and Kunos, G. (1979) Naloxone reverses the antihypertensive effect of Clonidine. Br. J. Pharmacol. 67, 161–164.
Farsang, C., Varga, K., Vajda, L., Alfoldi, S., and Kapocsi, J. (1984a) Effects of Clonidine and guanfacine in essential hypertension. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 36, 588–594.
Farsang, C., Varga, K., Vajda, L., Kapocsi, J., Balas-Eltes, A., and Kunos, G. (1984b) Beta-Endorphin contributes to the antihypertensive effect of Clonidine in a subset of patients with essential hypertension. Neuropeptides 4, 293–302.
Farsang, C., Kapocsi, J., Vajda, L., Varga, K., Malisak, Z., Fekete, M., and Kunos, G. (1984c) Reversal by naloxone of the antihypertensive action of Clonidine: Involvement of the sympathetic nervous system. Circulation 69, 461–467.
Farsang, C., Ramirez-Gonzalez, M. D., Mucci, L. and Kunos, G. (1980) Possible role of an endogenous opioid in the cardiovascular effects of central α-adrenoceptor stimulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 214, 203–208.
Farsang, C., Kapocsi, J., Juhasz, I., and Kunos, G. (1982) Possible involvement of an endogenous opioid in the antihypertensive effect of Clonidine in patients with essential hypertension. Circulation 66, 1268–1272.
Farsang, C., Vajda, L., Kopocsi, J., Malisal, Z., Alfoldi, S., Varga, K., Juhasz, I., and Kunos, G. (1983) Diurnal rhythm of beta endorphin in normotensive and hypertensive patients: The effect of Clonidine. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 56, 865–867.
Feigl, E. O. (1967) Sympathetic control of coronary circulation. Circ. Res. 20, 262–270.
Feigl, E. O. (1975) Control of myocardial oxygen tension by sympathetic coronary vasoconstriction in the dog. Circ. Res. 37, 88–95.
Field, M. and McColl, I. (1973) Ion transport in rabbit ileal mucosa. III. Effects of catecholamines. Am. J. Physiol. 225, 852–857.
Fielding, S., Wilker, J., Hynes, M., Szewczak, M., Novick, W. J., and Lal, H. (1978) A comparison of Clonidine with morphine for antinociceptive and antiwithdrawal actions. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 207, 899–905.
Flavahan, N. A. and Vanhoutte, P. M. (1986a) Alpha1 and α2 adrenoceptor: Response coupling in canine saphenous and femoral veins. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 238, 131–138.
Flavahan, N. A. and Vanhoutte, P. M. (1986b) The effect of cooling on α1 and α2-adrenergic responses in canine saphenous and femoral veins. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 238, 131–138.
Flavahan, N. A., Rimele, T. J., Cooke, J. P., and Vanhoutte, P. M. (1984) Characterization of postjunctional alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors activated by exogenous or nerve-released norepinephrine in the canine saphenous vein. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 230, 699–705.
Fontaine, J., Grivegnee, A., and Reuse, J. (1984) Adrenoceptors and regulation of intestinal tone in the isolated colon of the mouse. Br. J. Pharmacol. 81, 231–243.
Fowler, P. J., Grous, M., Price, W., and Matthews, W. D. (1984) Pharmacological differentiation of postsynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors in the dog saphenous vein. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 229, 712–718.
Frankhuyzen, A. L. and Mulder, A. H. (1980) Noradrenaline inhibits depolarization induced 3H-serotonin release from slices of rat hippocampus. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 63, 179–182.
Frisk-Holmberg, M., Paalzow, L., and Wibell, L. (1984) Relationship between the cardiovascular effects and steady-state kinetics of Clonidine in hypertension. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 26, 309–313.
Frohman, L. A. and Benardis, L. L. (1971) Effect of hypothalamic stimulation on plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon levels. Am. J. Physiol. 221, 1596–1603.
Furchgott, R. F. (1966) The use of beta-haloalkylamines in the differentiation of receptors and in the determination of dissociation constants of receptor-agonist complexes. Adv. Drug Res. 3, 21–55.
Furchgott, R. F. (1983) Role of the endothelium in response of vascular smooth muscle. Circ. Res. 53, 557–573.
Gaal, G., Katrus, A. A., Kolin, A., and Ross, G. (1966) Effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline on coronary blood flow before and after beta-adrenergic blockade. Br. J. Pharmacol. 26, 713–722.
Gadie, B., Lane, A. C., McCarthy, P. S., Tulloch, I. F., and Walter, D. S. (1984) 2-Alkyl analogues of idazoxan (RX781094) with enhanced antagonist potency and selectivity at central α2-adrenoceptors in the rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 83, 707–712.
Gaxiola, B., Friedl, W., and Propping, P. (1984) Epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation. A twin study. Clin. Genet. 26, 543–548.
Gellai, M. and Ruffolo, R. R., Jr. (1987) Renal effects of selective α1 and α2-adrenoceptor agonists in conscious, normotensive rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 240, 723–728.
Gerold, M. and Haeusler, G. (1983) Alpha2-adrenoceptors in rat resistance vessels. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 322, 29–33.
Giles, T. D., Thomas, M. G., Sander, G. E., and Quiroz, A. C. (1985) Central α-adrenergic agonists in chronic heart failure and ischemic heart disease. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 7 (suppl. 8), S51–S55.
Gillespie, J. S. and Khoyi, M. A. (1977) The site and receptors responsible for the inhibition by sympathetic nerves of intestinal smooth muscle and its parasympathetic motor nerves. J Physiol. 267, 767–789.
Gillis, R. A., Gatti, P. J., and Quest, J. A. (1985) Mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of α2-agonists. J Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 7 (suppl. 8), S38–S44.
Glomstein, A., Kauge, A., Oye, I., and Sinclair, D. (1967) Effects of adrenaline on coronary flow in isolated perfused rat hearts. Acta Physiol. Scand. 69, 102–110.
Glusa, E. and Markwadt, F. (1983a) Characterization of postjunctional α-adrenoceptors in isolated human femoral veins and arteries. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 323, 101–105.
Glusa, E. and Markwadt, F. (1983b) Characterization of α2-adrenoceptors on blood platelets from various species using, 3H-yohimbine. Haemostasis 13, 96–101.
Gold, M. S., Redmond, D. E., and Kleber, H. D. (1978a) Clonidine in opiate withdrawal. Lancet i, 929–930.
Gold, M. S., Redmond, D. E., and Kleber, H. D. (1978b) Clonidine blocks acute opiate withdrawal symptoms. Lancet ii, 599–602.
Gold, M. S., Pottach, A. L. C., and Extein, I. (1982) Clonidine: Inpatient studies from 1978 to 1981. J. Clin. Psychiatry 43, 35–38.
Goldberg, M. R. and Robertson, D. (1984) Evidence for the existence of vascular α2-adrenergic receptors in humans. Hypertension 6, 551–556.
Goldstein, J. A. (1983) Clonidine as analgesic. Biol. Psychiatry 18, 1339–1340.
Gothert, M. and Huth, H. (1980) Alpha-adrenoceptor mediated modulation of 5-hydroxytyrptamine release from rat brain cortex slices. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 313, 21–26.
Göthert, M., Schlicker, E., Hentrich, F., Rohm, N., and Zerkowski, H-R. (1984) Modulation of noradrenaline release in human saphenous vein via presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 102, 261–267.
Govier, W. C. (1967) A positive inotropic effect of phenylephrine mediated through α-adrenergic receptors. Life Sci. 6, 1361–1365.
Gower, A. J. and Marriott, A. S. (1980) The inhibition of clonidine-induced sedation in the mouse by anti-depressent drugs. Br. J. Pharmacol. 69, 287P–288P.
Graham, A. W. and Aghajanian, G. K. (1971) Effects of amphetamine on single-cell activity in a catecholamine nucleus, the locus ceruleus. Nature 234, 100–102.
Granger, D. N., Richardson, P. D. L, Kvietys, P. R., and Mortillaro, N. A. (1980) Intestinal blood flow. Gastroenterology 78, 837–863.
Grant, J. A. and Scrutton, M. C. (1980) Interaction of selective α-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists with human and rabbit blood platelets. Br. J. Pharmacol. 71, 121–134.
Grant, K., Marshall, I., and Nasmyth, P. A. (1980) Cocaine and presynaptic α-adrenoceptor regulation of noradrenaline release in response to one and two pulses. Br. J. Pharmacol. 69, 344P–345P.
Greenway, C. V. and Innes, I. R. (1981) Effects of arteriolar vasodilators on hepatic venous compliance and cardiac output in anesthetized cats. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 3, 1321–1331.
Gunnar Wallin, B. and Frisk-Holmberg, M. (1981) The antihypertensive mechanism of Clonidine in man. Hypertension 3, 340–346.
Haeusler, G. (1974) Clonidine-induced inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity; no indication for a central presynaptic or an indirect sympathomimetic mode of action. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 286, 97–111.
Hallam, T. J., Scrutton, M. C., and Wallis, R. B. (1981) Responses of rabbit platelets to adrenaline induced by other agonists. Thromb. Res. 20, 413–424.
Hamilton, F. M. and Feigl, E. (1976) Coronary vascular sympathetic beta-receptor innervation. Am. J. Physiol. 230, 1569–1576.
Hamilton, C. A. and Reid, J. L. (1982) A postsynaptic location of α2-adrenoceptors in vascular smooth muscle: In vivo studies in the conscious rabbit. Cardiovasc. Res. 16, 11–15.
Hamilton, C. A., Reid, J. L., and Sumner, D. J. (1983) Acute effects of phenoxybenzamine on α-adrenoceptor responses in vivo and in vitro: Relation of in vivo pressor responses to the number of specific binding sites. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 5, 868–873.
Hannah, J. A. M., Hamilton, C. A., and Reid, J. L. (1983) RX 781094, a new potent α2-adrenoceptor antagonist. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 322, 221–227.
Hansson, L. (1983) Clinical aspects of blood pressure crisis due to withdrawal of centrally acting antihypertensive drugs. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 15, 485S–489S.
Hansson, L., Hunyor, S. N., Julius, S., and Hoobler, S. W. (1973) Blood pressure crisis following withdrawal of Clonidine, with special reference to arterial and urinary catecholamine levels and suggestions for acute management. Am. Heart J. 85, 605–610.
Hashimto, K., Shigel, T., Imai, S., Saito, Yo., Yago, N., Uei, I., and Clark, R. E. (1960) Oxygen consumption and coronary vascular tone in the isolated fibrillating dog heart. Am. J. Physiol. 198, 965–970.
Haslam, R. J. (1975) Role of Cyclic Nucleotides in Platelet Function, in CIBA Foundation Symposium no. 25, Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical, Amsterdam.
Haslam, R. J., Davidson, M. M. L., and Desjardins, J. V. (1978) Inhibition of adenylate cyclase by adenosine analogs in preparations of broken and intact human platelets: Evidence for unidirectional control of platelet function by cyclic AMP. Biochem. J. 176, 83–95.
Hedler, L., Stamm, G., Weitzell, R., and Starke, K. (1981) Functional characterization of central α-adrenoceptors by yohimbine diastereomers. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 70, 43–52.
Hesse, I. F. A. and Johns, E. J. (1984) An in vivo study of the α-adrenoceptor subtypes on the renal vasculature of the anaesthetised rabbit. J. Autonom. Pharmacol. 4, 145–152.
Heusch, G. and Deussen, A. (1983) The effects of cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation on perfusion of stenotic coronary arteries in the dog. Circ. Res. 53, 8–15.
Heusch, G., Deussen, A., Schipke, J., and Thamer, V. (1984) Alpha1- and alpha2-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction of large and small canine coronary arteries in vivo. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 6, 961–968.
Hicks, P. E. and Waldron, C. (1982) Selective post-junctional supersensitivity to α2-adrenoceptor agonists after reserpine pretreatment in rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 75, 152P.
Hieble, J. P. and Pendleton, R. G. (1979) Effects of ring substitution on the pre- and postjunctional alpha-adrenergic activity of arylimino-imidazolidines. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 309, 217–224.
Hieble, J. P. and Woodward, D. F. (1984) Different characteristics of postjunctional α-adrenoceptors on arterial and venous smooth muscle. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 328, 44–50.
Hieble, J. P., DeMarinis, R. M., Matthews, W. D., and Fowler, P. J. (1986) Selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor blockade by SK&F 86466: In vitro characterization of receptor selectivity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 236, 90–96.
Hiley, C. R. and Thomas, G. R. (1987) Effects of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists on cardiac output and its regional distribution in the pithed rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 90, 61–70.
Hoefke, A., Kobinger, W., and Walland, A. (1975) Relationship between activity and structure in derivatives of Clonidine. Arzneimittelforsch. 25, 786–793.
Hoffman, B. B. and Lefkowitz, R. J. (1980) Radioligand binding studies of adrenergic receptors: New insights into molecular and physiological regulation. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 20, 581–608.
Hoffman, B. B., De Lean, A., Wood, C. L., Schocken, D. D., and Lefkowitz, R. J. (1979) α-Adrenergic receptor subtypes: Quantitative assessment by ligand biding. Life Sci. 24, 1739–1746.
Hoffman, B. B., Lavin, T. N., Lefkowitz, R. J., and Ruffolo, R. R., Jr. (1981) α-Adrenergic receptor subtypes in rabbit uterus: Mediation of myometrial contraction and regulation by estrogens. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 219, 290–295.
Holman, R. B., Shillito, E., and Vogt, M. (1971) Sleep produced by Clonidine (2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride). Br. J. Pharmacol. 43, 685–695.
Holtz, J., Saeed, M., Sommer, O., and Bassenge, E. (1982) Norepinephrine constricts the canine coronary bed via postsynaptic α2-adrenoceptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 82, 199–202.
Horn, P. T., Kohli, J. D., Listinsky, J. J., and Goldberg, L. I. (1982) Regional variation in the α-adrenergic receptors in the canine resistance vessels. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 318, 166–172.
Hsu, C. Y., Knapp, D. R., and Halushka, P. V. (1979) The effects of α-adrenergic agents on human platelet aggregation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 208, 366–370.
Hughes, P. L. and Morse, R. M. (1985) Use of Clonidine in a mixed-drug detoxification regimen: Possibility of masking of clinical signs of sedative withdrawal. Mayo Clin. Proc. 60, 47–49.
Hyman, A. L. and Kadowitz, P. J. (1985) Evidence for existence of postjunctional α1- and α2-adrenoceptors in cat pulmonary vascular bed. Am. J. Physiol. 249, H891–H898.
Hyman, A. L. and Kadowitz, P. J. (1986) Enhancement of α- and β-adrenoceptor responses by elevations in vascular tone in pulmonary circulation. Am. J. Physiol. 250, H1109–H1116.
Hyman, A. L., Lippton, H. L., and Kadowitz, P. J. (1985) Autonomic regulation of the pulmonary circulation. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 7, S80–S95.
Hynes, M. D., Atlas, D., and Ruffolo, R. R., Jr. (1983) Analgesic activity of HP-aminoclonidine, a novel analog of Clonidine: Role of opioid receptors and α-adrenoceptors. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 19, 879–882.
Insel, P. A., Nirenberg, P., Turnbull, J., and Shattil, S. J. (1978) Relationships between membrane cholesterol, α-adrenergic receptors, and platelet function. Biochemistry 17, 5269–5274.
Ito, T. and Chiba, S. (1985) Existence of two types of postjunctional a adrenoceptors in the isolated canine intermediate auricular artery. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 234, 698–702.
Jakobs, K. H. (1978) Synthetic α-adrenergic agonists are potent α-adrenergic blockers in human platelets. Nature 274, 819–820.
Jakobs, K. H., Saur, W., and Schultz, G. (1978) Characterization of α- and beta-adrenergic receptors linked to human platelet adenylate cyclase. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 302, 285–291.
Jakobs, K. H., Saur, W., and Schultz, G. (1976) Reduction of adenylate cyclase activity in lysates of human platelets by the α-adrenergic component of epinephrine. J. Cycl. Nucl. Res. 2, 381–392.
Jain, A. K., Hiremath, A., Michael, R., Ryan, J. R., and McMahon, F. G. (1985) Clonidine and guanfacine in hypertension. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 37, 271–276.
Kalsner, S. (1980) Limitations of presynaptic adrenoceptor theory: The characteristics of the effects of noradrenaline and phenoxybenzamine on stimulation-induced efflux of [3H]-noradrenaline in vas deferens. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 212, 232–239.
Kalsner, S., Suleiman, M., and Dobson, R. E. (1980) Adrenergic presynaptic receptors: An overextended hypothesis? J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 32, 290–292.
Kawahara, R. S. and Bylund, D. B. (1985) Solubilization and characterization of putative α2-adrenergic isoceptors from the human platelet and the rat cerebral cortex. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 233, 603–610.
Kenakin, T. P. (1984) The classification of drugs and drug receptors in isolated tissues. Pharmacol. Rev. 36, 165–222.
Keshavan, M. S. and Crammer, J. L. (1985) Clonidine in benzodiazepine withdrawal. Lancet i, 1325–1326.
Kho, T. L., Schalekamp, M. A. D. H., Zaal, G. A., Wester, A., and Birkenhager, W. H. (1975) Comparison between the effects of St 600 and Clonidine. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 217, 162–169.
Kinter, L. B., Mann, W. A., and Naselsky, D. (1985) Site of alpha-2 agonist inhibition of epithelial water flux. Fed. Proc. 44, 1014.
Kleber, H. D., Riordan, C. E., Rounsaville, B., Kosten, T., Charney, D., Gaspari, J., Hogan, I., and O’Connor, C. (1985) Clonidine in outpatient detoxification from methadone maintenance. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 42, 391–394.
Kleinlogel, H., Scholtysik, G., and Sayers, A. C. (1975) Effects of Clonidine and BS 100–141 on the EEG sleep patterns in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 33, 159–163.
Kobinger, W. (1978) Central α-adrenergic systems as targets for antihypertensive drugs. Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 81, 39–100.
Kobinger, W. and Pichler, L. (1981) Alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist effect of B-HT 920 in isolated perfused hindquarters of rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 76, 101–105.
Kobinger, W. and Pichler, L. (1976) Centrally induced reduction in sympathetic tone, a postsynaptic α-adrenoceptor stimulating action of imidazolidines. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 40, 311–320.
Kobinger, W., Lillie, C., and Pichler, L. (1980) Central cardiovascular alpha-adrenoceptors. Relation to peripheral receptors. Circ. Res. 46, 121–25.
Kopia, G. A., Kopaciewicz, L. J., and Ruffolo, R. R., Jr. (1986) α-Adrenoceptor regulation of coronary artery blood flow in normal and stenotic canine coronary arteries. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 239, 641–647.
Kroneberg, G. and Oberdorf, A. (1974) Inhibition of Acetylcholine Release and Acetylcholine Action in the Guinea Pig Ileum by Sympathetic α- and β-Receptor Stimulation, in Proceedings, First Congress of the Hungarian Pharmacological Society (Knoll, J. and Vizi, E. S., eds.) Akademaiai Kiado, Budapest.
Krothapalli, R. K., Duffy, B., Senekjian, H., and Suki, W. (1983) Modulation of the hydro-osmotic effect of vasopressin on the rabbit cortical collecting tubule by adrenergic agents. J. Clin. Invest. 72, 287–294.
Kuhar, M. J. (1982) Receptors for Clonidine in brain: Insights into therapeutic actions. J. Clin. Psychiat. 43, 17–19.
Kunos, G., Farsang, C., and Ramirez-Gonzalez, M. D. (1981) Beta-endorphin: Possible involvement in the antihypertensive effect of central α-receptor activation. Science 211, 82–84.
Jannseens, W. J. and Vanhoutte, P. M. (1978) Instantaneous changes of α-adrenoceptor affinity by moderate cooling in canine cutaneous veins. Am. J. Physiol. 234, H330–H337.
Jansson, G. and Martinson, J. (1966) Studies on the ganglionic site of action of sympathetic outflow to the stomach. Acta Physiol. Scand. 68, 184–192.
Jarrott, B., Lewis, S., Conway, E. L., Summers, R., and Louis, W. J. (1984) The involvement of central a adrenoceptors in the antihypertensive actions of methyldopa and Clonidine in the rat. Clin. Exp. Hyperten. A6, 387–400.
Jarrott, B., Louis, W. J., and Summers, R. J. (1979) The characteristics of 3H-clonidine binding to an α-adrenoceptor in membranes from guinea pig kidney. Br. J. Pharmacol. 65, 663–670.
Jauernig, R. A., Moulds, R. F. W., and Shaw, J. (1978) The action of prazosin on human vascular preparations. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 231, 81–89.
Jie, K., van Brummelen, P., Vermey, P., Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M., and van Zwieten, P. A. (1986) Alpha1- and alpha2-adrenoceptor mediated vasoconstriction in the forearm of normotensive and hypertensive subjects. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 8, 190–196.
Jim, K. F. and Matthews, W. D. (1985) Role of extracellular calcium in contractions produced by activation of postsynaptic α2-adrenoceptors in canine saphenous vein. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 234, 161–165.
Jouvet, M. (1972) The role of monoamines and acetylcholine containing neurons in the regulation of the sleep-waking cycle. Ergeb. Physiol. 64, 166–307.
Kalkman, H. O., Thoolen, M. J. M. C., Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M., and van Zwieten, P. A. (1984) The influence of α1 and α2-adrenoceptor agonists on cardiac output in rats and cats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 36, 265–268.
Kalsner, S. (1979) Single pulse stimulation of guinea pig vas deferens and the presynaptic receptor hypothesis. Br. J. Pharmacol. 66, 343–349.
Langer, S. Z. (1973) The Regulation of Transmitter Release Elicited by Nerve Stimulation Through a Presynaptic Feed-Back Mechanism, in Frontiers in Catecholamine Research (Usden, E. and Synder, S., eds.) Pergamon, New York.
Langer, S. Z. (1974) Presynaptic regulation of catecholamine release. Biochem. Pharmacol. 23, 1783.1800.
Langer, S. Z. (1979) Presynaptic Adrenoceptors and Regulation of Release, in The Release of Catecholamines from Adrenergic Neurons (Paton, D. M., ed.) Pergamon, Oxford.
Langer, S. Z. (1981) Presynaptic regulation of the release of catecholamines. Pharmacol. Rev. 32, 337–362.
Langer, S. Z. and Arbilla, S. (1981) Presynaptic receptors and modulation of the release of noradrenaline, dopamine and GABA. Postgrad. Med. J. 57 (suppl. 1), 18–29.
Langer, S. Z. and Hicks, P. E. (1984) Alpha-adrenoceptor subtypes in blood vessels: Physiology and pharmacology. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 6 (suppl. 4), S547–S558.
Langer, S. Z. and Shepperson, N. B. (1981) Antagonism of α-adrenoceptor mediated contractions of the isolated saphenous vein of the dog by diltizem and verapamil. Br. J. Pharmacol. 74, 942P.
Langer, S. Z. and Shepperson, N. B. (1982a) Postjunctional α1- and α2-adrenoceptors: Preferential innervation of α1-adrenoceptors and the role of neuronal uptake. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 4, S8–S13.
Langer, S. Z. and Shepperson, N. B. (1982b) Recent developments in vascular smooth muscle pharmacology: The postsynaptic α2-adrenoceptor. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 3, 440–444.
Langer, S. Z., Duval, N., and Massingham, R. (1985) Pharmacological and therapeutic significance of alpha adrenoceptor subtypes. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 7 (suppl. 8), S1–S8.
Langer, S. Z., Shepperson, N. B., and Massingham, R. (1981) Preferential noradrenergic innervation of α1-adrenergic receptors in vascular smooth muscle. Hypertension 3 (suppl. 1), 1112–1118.
Lasch, P. and Jakobs, K. H. (1979) Agonistic and antagonistic effects of various α-adrenergic agonists in human platelets. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 306, 119–125.
Laverty, R. (1969) A comparison of the behavioral effects of some hypotensive imidazoline derivatives in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 9, 163–169.
Laverty, R. and Taylor, K. M. (1969) Behavioral and biochemical effects of 2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamine)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (St 155) on the central nervous system. Br. J. Pharmacol. 35, 253–264.
Lefebvre, R. A., Willems, J. L., and Bogaert, M. G. (1984) Inhibitory effect of dopamine on canine gastric fundus. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 326, 22–28.
Lenox, R. H., Ellis, J., Riper, D. V., and Ehrlich, Y. H. (1985) α2-Adrenergic receptor mediated regulation of adenylate cyclase in the intact human platelet. Mol. Pharmacol. 27, 1–9.
Leppavuori, A. (1980) The effects of an α-adrenergic agonist or antagonist on sleep during blockade of catecholamine synthesis in the cat. Brain Res. 193, 117–128.
Leppavuori, A. and Putkonen, P. T. S. (1980) Alpha-adrenoceptive influences on the control of the sleep waking cycle in the cat. Brain Res. 193, 95–115.
Levine, T. B., Francis, G. S., and Goldsmith, S. R. (1982) Activity of the sympathetic nervous system assessed by plasma hormone levels and their relation to hemodynamic abnormalaties in congestive heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol. 49, 1659–1666.
Levitt, B. and Hieble, J. P. (1985) Characterization of pre- and postjunctional α-adrenoceptors in rabbit lateral saphenous vein. Fed. Proc. 44, 1465.
Lewis, S. J., Fennessy, M. R., and Taylor, D. A. (1981) Central aminergic mechanisms associated with the Clonidine withdrawal syndrome. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 8, 489–495.
Limbird, L. E. (1984) GTP and Na+ modulate receptor-adenyl cyclase coupling and receptor-mediated function. Am. J. Physiol. 247, E59–E68.
Limbird, L. E. and Speck, J. L. (1983) N-ethylmaleimide, elevated temperature and digitonin solubilization eliminate guanine nucleotide but not sodium effects on human platelet a adrenergic receptor agonist interactions. J. Cycl. Nucl. Phos. Res. 9, 191–201.
Lioy, F. (1967) An analysis of the mechanism of catecholamine effects on coronary circulation. Am. J. Physiol. 213, 487–491.
Lopez, L. M. and Mehta, J. L. (1984) Comparative efficacy and safety of lofexidine and Clonidine in mild to moderately severe systemic hypertension. Am. J. Cardiol. 53, 787–790.
Lowenthal, D. T. (1980) Pharmacokinetics of Clonidine. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2, S29–S37.
Madjar, H., Docherty, J. R., and Starke, K. (1980) An examination of pre-and postsynaptic α-adrenoceptors in the autoperfused rabbit hindlimb. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2, 619–627.
Malindzak, G. S., Kosinski, E. J., Green, H. D., and Yarborough, G. W. (1978) The effects of adrenergic stimulation on conductive and resistive segments of the coronary vascular bed. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 206, 248–258.
Malta, E., McPherson, G. A., and Raper, C. (1979) Comparison of prejunctional α-adrenoceptors at the neuromuscular junction with vascular postjunctional α-receptors in cat skeletal muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol. 65, 249–256.
Malta, E., Schini, V., and Miller, R. C. (1986) Role of efficacy in the assessment of the actions of α-adrenoceptor agonists in rat aorta with endothelium. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 38, 209–213.
Markiewicz, M., Marshall, I., and Nasmyth, P. A. (1980) Lack of feedback via presynaptic α-adrenoceptors by noradrenaline released by a single pulse. Br. J. Pharmacol. 69, 343P–344P.
Martin, W., Furchgott, R. F., Villani, G. M., and Jothianandan, D. (1986) Depression of contractile responses in rat aorta by spontaneously released endothelium-derived relaxing factor. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 237, 529–538.
Matsuda, H., Kuon, E., Holtz, J., and Busse, R. (1985) Endothelium-mediated dilations contribute to the polarity of the arterial wall in vaso-motion induced by α2-adrenergic agonists. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 7, 680–688.
Matthews, W. D., McCafferty, G. P., and Grous, M. (1984a) Characterization of α-adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle: Electrophysiological differentiation in canine saphenous vein. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 231, 355–360.
Matthews, W. D., Jim, K. F., Hieble, J. P., and DeMarinis, R. M. (1984b) Post-synaptic α-adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle. Fed. Proc. 43, 2923–2928.
McAdams, R. P. and Waterfall, J. F. (1984) Functional subsensitivity of postjunctional α2- but not α1-adrenoceptors in the dog saphenous vein with reduction in temperature. Br. J. Pharmacol. 83, 412P.
McArthur, K. E., Anderson, D. S., Durbin, T. E., Orloff, M. J., and Dharmsathaphorn, K. (1982) Clonidine and lidamidine to inhibit watery diarrhea in a patient with lung cancer. Ann. Int. Med. 96, 323–325.
McCalden, T. A. (1981) Sympathetic control of the cerebral circulation. J. Auton. Pharmacol. 1, 421–431.
McGrath, J. C., Flavahan, N. A., and McKean, C. E. (1982) Alpha1 and α2-adrenoceptor mediated pressor and chronotropic effects in the rat and rabbit. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 4 (suppl. 1), S101–S107.
McPherson, G. A. and Summers, R. J. (1981) 3H-Prazosin and 3H-clonidine binding to α-adrenoceptors in membranes prepared from regions of rat kidney. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 33, 189–191.
Medgett, I. C. and Rajanayagam, M. A. S. (1984) Effects of reduced calcium ion concentration and of diltiazem on vasoconstrictor responses to noradrenaline and sympathetic nerve stimulation in rat isolated tail artery. Br. J. Pharmacol. 83, 889–898.
Medgett, I. C., McCulloch, M. W., and Rand, M. J. (1978) Partial agonist action of Clonidine on prejunctional and postjunctional alpha-adrenoceptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 304, 215–221.
Meyer, D. R. and Sparber, S. B. (1976) Clonidine antagonizes body weight loss and other symptoms used to measure withdrawal in morphine pelleted rats given naloxone. Pharmacologist 18, 236.
Michel, D., Zimmerman, W., Nassehi, A., and Seraphim, P. (1966) Erste Beobachtungen uber einen antihypertensiven Effekt von 2-(2,6-Dichlorphenyl-amino)-2-imidazolin hydrochlorid am Menschen. Deutsch. med. Woschr. 91, 1540–1547.
Michell, R. H. (1979) Inositol phospholipids in membrane function. Trends Biochem. Sci. 4, 128–131.
Miller, M. D. and Marshall, J. M. (1965) Uterine responses to nerve stimulation: Relation to hormonal status and catecholamines. Am. J. Physiol. 209, 859–865.
Mills, D. C. B. (1975) Initial Biochemical Responses of Platelets to Stimulation, in CIBA Foundation Symposium no. 35, Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical, Amsterdam.
Mills, D. C. B. and Roberts, G. C. K. (1967) Effects of adrenaline on human blood platelets. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 193, 443–453.
Misu, Y. and Kubo, T. (1982) Central and peripheral cardiovascular responses of rats to guanabenz and Clonidine. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 32, 925–928.
Mottram, D. R. and Thakar, Y. (1984) The action and interaction β-phenethylamines and imidazolines on prejunctional α2-adrenoceptors of guinea pig ileum in the presence of the noncompetitive antagonist benextramine. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 36, 668–672.
Motulsky, H. J., Shattil, S. J., Ferry, N., Rozansky, D., and Insel, P. A. (1986) Desensitization of epinephrine-initiated platelet aggregation does not alter binding to the α2-adrenergic receptor or receptor coupling to adenylate cyclase. Mol. Pharmacol. 29, 1–8.
Muller-Schweinitzer, E. (1984) Alpha-adrenoceptors, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors and the action of dihydroergotamine in human venous preparations obtained during saphenectomy procedures for varicose veins. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 327, 299–303.
Muraki, T., Nakai, T., and Kato, R. (1984) Predominance of α2-adrenoceptors in porcine thyroid: Biochemical and pharmacological correlations. Endocrinology 114, 1645–1651.
Myers, R. D. and Waller, M. B. (1975) 5HT and norepinephrine-induced release of acetylcholine from hypothalamus and mesencephalon of the monkey during thermoregulation. Brain Res. 84, 47–61.
Myers, K. M., Huston, L. Y., and Clemmons, R. M. (1983) Regulation of canine platelet function. II. Catecholamines. Am. J. Physiol. 245, R100–R109.
Nakadate, T., Nakaki, T., Muraki, T., and Kato, R. (1980) Adrenergic regulation of blood glucose levels: Possible involvement of postsynaptic alpha-2 type adrenergic receptors regulating insulin release. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 215, 226–230.
Nakaki, T., Nakadate, T., and Kato, R. (1980) α-Adrenoceptors modulating insulin release from isolated pancreatic islet cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 313, 151–153.
Nakaki, T., Nakadate, T., Yamamoto, S., and Kato, R. (1982a) α2-Adrenoceptors inhibit the cholera-toxin-induced intestinal fluid accumulation. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 318, 181–184.
Nakaki, T., Nakadate, T., Yamamoto, S., and Kato, R. (1982b) α2-Adrenergic inhibition of intestinal secretion induced by prostaglandin E2, vasoactive intestinal peptide and dibutyryl cyclic AMP in rat jejunum. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 220, 637–641.
Nakaki, T., Nakadate, T., Yamamoto, S., and Kato, R. (1983) α2-Adrenergic receptor in intestinal epithelial cells. Identification by [3H]yohimbine and failure to inhibit cyclic AMP accumulation. Mol. Pharmacol. 23, 228–234.
Nestler, E. J. and Greegard, P. (1982) Nerve impulses increase the phosphorylation state of protein I in rabbit superior cervical ganglion. Nature 296, 452–454.
Nichols, A. J. (1985) Pharmacological studies on the hepatosplanchnic circulation of the rat. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge.
Nichols, A. J. and Hiley, C. R. (1985) Identification of adrenoceptors and dopamine receptors mediating vascular responses in the superior mesenteric arterial bed of the rat. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 37, 110–115.
Nichols, A. J. and Ruffolo, R. R., Jr. (1986) The relationship between alterations in α1-adrenoceptor reserve by phenoxybenzamine and benextramine and the sensitivity of cirazoline-induced pressor responses to inhibition by nifedipine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 126, 297–301.
O’Brien, J. R. (1963) Some effects of adrenaline and anti-adrenaline compounds on platelets in vitro and in vivo. Nature 200, 763–764.
Ohlstein, E. H., Shebuski, R. J., and Ruffolo, R. R., Jr. (1986) Localization of α2-adrenoceptors in the canine pulmonary vasculature. Pharmacologist 28, 141.
Olsen, U. B. (1976) Clonidine-induced increase of renal prostaglandin activity and water diuresis in conscious dogs. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 36, 95–101.
Onesti, G., Schwartz, A. B., and Kim, K. E. (1971) Antihypertensive effect of Clonidine. Circ. Res. 28 (suppl. 2), 53–69.
Oriowo, M. A., Bevan, R. D., and Bevan, J. A. (1985) Abrupt decrease in sensitivity at the origin of the rabbit internal iliac artery to norepinephrine but not to histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Fed. Proc. 44, 883.
Osborn, J. L., DiBona, G. F., and Thames, M. D. (1982) Role of renal α-adrenoceptor mediating renin secretion. Am. J. Physiol. 242, F620–F626.
Osborn, J. L., Holdaas, H., Thames, M. D., and Di Bona, G. F. (1983) Renal adrenoceptor mediation of antinatriuretic and renin secretion responses to low frequency renal nerve stimulation in the dog. Cire. Res. 53, 298–305.
Osnes, J.-B. (1976) Positive inotropic effect without cyclic AMP elevation after α-adrenergic stimulation of perfused hearts from hypothyroid rats. Acta Pharmacol. Tox. 398, 232–240.
Oswald, H. and Greven, J. (1981) Effects of Adrenergic Activators and Inhibitors on Kidney Function, in Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology vol. 54 (Szekeres, L., ed.) Springer Verlag, Berlin.
Owen, M. P. and Bevan, J. A. (1985) Influence of norepinephrine uptake on neurogenic vasoconstriction is greater in smaller compared with larger arteries of the rabbit ear. Fed. Proc. 44, 1733.
Paalzow, L. (1974) Analgesia produced by Clonidine in mice and rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 26, 361–363.
Paalzow, G. and Paalzow, L. (1976) Clonidine antinociceptive activity: Effects of drugs influencing central monoaminergic and cholinergic mechanisms in the rat. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 292, 119–126.
Parratt, J. R. (1969) The effect of adrenaline, noradrenaline, and propranolol on myocardial blood flow and metabolic heat production in monkeys and baboons. Cardiovasc. Res. 3, 306–314.
Patel, P., Bose, D., and Greenway, C. (1981) Effects of prazosin and phenoxybenzamine on α- and β-receptor mediated responses in intestinal resistance and capacitance vessels. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 3, 1050–1059.
Paton, W. D. M. and Vizi, E. S. (1969) The inhibitory action of noradrenaline and adrenaline on acetylcholine output by guinea pig ileum longitudinal muscle strip. Br. J. Pharmacol. 35, 10–28.
Pelayo, F., Dubocovich, M. L., and Langer, S. Z. (1980) Inhibition of neuronal uptake reduces the presynaptic effects of Clonidine but not of α-methylnoradrenaline on the stimulation-evoked release of 3H-noradrenaline from rat occipital cortex slices. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 64, 143–155.
Pert, C. B., Kuhar, M. J., and Snyder, S. H. (1976) Opiate receptor: Autoradiographic localization in rat brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 3729–3733.
Pettibone, D. J. and Mueller, G. P. (1981a) Clonidine releases immunoreactive beta endorphin from rat pars distalis. Brain Res. 221, 409–414.
Pettibone, D. J. and Mueller, G. P. (1981b) α-Adrenergic stimulation by Clonidine increases plasma concentration of immunoreactive beta-endorphin in rats. Endocrinology 109, 798–802.
Pettinger, W. (1987) Renal α2-adrenergic receptors and hypertension. Hypertension 9, 3–6.
Petty, M. A. and de Jonge, W. (1982) Does beta-endorphin contribute to the central antihypertensive action of α-methyldopa in rats? Clin. Sci. 63, 293s–295s.
Pickel, V. (1982) Central noradrenergic neurons: Identification, distribution and synaptic interactions with axons containing morphine-like peptides. J. Clin. Psychiatry 43, 13–16.
Pickel, V. M., Joh, T. S., Reis, D. J., Leeman, S. E., and Miller, R. J. (1979) Electron microscopic localization of substance P and enkephalin in axon terminals related to dendrites of catecholaminergic neurons. Brain Res. 160, 387–400.
Pitt, B., Elliot, E. C., and Gregg, D. E. (1967) Adrenergic receptor activity in the coronary arteries of the unanesthetized dog. Circ. Res. 21, 75–84.
Planitz, V. (1984) Crossover comparison of moxonidine and Clonidine in mild to moderate hypertension. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 27, 147–152.
Porte, D., Jr., Girardier, L., Seydoux, J., Kanazawa, Y., and Posternak, J. (1973) Neural regulation of insulin secretion in the dog. J. Clin. Invest. 52, 210–214.
Proctor, E. (1968) The effects of physiological concentrations of noradrenaline on the coronary resistance of isolated perfused hearts of the cat, dog, and monkey. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 20, 36–40.
Purdy, R. E. and Stupecky, G. L. (1984) Characterization of the α-adrenergic properties of rabbit ear artery and thoracic aorta. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 229, 459–468.
Raisman, R., Brile, M., and Langer, S. Z. (1979) Specific labeling of postsynaptic α1-adrenoceptors in rat heart ventricle by 3H-WB-4101. Arch. Pharmacol. 307, 223–226.
Ramirez-Gonzalez, M. D., Tchakarov, L., Mosque-da-Garcia, R., and Kunos, G. (1983) β-Endorphin acting on the brainstem is involved in the antihypertensive action of Clonidine and α-methyldopa in rats. Circ. Res. 53, 150–157.
Rand, M. J., Story, D. F., Allen, G. S., Glover, A. B., and McCulloch, M. W. (1973) Pulse-to-Pulse Modulation of Noradrenaline Release Through a Prejunctional α-Receptor Auto-inhibitory Mechanism, in Frontiers in Catecholamine Research (Usdin, E. and Snyder, S. H., eds.) Pergamon, Oxford.
Redmond, D. E. and Huang, Y. H. (1982) The primate locus ceruleus and effects of Clonidine on opiate withdrawal. J. Clin. Psychiatry 43, 25–29.
Reese, J. B. and Matthews, W. D. (1986) α-Adrenergic agonists stimulate phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis in canine saphenous vein. Pharmacologist 28, 161.
Reichenbacher, D., Reimann, W., and Starke, K. (1982) Alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition of noradrenaline release in rabbit brain cortex slices. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 319, 71–77.
Reid, J. L. (1985) Central α2 receptors and the regulation of blood pressure in humans. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 7 (suppl. 8), S45–S50.
Reid, J. L., Dargie, H. J., Davies, D. S., Wing, L. M. H., Hamilton, C. A., and Dollery, C. T. (1977) Clonidine withdrawal in hypertension. Lancet i, 1171–1174.
Reid, J. L., Rubin, P. C., and Howden, C. W. (1983a) Central α2-adrenoceptors and blood pressure regulation in man: Studies with guanfacine (BS 100–141) and azepexole (B-HT 933). Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 15 (suppl. 4), 463–469.
Reid, J. L., Hamilton, C. A., and Hannah, J. A. M. (1983b) Peripheral aland α2-adrenoceptor mechanisms in blood pressure control. Chest 83, 302–304.
Reid, I. A., Nolan, P. L., Wolf, J. A., and Keil, L. C. (1979) Suppression of vasopressin release by Clonidine: Effect of α-adrenoceptor antagonists. Endocrinology 104, 1403–1406.
Roberts, J. M., Insel, P. A., Goldfien, R. D., and Goldfien, A. (1977) α-Adrenoceptors but not β-adrenoceptors increase in rabbit uterus with oestrogen. Nature 270, 624–625.
Robison, G. A., Arnold, A., and Hartmann, R. C. (1969) Cyclic AMP as a second messenger. Pharmacol. Res. Commun. 1, 325–332.
Rogers, J. F. and Cubeddu, L. X. (1983) Naloxone does not antagonize the antihypertensive effect of Clonidine in essential hypertension. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 34, 68–73.
Roman, R. J., Cowley, A. W., Jr., and Lecherie, C. (1979) Water diuretic and natriuretic effect of Clonidine in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 221, 385–393.
Rosen, S. G., Berk, M. A., Popp, D. A., Serusclat, P., Smith, E. B., Shah, S. D., Ginsberg, A. M., and Clutter, W. E. (1984) β- and α-Adrenergic receptors and receptor coupling to adenylate cyclase in human mononuclear leukocytes and platelets in relation to physiological variations of sex steroids. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 58, 1068–1076.
Rosendorff, C., Mitchell, G., Scriven, D. R., and Shapiro, C. (1976) Evidence for a dual innervation affecting local blood flow in the hypothalamus of the conscious rabbit. Circ. Res. 38, 140–145.
Rossi, E. C. (1978) Interactions Between Epinephrine and Platelets, in: Platelets: A Multidisciplinary Approach (deGaetano, G. and Garattini, S., eds.) Raven, New York.
Rossi, E. C. and Louis, G. (1975) A time-dependent increase in the responsiveness of platelet rich plasma to epinephrine. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 85, 300–306.
Roth, R. H., Elsworth, J. D., and Redmond, D. E. (1982) Clonidine suppression of noradrenergic hyperactivity during morphine withdrawal by Clonidine: Biochemical studies in rodents and primates. J. Clin. Psychiatry 43, 42–46.
Rubin, P. C., Howden, C. W., McLean, K., and Reid, J. L. (1982) Pharmacodynamic studies with a specific α2-adrenoceptor agonist (BHT-933) in man. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 4, 527–530.
Ruffolo, R. R. (1982) Important concepts of receptor theory. J. Auton. Pharmacol. 2, 277–295.
Ruffolo, R. R., Jr. (1984a) α-Adrenoceptors. Monogr. Neural Sci. 10, 224–253.
Ruffolo, R. R., Jr. (1984b) Interaction of agonists with peripheral α-adrenergic receptors. Fed. Proc. 43, 2910–2916.
Ruffolo, R. R., Jr. (1984c) Stereochemical requirements for activation and blockade of α1 and α2-adrenoceptors. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 5, 160–164.
Ruffolo, R. R., Jr. (1985a) Relative agonist potency as a means of differentiating α-adrenoceptors and α-adrenergic mechanisms. Clin. Sci. 68 (suppl. 10), 9s–14s.
Ruffolo, R. R., Jr. (1985b) Distribution and function of peripheral α-adrenoceptors in the cardiovascular system. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 22, 827–833.
Ruffolo, R. R., Jr. and Waddell, J. E. (1982) Stereochemical requirement of α2-adrenergic receptors for α-methyl substituted phenethylamines. Life Sci. 31, 2999–3007.
Ruffolo, R. R., Jr. and Yaden, E. L. (1984) Existence of spare α1-adrenoceptors, but not α2-adrenoceptors, for respective vasopressor effects of cirazoline and B-HT 933 in the pithed rat. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 6, 1011–1019.
Ruffolo, R. R., Jr. and Zeid, R. L. (1985) Relationship between α-adrenoceptor occupancy and response for the α1-adrenoceptor agonist, cirazoline, and the α2-adrenoceptor agonist, B-HT 933, in canine saphenous vein. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 235, 636–643.
Ruffolo, R. R., Jr., Rosing, E. L., and Waddell, J. E. (1979) Receptor interactions of imidazolines. I. Affinity and efficacy for alpha adrenergic receptors in rat aorta. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 211, 733–738.
Ruffolo, R. R., Yaden, E. L., and Waddell, J. E. (1982a) Stereochemical requirements of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 222, 645–651.
Ruffolo, R. R., Yaden, E. L., and Ward, J. S. (1982b) Receptor interactions of imidazolines. Influence of ionization constant on the diffusion of Clonidine and a series of structurally related imidazolines into and out of the central nervous system. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 81, 367–375.
Ruffolo, R. R., Yaden, E. L., Waddell, J. E., and Ward, J. S. (1982c) Receptor interactions of imidazolines. X1. α-Adrenergic and antihypertensive effects of Clonidine and its methylene-bridged analog, St 1913. Pharmacology 25, 187–201.
Ruffolo, R. R., Jr., Goldberg, M. R., and Morgan, E. L. (1984a) Interactions of epinephrine, dopamine, and their corresponding α-methyl-substituted derivatives with α- and β-adrenoceptors in the pithed rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 230, 595–600.
Ruffolo, R. R., Jr., Morgan, E. L., and Messick, K. (1984b) Possible relationship between receptor reserve and the differential antagonism of ctļ and α2-adrenoceptor mediated pressor responses by calcium channel antagonists. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 230, 587–594.
Ruffolo, R. R., Jr., Yaden, E. L., Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M., van Zwieten, P. A., and Hynes, M. D. (1984c) Characterization of the α-adrenoceptor-mediated effects and antihypertensive activity of ICI 106270: Comparison with Clonidine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 229, 58–66.
Ruffolo, R. R., Messick, K., and Horng, J. S. (1985) Interactions of dimethoxy-substituted tolazoline derivatives with alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors in vitro. J. Anion. Pharmacol. 5, 71–79.
Sabol, S. L. and Nirenberg, M. (1979) Regulation of adenylate cyclase of neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells by α-adrenergic receptors. I. Inhibition of adenylate cyclase mediated by α-receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 254, 1913–1920.
Sakakibara, Y., Fujiwars, M., and Muramatsu, I. (1982) Pharmacological characterization of the α-adrenoceptors of the dog basilar artery. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 319, 1–7.
Sakurai, S., Wada, A., Izumi, F., Kobayashi, H., and Yanagihara, N. (1983) Inhibition by α2-adrenoceptor agonists of the secretion of catecholamines from isolated adrenal medullary cells. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 324, 15–19.
Salin-Pascual, R., de la Fuente, J., and Fernandez-Guardiola, A. (1985) Effects of Clonidine in narcolepsy. Clin. Psychiatry 46, 528–531.
Sanchez, A. and Pettinger, W. A. (1981) Dietary sodium regulation of blood pressure and renal α1 and α2-receptors in WKY and SHR. Life Sci. 29, 2795–2802.
Sastre, A., Griendling, K. K., Rusher, M. M., and Milnor, W. R. (1984) Relation between α-adrenergic receptor occupation and contractile response: Radioligand and physiologic studies in canine aorta. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 229, 887–896.
Sawyer, R., Warnock, P., and Docherty, J. R. (1985) Role of vascular α2-adrenoceptors as targets for circulating catecholamines in the maintenance of blood pressure in anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 7, 809–812.
Schumann, H. J. and Brodde, O.-E. (1979) Demonstration of α-adrenoceptors in the rabbit heart by [3H]-dihydroergocrytine binding. Arch. Pharmacol. 308, 191–198.
Schumann, H. J. and Endoh, M. (1976) α-Adrenoceptors in the ventricular myocardium: Clonidine, naphazoline and methoxamine as partial α-agonists exerting a competitive dualism in action to phenylephrine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 36, 413–421.
Schumann, H. J., Endoh, M., and Brodde, O.-E. (1975) The time course of the effects of β- and α-adrenoceptor stimulation by isoprenaline and methoxamine on the contractile force and cAMP level of the isolated rabbit papillary muscle. Arch. Pharmacol. 289, 291–302.
Scrutton, M. C., Clare, K. A., Hutton, R. A., and Bruckdorfer, K. R. (1981) Depressed responsiveness to adrenaline in platelets from apparently normal human donors: A familial trait. Br. J. Haematol. 49, 303–341.
Segstro, R. and Greenway, C. (1986) α-Receptor subtype mediating sympathetic mobilization of blood from the hepatic venous system in anesthetized cats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 236, 224–229.
Seno, N., Nakazato, Y, and Ohga, A. (1978) Presynaptic inhibitory effects of catecholamines on cholinergic transmission in the smooth muscle of the chick stomach. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 51, 229–237.
Schmitt, H. (1971) Action des α-sympathomimetiques sur les structures nerveuses. Actual. Pharmacol. 24, 93–131.
Schmitt, H. and Schmitt, H. (1969) Localization of the hypotensive effect of 2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamino)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 6, 8–12.
Schmitz, J. M., Graham, K. M, Saglowsky, A., and Pettinger, W. A. (1981) Renal α1 - and α2-adrenergic receptors: Biochemical and pharmacological correlations. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 219, 400–406.
Schoffelmeer, A. N. M., Werner, J., and Mulder, A. H. (1981) Comparison between electrically-evoked and potassium-induced 3H-noradrenaline release from rat neocortex slices: Role of calcium ions and transmitter pools. Neurochem. Int. 3, 129–136.
Schoffelmeer, A. N. M. and Mulder, A. H. (1983) 3H-Noradrenaline release from rat neocortical slices in the absence of extracellular calcium and its presynaptic α2-adrenergic modulation. A study on the possible role of cyclic AMP. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 323, 188–192.
Scholtysik, G. (1980) Pharmacology of guanfacine. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 10, 21S–24S.
Scholtysik, G., Lauener, H., Eichenberger, E., Burki, H., Salzmann, R., Muller-Schweinitzer, E., and Waite, R. (1975) Pharmacological actions of the antihypertensive agent N-amidino-2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl) acet-amide hydrochloride (BS 100–141). Arzneimittelforsch. 25, 1483–1491.
Schultz, H. S., Chertien, S. D., Brewer, D. D., Eltorai, M. T., and Weber, M. A. (1981) Centrally acting antihypertensive agents: A comparison of lofexidine with Clonidine. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 21, 65–71.
Shearman, G. T., Lal, H., and Ursillo, R. C. (1980) Effectiveness of lofexidine in blocking morphine-withdrawal signs in the rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 12, 573–575.
Shebuski, R. J., Fujita, T., and Ruffolo, R. R., Jr. (1986) Evaluation of α1-and α2-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction in the in situ autoperfused, pulmonary circulation of the anesthetized dog. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 238, 217–223.
Shebuski, R. J., Ohlstein, E. H., Smith, J. M., Jr., and Ruffolo, R. R., Jr. (1987) Enhanced pulmonary α2-adrenoceptor responsiveness under conditions of elevated pulmonary vascular tone. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 242, 158–165.
Shepperson, N. B., Duval, N., and Langer, S. Z. (1982) Dopamine decreases mesenteric blood flow in the anesthetized dog through stimulation of postsynaptic α2-adrenoceptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 81, 627–635.
Shoji, T., Tsuru, H., and Shigei, T. (1983) A regional difference in the distribution of postsynaptic α-adrenoceptor subtypes in canine veins. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 324, 246–255.
Simon, P., Chermat, R., and Boissier, J. R. (1975) Comparison des effets sedatifs de deux α-sympathomimetiques antihypertenseurs: La Clonidine et la tiamenidine. Therapie 30, 855–861.
Skarby, T. (1984) Pharmacological properties of prejunctional α-adrenoceptors in isolated feline middle cerebral arteries; comparison with the postjunctional α-adrenoceptors. Acta Physiol. Scand. 122, 165–174.
Skarby, T. V. C., Anderson, K. E., and Edvinsson, L. (1983) Pharmacological characterization of postjunctional α-adrenoceptors in isolated feline cerebral and peripheral arteries. Acta. Physiol Scand. 117, 63–73.
Smith, S. K. and Limbird, L. E. (1981) Solubilization of human platelet α-adrenergic receptors: Evidence that agonist occupancy of the receptor stabilizes receptor-effector interactions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 4026–4030.
Smith, P. H. and Porte, D., Jr. (1976) Neuropharmacology of the pancreatic islets. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 16, 269–285.
Smyth, D. D., Umemura, S., and Pettinger, W. A. (1984) Alpha2-adrenoceptors and sodium reabsorption in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Am. J. Physiol. 247, F680–F685.
Smyth, D. D., Umemura, S., and Pettinger, W. A. (1985a) α2-Adrenoceptor antagonism of vasopressin-induced changes in sodium excretion. Am. J. Physiol. 248, F767–F772.
Smyth, D. D., Umemura, S., and Pettinger, W. A. (1985b) Renal nerve stimulation causes α1-adrenoceptor-mediated sodium retention but not α2-adrenoceptor antagonism of vasopressin. Circ. Res. 57, 304–311.
Spiegel, R. and Devos, J. E. (1980) Central effects of guanfacine and Clonidine during wakefulness and sleep in healthy subjects. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol 10, 165S–168S.
Srimal, R. C., Gulati, K., and Dhawan, B. N. (1977) On the mechanism of the central hypotensive action of Clonidine. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 55, 1007–1014.
Starke, K. (1977) Regulation of noradrenaline release by presynaptic receptor systems. Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 77 , 1–124.
Starke, K. (1981) Alpha-adrenoceptor subclassification. Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 88, 199–236.
Starke, K. and Montel, H. (1973) Involvement of alpha-receptors in clonidine-induced inhibition of transmitter release from central monoamine neurons. Neuropharmacology 12, 1073–1080.
Starke, K., Montel, H., and Schumann, H. J. (1971a) Influence of cocaine and phenoxybenzamine on noradrenaline uptake and release. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 270, 210–214.
Starke, K., Montel, H., and Wagner, J. (1971b) Effect of phentolamine on noradrenaline uptake and release. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 271, 181–192.
Stephenson, J. A. and Summers, R. J. (1985) Light microscopic autoradiography of the distribution of [3H]rauwolscine binding to α-adrenoceptors in rat kidney. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 116, 271–278.
Stevens, M. J. and Moulds, R. F. W. (1982) Are the pre- and postsynaptic α-adrenoceptors in human vascular smooth muscle atypical? J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 4 (suppl. 1), S129–S133.
Stjarne, L. (1978) Facilitation and receptor-mediated regulation of noradrenaline secretion by control of recruitment of varicosities as well as by control of electro-secretory coupling. Neuroscience 3, 1147–1155.
Stjarne, L. (1979) Presynaptic α-receptors do not depress the secretion of 3H-noradrenaline induced by veratridine. Acta. Physiol. Scand. 106, 379–381.
Stjarne, L., Alberts, P., and Bartfai, T. (1979) Models of Regulation of Norepinephrine Secretion by Prejunctional Receptors and by Facilitation: Role of Calcium and Cyclic Nucleotides, in Catecholamines: Basic and Clinical Frontiers vol 1. (Usdin, E., Kopin, I. J., and Barchas, J., eds.) Pergamon, Oxford.
Story, D. F., McCulloch, M. W., Rand, M. J., and Standford-Starr, C. A. (1981) Conditions required for the inhibitory feed-back loop in noradrenergic transmission. Nature 293, 62–65.
Strandhoy, J. W., Morris, M., and Buckalew, V. M., Jr. (1982) Renal effects of the antihypertensive, guanabenz, in the dog. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 221, 347–352.
Sulahke, P. V. and St. Louis, P. J. (1980) Passive and active calcium fluxes across plasma membranes. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 35, 135–195.
Sullivan, A. T. and Drew, G. M. (1980) Pharmacological characterization of pre- and postsynaptic α-adrenoceptors in dog saphenous vein. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 314, 249–258.
Sulpizio, A. C. and Hieble, J. P. (1985) The effect of calcium channel blockade on the dose-response relationship for B-HT 920 in the canine saphenous vein. Pharmacologist 27, 205.
Sulpizio, A. C. and Hieble, J. P. (1987) Demonstration of α2-adrenoceptor mediated contraction in the isolated canine saphenous artery treated with BAY k 8644. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 135, 107–110.
Summers, R. J. (1984) Renal α-adrenoceptors. Fed. Proc. 43, 2917–2922.
Summers, R. J. and McPherson, G. A. (1982) Radioligand studies of α-adrenoceptors in the kidney. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 3, 291–294.
Swart, S. S., Maguire, M., Wood, J. K., and Barnett, D. B. (1985) α2 -Adrenoceptor coupling to adenylate cyclase in adrenaline insensitive human platelets. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 116, 113–119.
Swart, S. S., Pearson, D., Wood, J. K., and Barnett, D. B. (1984a) Functional significance of the platelet α2-adrenoceptor: Studies in patients with myoproliferative disorders. Thromb. Res. 33, 531–541.
Swart, S. S., Pearson, D., Wood, J. K., and Barnett, D. B. (1984b) Human platelet α2-adrenoceptors: Relationship between radioligand binding studies and adrenaline-induced aggregation in normal individuals. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 103, 25–32.
Sweatt, J. D., Johnson, S. L., Cragoe, E. J., and Limbird, L. E. (1985) Inhibitors of Na+/H+ exchange block stimulus-provoked arachidonic acid release in human platelets. J. Biol. Chem. 260, 12910–12918.
Sweatt, J. D., Blair, I. A., Cragoe, E. J., and Limbird, L. E. (1986a) Inhibitors of Na+/H+ exchange block epinephrine- and ADP-induced stimulation of human platelet phospholipase C. by blockage of arachidonic acid release at a prior step. J. Biol. Chem. 261, 8660–8666.
Sweatt, J. D., Connolly, T. M., Cragoe, E. J., and Limbird, L. E. (1986b) Evidence that Na+/H+ exchange regulates receptor-mediated phospholipase A2 activation in human platelets. J. Biol. Chem. 261, 8667–8673.
Taylor, J. A. and Mir, G. N. (1982) α-Adrenergic receptors and gastric function. Drug Dev. Res. 2, 105–122.
Thomas, D. P. (1967) Effects of catecholamines on platelet aggregation caused by thrombin. Nature 215, 298–299.
Thoolen, M. J. M. C., Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M., and van Zwieten, P. A. (1983) Cardiovascular effects of withdrawal of some centrally acting antihypertensive drugs in the rat. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 15, 491S–505S.
Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M. and Thoolen, M. J. M. C. (1987) Ca 2+ Utilization in Signal Transformation of α1 -Adrenergic Receptors (Ruffolo, R. R., Jr., ed.) Humana, Clifton, New Jersey.
Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M. and van Zwieten, P. A. (1978) Dissociation constants of Clonidine and structurally related imidazolines. Arzneimittelforsch. 28, 1676–1681.
Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M., Brands, A., and van Zwieten, P. A. (1977) Lipophilicity and brain disposition of Clonidine and structurally related imidazolidines. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 300, 217–226.
Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M., Kwa, H. Y., and van Zwieten, P. A. (1979) Possible subdivision of postsynaptic α-adrenoceptors mediating pressor responses in the pithed rat. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 310, 189–193.
Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M., Hoefke, W., Stahle, H., and van Zwieten, P. A. (1980) Structure-activity relationships in clonidine-like imidazolidines and related compounds. Prog. Pharmacol. 3, 1–104.
Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M., deJonge, A., van Meel, J. C. A., Slothorst-Grisdijk, F. P., Lam, E., and van Zwieten, P. A. (1981a) Characterization of α-adrenoceptor populations. Quantitative relationships between cardiovascular effects initiated at central and peripheral α-adrenoceptors. J. Med. Chem. 24, 502–507.
Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M., Schoop, A. M. C., Kwa, H. Y., and van Zwieten, P. A. (1981b) Characterization of alpha-adrenoceptors participating in the central hypotensive and sedative effects of Clonidine using yohimbine, rauwolscine and corynanthine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 70, 7–15.
Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M., deJonge, A., van Meel, J. C. A., Mathy, M. J., and van Zwieten, P. A. (1983) Influence of nifedipine on functional responses in vivo initiated at α2-adrenoceptors. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 5, 1–11.
Toda, N. (1983) Alpha adrenergic receptor subtypes in human, monkey and dog cerebral arteries. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 226, 861–868.
Turner, J. T., Ray-Prenger, C., and Bylund, D. B. (1985) Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the human cell line, HT29: Characterization with the full agonist radioligand, [3H]UK-14,304 and inhibition of adenylate cyclase. Mol. Pharmacol. 28, 422–430.
Umemura, S., Marver, D., Smyth, D. M., and Pettinger, W. A. (1985) α2 -Adrenoceptors and cellular cAMP levels in single nephron segments from the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 249, F28–F33.
Usui, H., Fujiwara, M., Tsukahara, T., Taniguchi, T., and Kurahashi, K. (1985) Differences in contractile responses to electrical stimulation and alpha-adrenergic binding sites in isolated cerebral arteries of humans, cows, dogs and monkeys. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 7 (suppl. 3), S47–S52.
Valdman, A. V., Medvedev, O. S., and Rozhanskaya, N. I. (1981) Naloxone blocks the antihypertensive effect of Clonidine on hypertensive and normotensive animals. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 11, 560–562.
Van Breeman, C., Hwang, O., and Cauvin, C. (1982) Calcium Antagonist Inhibition of Norepinephrine Stimulated Calcium Influx in Vascular Smooth Muscle, in International Symposium on Calcium Modulators (Godfraind, T., ed.) Elsevier/North Holland, Amersterdam.
van Meel, J. C. A., dejonge, A., Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M., and van Zwieten, P. A. (1981a) Selectivity of some alpha adrenoceptor agonists for peripheral alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the normotensive pithed rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 219, 760–767.
van Meel, J. C. A., de Jonge, A., Kalkman, H. O., Wilffert, B., Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M., and van Zwieten, P. A. (1981b) Vascular smooth muscle contraction initiated by postsynaptic α2-adrenoceptor activation is induced by an influx of extracellular calcium. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 69, 205–208.
van Meel, J. C. A., de Jonge, A., Kalkman, H. O., Wilffert, B., Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M., and van Zweiten, P. A. (1981c) Organic and inorganic calcium antagonists reduce vasoconstriction in vivo mediated by postsynaptic α2-adrenoceptors. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 316, 288–293.
van Meel, J. C. A., de Zoeten, K., Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M., and van Zwieten, P. A. (1982) Impairment by nifedipine of vasopressor responses to stimulation of postsynaptic α2-adrenoreceptors in ganglion-blocked rabbits. Further evidence for the selective inhibition of postsynaptic α2-adrenoceptor induced pressor responses by calcium antagonists. J. Auton. Pharmacol. 2, 1320.
van Meel, J. C. A., Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M., and van Zwieten, P. A. (1983) Alpha1 and α2-adrenoceptor stimulation in the isolated perfused hindquarters of the rat: An in vitro model. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 5, 580–585.
van Zwieten, P. A. (1980) Pharmacology of centrally acting hypotensive drugs. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 10, 13S–20S.
van Zwieten, P. A., Thoolen, M. J. M. C., and Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M. (1983) The pharmacology of centrally acting antihypertensive drugs. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 15, 455S–462S.
Verplanken, P. A., Lefebvre, R. A., and Bogaert, M. G. (1984) Pharmacological characterization of α-adrenoceptors in the rat gastric fundus. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 231, 404–410.
Vetulani, J. and Bednarczyk, B. (1977) Depression by Clonidine of shaking behavior elicited by nalorphine in morphine-dependent rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 29, 567–569.
Villalobos-Molina, R., Uc, M., Hong, E., and Garcia-Sainz, J. A. (1982) Correlation between phosphatidylinositol labeling and contraction in rabbit aorta: effect of α1-adrenergic activation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 222, 258–261.
Virtanen, R. and Nyman, L. (1985) Evaluation of the alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenoceptor effects of detomidine, a novel veterinary sedative analgesic. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 108, 163–169.
Vizi, E. S. (1979) Presynaptic modulation of neurochemical transmission. Prog. Neurobiol. 12, 181–190.
Vizi, E. S. (1972) Stimulation by inhibition of (Na +-K+-Mg++)activated ATP-ase, of acetylcholine release in cortical slices from rat brain. J. Physiol. (Lond) 226, 95–117.
Vizi, E. S., Harsing, L. G., and Knoll, J. (1977) Presynaptic inhibition leading to disinhibition of acetylcholine release from interneurons of the caudate nucleus: Effects of dopamine, beta-endorphin and D-Ala2-Pro5-enkephalinamide. Neuroscience 2, 953–961.
Vizi, E. S. and Knoll, J. (1971) The effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation and guanethidine on parasympathetic neuroeffector transmission; the inhibition of acetylcholine release. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 23, 918–25.
Walland, A. (1978) Inhibition of a somato-sympathetic reflex via peripheral presynaptic α-adrenoceptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 47, 211–221.
Washton, A. M. and Resnick, R. B. (1982) Outpatient opiate detoxification with Clonidine. J. Clin. Psychiatry 43, 39–41.
Washton, A. M., Resnick, R. B., Perzel, J. F., and Garwood, J. (1981) Lofexidine, a Clonidine analogue effective in opiate withdrawal. Lancet i, 991–992.
Weber, M. A. (1980) Discontinuation syndrome following cessation of treatment with Clonidine and other antihypertensive agents. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 2, (suppl. 1), S73–S89.
Werner, J., Schoffelmeer, A. N. M., and Mulder, A. H. (1982) Effects of cyclic AMP analogues and phosphodiesterase inhibitors on K+-induced release of 3-H noradrenaline release from rat brain slices and on its presynaptic α-adrenergic modulation. J. Neurochem. 39, 349–356.
Westfall, T. C. (1977) Local regulation of adrenergic neurotransmission. Physiol. Rev. 57, 659–728.
Wikberg, J. E. S. (1978) Differentiation between pre- and postjunctional α-receptors in guinea pig ileum and rabbit aorta. Acta Physiol. Scand. 103, 225–239.
Wikberg, J. (1977) Localization of adrenergic receptors in guinea pig ileum and rabbit jejunum to cholinergic neurons and to smooth muscle cells. Acta Physiol. Scand. 99, 190–207.
Wikberg, J. E. S. (1979a) The pharmacological classification of adrenergic alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors and their mechanisms of action. Acta Physiol. Scand. (suppl.) 468, 1–89.
Wikberg, J. E. S. (1979b) Pre- and Postjunctional α-Receptors, in Presynaptic Receptors (Langer, S. Z., Starke, K., and Dubocovich, M. L., eds.) Pergamon, Oxford.
Wilffert, B., Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M., and van Zwieten, P. A. (1982) Extrasynaptic location of α2 - and noninnervated β2-adrenoceptors in the vascular system of the pithed normotensive rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 221, 762–768.
Wilkins, K. H., Wintermitz, S. R., Oparil, S., Smith, L. R., and Sustan, H. P. (1981) Lofexidine and Clonidine in moderate essential hypertension. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 30, 752–757.
Williams, L. T. and Lefkowitz, R. J. (1977) Regulation of rabbit myometrial receptors by estrogen and progesterone. J. Clin. Invest. 60, 815–818.
Williams, D. O. and Most, A. S. (1981) Responsiveness of the coronary circulation to brief vs. sustained alpha-adrenergic stimulation. Circulation 63, 11–16.
Woodcock, E. A. and Johnston, C. I. (1982) Selective inhibition by epinephrine of parathyroid hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase in rat renal cortex. Am. J. Physiol. 242, F721–F726.
Yamaguchi, I. and Kopin, I. J. (1980) Differential inhibition of α 1- and α2-adrenoceptor-mediated pressor responses in pithed rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 214, 275–281.
Yamaguchi, I., Hiroi, J., and Kumada, S. (1977) Central and peripheral adrenergic mechanisms regulating gastric secretion in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 203, 125–131.
Yamazaki, S., Katada, T., and Ui, M. (1982) α2-Adrenergic inhibition of insulin secretion via interference with cyclic AMP generation in rat pancreatic islets. Mol. Pharmacol. 21, 648–653.
Yasuoka, S. and Yaksh, T. L. (1983) Effects on nociceptive threshold and blood pressure of intrathecally administered morphine and α-adrenergic agonists. Neuropharmacology 22, 309–315.
Yokoyama, M., Kawashima, S., Sakamoto, S., Akita, H., Okada, T., Maekawa, K., Mizutani, T., and Fukuzaki, H. (1981) Platelet α-adrenergic receptor function in ischemic heart disease. Jpn. Circ. J. 45, 873.
Yokoyama, M., Kusui, A., Sakamoto, S., and Fukuzaki, H. (1984) Age-associated increments in human platelet α-adrenoceptor capacity. Possible mechanism for platelet hyperactivity to epinephrine in aging man. Thrombosis Res. 34, 287–295.
Zandberg, P., Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M., and van Zwieten, P. A. (1984) Hemodynamic profiles of methoxamine and B-HT 933 in spinalized ganglion-blocked dogs. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 6, 256–262.
Zebrowska-Lupina, I., Przegalinski, E., Sloniec, M., and Kleinrok, Z. (1977) Clonidine induced locomotor hyperactivity in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 297 , 227–231.
Zemlan, F. P., Corrigan, S. A., and Pfaff, D. W. (1980) Noradrenergic and serotonergic mediation of spinal analgesia mechanisms. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 61, 111–124.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 The Humana Press Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ruffolo, R.R., Nichols, A.J., Hieble, J.P. (1988). Functions Mediated by alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptors. In: Limbird, L.E. (eds) The alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptors. The Receptors. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4596-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4596-4_5
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8942-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-4596-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive