Abstract
Microbiological monitoring of potable water in distribution systems has been practiced in the United States and other countries since early in the 20th century. It is an attempt to determine the safety of the water in relation to the possibility of transmission of waterborne disease. Water samples are collected and tested for the presence of indicator bacteria. One source of the indicator bacteria is fecal material. If the indicators are found, the water may be contaminated with fecal material and, therefore, may not be safe to drink. If the indicator bacteria are not found, it may be inferred that the water is not contaminated with fecal material and will not transmit waterborne disease. Microbiological monitoring of drinking water in practice is far from the ideal expressed in the two previous sentences.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allen, M, Taylor, R.M. and Geldreich, E.E. 1980. The occurrence of microorganisms in water main encrustation. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 72: 616–625.
APHA. 1955. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wasteuwater, Tenth Edition. APHA, WPCF, and AWWA, Washington, DC. 522 pp.
American Public Health Association. 1985. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, Sixteenth Edition. Washington, DC. 1284 pp.
Batik, O., Craun, G.F., and Pipes, WO. 1983. Routine monitoring and waterborne disease outbreaks. Jour. Envir. Health 45: 227–230.
Christian, R.R. and Pipes, WO. 1983. Frequency distributions of coliforms in water distribution systems. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45: 603–609.
Bissonette, G.K., Jezeski, J.J., McFetters, G.A. and Stuart. D.G. 1977. Evaluation of recovery methods to detect coliforms in water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45: 603–609.
Clark, J.A. 1969. The detection of various bacteria indicative of water pollution by a presence-absence (P-A) procedure. Can. Jour. Microbiol. 15: 771–780.
Clark, J.A. 1980. The influence of increasing numbers of nonindicator organisms on the detection of coliforms by the membrane filter and presence-absence tests. Can. Jour. Microbiol. 26: 827–832.
Dempsey, K.W. and Pipes, WO. 1986. Evaluating relative stringencies of existing and proposed microbiological MCL’s. Jour. Am. Water Works Assocn. 78 (ll): 47–54.
Edberg, S.C., Allen, M.J., Smith, D.B., and The National Collaborative Study. 1988. National field evaluation of a defined substrate method for the simultaneous enumeration of total coliforms and Escherichia coli from drinking water: Comparison with the standard multiple tube fermentation method. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54: 1595–1601.
El Shaarawi, A.H. and Pipes, WO. 1982. Enumeration and statistical inference, pp. 43–66 in Pipes, WO. (ed). Bacterial Indicators of Pollution, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL
Goshko, M.A., Pipes, W.O., and Christian, R.R. 1983. Coliform occurrence and chlorine residual in small water distribution systems. Jour. Am. Water Works Assocn. 75 (7): 372–378.
Haas, C.N. and Heller, B. 1988. Averaging of TNTC counts, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54: 2069–2072.
Herson, D.S., McGonigle, B., Payer, M.A., and Baker, K.H. 1987. Attachment as a factor in the protection of Enterobacter cloacae from chlorination. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53: 1178–1180
Hudson, L.D., Hankins, J.W., and Battaglia, M. 1983. Coliforms in a water distribution system: A remedial approach., Jour. Am. Water Works Assocn. 75: 564–568.
Jacobs, N.J., Zigler, W.L., Reed, F.C., Stukel, T.A., and Rice, E.W. 1986. Comparison of membrane filter, multiple-fermentation-tube, and presence-absence techniques for detecting total coliforms in small community water systems. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 51: 1007–1012.
Kehr, R.W. and Butterfield, C.T. 1943. Notes on the relationship between coliforms and enteric pathogens. Pub. Health. Repts. 58: 589–596.
LeChevallier, M.W., Cawthon, C.D., and Lee, R.G. 1988. Factors promoting survival in chlorinated water supplies. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54: 649–654.
McCrady, M.H. 1915. The numerical interpretation of fermentation tube results, Jour. Infect. Dis. 17; 183–206.
Olivieri, V.P., Ballestero, J., Cabelli, V.J., Chamberlin, C., Cliver, D., DuFour, A., Ginsberg, W., Healy, G., Highsmith, A., Read, R., Reasoner, D., and Tobin, R. 1983. Measurement of microbial quality, pp. H-l-II-42 in Berger, P.S. and Argaman, Y. (editors), Assessment of Microbiology and Turbidity Standards for Drinking Water, EPA 570/9- 83 - 001. Office of Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
Pipes, W.O. and Christian, R.R. 1978. A sampling model for coliforms in water distribution systems. Proc. 1978 Annual Conf., paper 33–5, American Water Works Association, Denver, CO.
Pipes, W.O. and Christian, R.R. 1982. Sampling Frequency-Microbiological drinking water Regulations, EPA-570/9-82-001. Office of Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
Pipes, W.O. and Christian, R.R. 1984. Estimating mean coliform densities of water distribution systems. Jour. Am. Water Works Assocn. 76 (11): 60–64.
Pipes, W.O. and Minnigh, H.A. 1987. Significance and interpretation of repeat sampling results, Tech. Conf. Proc. Advances in Water Analysis and Treatment, paper ST-11, Am. Water Works Assocn., Denver, CO.
Pipes, W.O., Troy, M.A. and Minnigh, H.A. 1986. Empirical evaluation of present and possible future microbiological MCL rules, pp. 1561–1567, Proc. 1986 Annual Conf., Am. Water Works Assocn., Denver, CO.
Pipes, W.O., Minnigh, H.A. and Troy, M.A. 1986. Field inoculation of Clark’s presence- absence test for coliform detection, Tech. Conf. Proc. Advances in Water Analysis and Treatment, paper 3B-5, pp. 305–315, Am. Water Works Assocn., Denver, CO.
Pipes, W.O., Bordner, R., Christian, R.R., El Shaarawi, A.H., Fuhs, G.W, Kennedy, H., Means, E. Moser, R., and Victoreen, H. 1983. Monitoring of microbiological quality, pp. III-l-HI-45 in Berger, P.S. and Argaman, Y. (editors). Assessment of Microbiology and Turbidity Standards for Drinking Water, EPA 570/9-83-001. Office of Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
Pipes, WO., Burlingame, G.A., Becker, R.J., Christian, R.R., Geldreich, E.E., Ginsberg, W, Means, E.G., Spitzer, E.F., Standridge, J., Victoreen, H.T., and Wentworth, N. 1985. Committee report: Current practice in bacteriological sampling. Jour. Am. Water Works Assocn. 77 (9): 75–81.
Pipes, W.O., Mueller, K., Troy, M.A., and Minnigh, H.A. 1987. Frequency-of-occurrence monitoring for coliform bacteria in small water systems. Jour. Am. Water Works Assocn. 79 (11): 59–63.
Public Health Service . 1962. Drinking Water Standards. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Washington, DC.
Thomas, H.A. 1952. On averaging the results of coliform tests. Jour. Bost. Soc. Civil Engrs. 39: 253–261.
Velz, C.J. 1951. Graphical approach to statistics, Part 4: Evaluation of bacterial density. Water and Sewage Works 98: 67–74.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pipes, W.O. (1990). Microbiological Methods and Monitoring of Drinking Water. In: McFeters, G.A. (eds) Drinking Water Microbiology. Brock/Springer Series in Contemporary Bioscience. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4464-6_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4464-6_21
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8786-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-4464-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive