Abstract
In mammals, all known auditory information enters the brain by way of the cochlear division of the vestibulocochlear nerve, hereafter referred to as the auditory nerve. Primary neurons, whose cell bodies reside in the spiral ganglion of the cochlea, send peripheral processes out to the organ of Corti to contact the acoustic receptor cells; the central processes or axons bundle together to form the auditory nerve. The terminus of the auditory nerve is the cochlear nucleus. In this way, primary neurons convey the output of the receptors to neurons of the cochlear nucleus. There arc two types of receptors, inner hair cells and outer hair cells (Retzius 1884; Ramón y Cajal 1909), two populations of primary neurons (Munzer 1931; Spoendlin 1973), and many neuron classes in the cochlear nucleus (Lorente de Nó 1933; Osen 1969; Brawer, Morest, and Kane 1974). In turn, the cells of the cochlear nucleus give rise to all central auditory pathways. In a general way, the role of the cochlear nucleus is to receive incoming auditory nerve discharges, to preserve or transform the signals, and to distribute outgoing activity to higher brain centers. In order to understand the earliest stages of stimulus coding in the auditory system, we need to know (1) the nature of the signals conveyed by auditory nerve fibers, (2) their source in the periphery, and (3) their destination in the brain. This report shall review the progress that has been made along these lines of investigation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adams JC (1983) Cytology of periolivary cells and the organization of their projections. J Comp Neurol 215: 275–289.
Alving BM, Cowan WM (1971) Some quantitative observations on the cochlear division of the eighth nerve in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). Brain Res 25: 229–239.
Anniko M, Arnesen AR (1988) Cochlear nerve topography and fiber spectrum in the pigmented mouse. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 245: 155–159.
Arnesen AE, Osen KK (1978) The cochlear nerve in the cat: Topography, cochleotopy, and fiber spectrum. J Comp Neurol 178: 661–678.
Arnesen AE, Osen KK, Mugnaini E (1978) Temporal and spatial sequence of anterograde degeneration in the cochlear nerve fibers of the cat. A light microscopic study. J Comp Neurol 178: 679–696.
Berglund AM, Brown MC (1989) Axonal trajectories of type-II spiral ganglion cells from various cochlear regions in mice. Soc Neurosci Abstr 15: 742.
Berglund AM, Ryugo DK (1986) A monoclonal antibody labels type II cells of the spiral ganglion. Brain Res 383: 327–332.
Berglund AM, Ryugo DK (1987) Hair cell innervation by spiral ganglion neurons in the mouse. J Comp Neurol 255: 560–570.
Berglund AM, Ryugo DK (1987) Hair cell innervation by spiral ganglion neurons in the mouse. J Comp Neurol 255: 560–570.
Bohne BA, Kenworthy A, Carr CD (1982) Density of myelinated nerve fibers in the chinchilla cochlea. J Acoust Soc Am 72: 102–107.
Borg E (1972) Acoustic middle ear reflexes: A sensory-control system. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) Suppl 304: 1–34.
Borg E (1973) On the neuronal organization of the acoustic middle ear reflex. A physiological and anatomical study. Brain Res 49: 101–123.
Bourk TR, Mielcarz JP, Norris BE (1981) Tonotopic organization of the anter- oventral cochlear nucleus of the cat. Hear Res 4: 215–241.
Brawer JR, Morest DK (1975) Relations between auditory nerve endings and cell types in the cat’s anteroventral cochlear nucleus seen with the Golgi method and Nomarski optics. J Comp Neurol 160: 491–506.
Brawer JR, Morest DK, Kane EC (1974) The neuronal architecture of the cochlear nucleus of the cat. J Comp Neurol 155: 251–300.
Bredberg G (1968) Cellular pattern and nerve supply of the human organ ofCorti. Acta Otolaryngol (Suppl 236 ) 1–135.
Brown MC (1987a) Morphology oflabeled afferent fibers in the guinea pig cochlea. J Comp Neurol 260: 591–604.
Brown MC (1987b) Morphology oflabeled efferent fibers in the guinea pig cochlea. J Comp Neurol 260: 591–604.
Brown MC, Berglund, AM, Kiang NYS, Ryugo DK (1988a) Central trajectories of type II spiral ganglion neurons. J Comp Neurol 278: 581–590.
Brown MC, Ledwith JV (1990) Projections of thin (type-II) and thick (type-I) auditory-nerve fibers into the cochlear nucleus of the mouse. Hear Res 49: 105–118.
Brown MC, Liberman MC, Benson TE, Ryugo DK (1988b) Brainstem branches from olivocochlear axons in cats and rodents. J Comp Neurol 278: 591–603.
Brown MC, Nuttall AL (1984) Efferent control of cochlear inner hair cell responses in the guinea-pig. J Physiol (Lond) 354: 625–646.
Bruns V, Schmieszek E (1980) Cochlear innervation in the greater horseshoe bat: Demonstration of an acoustic fovea. Hear Res 3: 27–43.
Burda H (1984) Guinea pig cochlear hair cell density; Its relation to frequency discrimination. Brain Res 14: 315–317.
Cant NB, Morest DK (1979) The bushy cells in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of the cat. A study with the electron microscope. Neuroscience 4: 1925–1945.
Cohen ES (1972) Synaptic Organization of the Caudal Cochlear Nucleus of the Cat. Doctoral Thesis, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
Covey E, Jones DR, Casseday JH (1984) Projections from the superior olivary complex to the cochlear nucleus in the tree shrew. J Comp Neurol 226: 289–305.
Dallos P (1971) On the limitations of cochlear microphonic measurements. J Acoust Soc Am 49: 1141–1154.
Dunn RA (1975) A comparison of Golgi-impregnated innervation patterns and fine structural synaptic morphology in the cochlea of the cat. Doctoral Thesis, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
Ehret G (1979) Quantitative analysis of nerve fibre densities in the cochlea of the house mouse (Mus musculus). J Comp Neurol 193: 73–88.
Ehret G (1983) Peripheral anatomy and physiology II. In: Willott JF (ed) The Auditory Psychobiology of the Mouse. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, pp. 169–200.
Ehret G, Frankenreiter M (1977) Quantitative analysis of cochlear structures in the house mouse in relation to mechanisms of acoustic information processing. J Comp Physiol 122: 65–85.
Engström H, Wersäll J (1958) Structure and innervation of the inner ear sensory epithelia. Int Rev Cytol 7: 535–585.
Evans EF (1972) The frequency response and other properties of single fibres in the guinea-pig cochlear nerve. J Physiol 226: 263–287.
Evans EF, Palmer AR (1980) Relationship between the dynamic range of cochlear nerve fibers and their spontaneous activity. Exp Brain Res 40: 115–118.
Fay RR (1988) Hearing in Vertebrates. Winnetka, IL: Hill-Fay Associates.
Fekete DM, Rouiller EM, Liberman MC, Ryugo DK (1984) The central projections of intracellularly labeled auditory nerve fibers in cats. J Comp Neurol 229: 432–450.
Feldman ML, Harrison JM (1969) The projection of the acoustic nerve to the ventral cochlear nucleus of the rat. A Golgi study. J Comp Neurol 137: 267–294.
Firbas W (1972) Uber anatomische Anpassungen des Hörogans an die Aufnahme hoher Frequenzen. Mschr Ohr hk Laryngol-Rhinol (Vienna) 106: 105–156.
Gacek RR, Rasmussen GL (1961) Fiber analysis of the statoacoustic nerve of guinea pig, cat and monkey. Anat Ree 139: 455–463.
Gambetti P, Antilio-Gambetti L, Papasozomenos S (1982) Bodian’s silver method stains neurofilament polypeptides. Science 213: 1521–1522.
Gentschev T, Sotelo C (1973) Degenerative patterns in the ventral cochlear nucleus of the rat after primary deafferentation. An ultrastructural study. Brain Res 62: 37–60.
Gifford ML, Guinan JJ (1987) Effects of electrical stimulation of medial olivocochlear neurons on ipsilateral and contralateral cochlear responses. Hear Res 29: 179–194.
Ginzberg RD, Morest DK (1983) A study of cochlear innervation in the young cat with the Golgi method. Hearing Res 10: 227–246.
Godement P, Vanselow J, Thanos S, Bonhoeffer F (1987) A study in developing visual systems with a new method of staining neurones and their processes in fixed tissue. Development 101: 697–713.
Godfrey, DA, Kiang NYS, Norris BE (1975) Single unit activity in the poster- oventral cochlear nucleus of the cat. J Comp Neurol 162: 247–268.
Gray EG, Guillery RW (1966) Synaptic morphology in the normal and degenerating nervous system. Int Rev Cytol 19: 111–182.
Guild SR, Crowe SJ, Bunch CC, Polvogt LM (1931) Correlations of differences in the density of innervation of the organ of Corti with differences in the acuity of hearing, including evidence as to the location in the human cochlea of the receptors for certain tones. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 15: 269–308.
Guinan JJ, Warr WB, Norris BE (1983) Differential olivocochlear projections from lateral vs medial zones of the superior olivary complex. J Comp Neurol 221: 358–370.
Haber S (1988) Tracing intrinsic fiber connections in postmortem human brain with WGA-HRP. J Neurosci Methods 23: 15–22.
Harrison JM, Irving R (1966) Ascending connections of the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus in the rat. J Comp Neurol 126: 51–64.
Held H (1926) Die Cochlea der Säuger und der Vögel, ihre Entwicklung und ihr Bau. In: Bethe A, v Bergman G, Ellinger A (ed) Handbuch der Normalen und Pathologischen Physiologie, Vol. XI. Berlin: J Springer, pp. 467–534.
Ibata Y, Pappas GD (1976) The fine structure of synapses in relation to the large spherical neurons in the anterior ventral cochlear (sic) of the cat. J Neurocytol 5: 395–406.
Innocenti GM, Fiori L, Caminiti R (1977) Exuberant projection into the corpus callosum from the visual cortex of newborn cats. Neurosci Lett 4: 237–242.
Irving R, Harrison JM (1967) The superior olivary complex and audition: A comparative study. J Comp Neurol 130: 77–86.
Ishii D, Balough Jr. K (1968) Distribution of efferent nerve endings in the organ of Corti. Their graphic reconstruction in cochleae by localization of acetyl-cholinasterase activity. Acta Otolaryngol 66: 282–288.
Jackson H, Parks TN (1982) Functional synapse elimination in the developing avian cochlear nucleus with simultaneous reduction in cochlear nerve axon branching. J Neurosci 2: 1736–1743.
Johnstone BM, Pattuzzi R, Yates GK (1986) Basilar membrane measurements and the traveling wave. Hear Res 22: 147–153.
Kageyama GH, Meyer RL (1987) Dense HRP filling in pre-fixed brain tissue for light and electron microscopy. J Histochem Cytochem 35: 1127–1136.
Kawase K, Liberman MC (1991) Spatial organization of the spiral ganglion according to spontaneous discharge rate. Assn Res Otolaryngol Abst p. 17.
Keithley EM, Feldman ML (1979) Spiral ganglion cell counts in an age-graded series of rat cochleas. J Comp Neurol 188: 429–442.
Keithley EM, Feldman ML (1982) Hair cell counts in an age-graded series of rat cochleas. Hear Res 8: 249–262.
Keithley EM, Feldman ML (1983) The spiral ganglion and hair cells of the Bronx waltzer mice. Hear Res 12: 381–391.
Keithley EM, Schreiber RC (1987) Frequency map of the spiral ganglion in the cat. J Acoust Soc Am 81: 1036–1042.
Kellerhals B, Engström H, Ades HW (1967) Die Morphologie des Ganglion spirale Cochleae. Acta Otolaryngol Supp 226: 6–33.
Khanna SM, Leonard DGB (1982) Basilar membrane tuning in the cat cochlea. Science 215: 305–306.
Kiang NYS, Watanabe T, Thomas LC, Clark LF (1965) Discharge Patterns of Single Fibers in the Cats Auditory Nerve. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Kiang NYS, Rho JM, Northup CC, Liberman MC, Ryugo DK (1982) Hair-cell innervation by spiral ganglion cells in adult cats. Science 217: 175–177.
Kiang NYS, Keithley EM, Liberman MC (1983) The impact of auditory nerve experiments on cochlear implant design. Ann NY Acad Sei 405: 114–121.
Kiang NYS, Liberman MC, Gage JS, Northrup CC, Dodds LW, Oliver ME (1984) Afferent innervation of the mammalian cochlea. In: Bolis L, Keynes RD, Maddrell HP (eds) Comparative Physiology of Sensory Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 143–161.
Kiang NYS, Liberman MC, Sewell WF, Guinan J J (1986) Single unit clues to cochlear mechanisms. Hear Res 22: 171–182.
Kim DO, Molnar CE (1979) A population study of cochlear nerve fibres: Comparison of spatial distributions of average rate and phase-locking measures of responses to single tones. J Neurophysiol 42: 16–30.
Kimura RS (1975) The ultrastructure of the organ of Corti. Int Rev Cytol 42: 173–222.
Kimura RS (1986) An electron microscopic study of cochlear nerve fibers followed serially from spiral ganglion to organ of Corti. Ear Res Jpn 17: 4–7.
Kimura RS, Bongiorno CL, Iverson NA (1987) Synapses and ephapses in the spiral ganglion. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 438: 3–18.
Kohllöffel LUE (1975) A study of neurone activity in the spiral ganglion of the cat’s basal turn. Arch Oto Rhino Laryngol 209: 179–202.
Leake PA, Snyder RL (1989) Topographic organization of the central projections of the spiral ganglion in cats. J Comp Neurol 281: 612–629.
Lenn NY, Reese TS (1966) The fine structure of nerve endings in the nucleus of the trapezoid body and the ventral cochlear nucleus. Am J Anat 118: 375–389.
Liberman MC (1978) Auditory-nerve response from cats raised in a low-noise chamber. J Acoust Soc Am 53: 442–455.
Liberman MC (1980a) Morphological differences among radial afferent fibers in the cat cochlea: An electron microscopic study of serial sections. Hear Res 3: 45–63.
Liberman MC (1980b) Efferent synapses in the inner hair cell area of the cat cochlea: An electron microscopic study of serial sections. Hear Res 3: 189–204.
Liberman MC (1982a) Single-neuron labeling in the cat auditory nerve. Science 216: 1239–1241.
Liberman MC (1982b) The cochlear frequency map for the cat: Labelling auditory- nerve fibers of known characteristic frequency. J Acoust Soc Am 72: 1441–1449.
Liberman MC (1990) Effects of chronic cochlear de-efferentation on auditory- nerve response. Hear Res 49: 209–224.
Liberman MC, Kiang NYS (1978) Acoustic trauma in cats: Cochlear pathology and auditory-nerve activity. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 358: 1–63.
Liberman MC, Kiang NYS (1984) Single-neuron labeling and chronic cochlear pathology. Stereocilia damage and alterations in rate- and phase-level functions. Hear Res 16: 75–90.
Liberman MC, Oliver ME (1984) Morphometry of intracellular labeled neurons of the auditory nerve: Correlations with functional properties. J Comp Neurol 223: 163–176.
Liberman MC, Dodds LW, Pierce S (1990) Afferent and efferent innervation of the cat cochlea: Quantitative analysis with light and electron microscopy. J Comp Neurol 301: 443–460.
Lorente de No R (1933) Anatomy of the eighth nerve. III. General plan of structure of the primary cochlear nuclei. Laryngoscope 43: 327–350.
Lorente de No R (1937) The sensory endings in the cochlea. Laryngoscope (St. Louis) 47: 373–377.
Masterton RB, Thompson GC, Bechtold JK, RoBards MJ (1975) Neuroanatom- ical basis of binaural phase-difference analysis for sound localization: A comparative study. J Comp Physiol Psych 89: 379–386.
McConnell SK, Ghosh A, Shatz CJ (1989) Subplate neurons pioneer the first axon pathway for the cerebral cortex. Science 245: 978–982.
Morrison D, Schindler RA, Wersäll J (1975) A quantitative analysis of the afferent innervation of the organ of Corti in guinea pig. Acta Otolaryngol 79: 11–23.
Moskowitz N, Liu JC (1972) Central projections of the spiral ganglion of the squirrel monkey. J Comp Neurol 144: 335–344.
Munzer FT (1931) Uber markhaltige Ganglienzellen. Z Mikrosk Anat Forsch 24: 286–361.
Nadol JB (1981) Reciprocal synapses at the base of outer hair cells in the organ of Corti of man. Ann Oto Rhinol Laryngol 90: 12–17.
Nadol JB (1983a) Serial section reconstruction of the neural poles of hair cells in the human organ of Corti. I. Inner hair cells. Laryngoscope 93: 599–614.
Nadol JB (1983b) Serial section reconstruction of the neural poles of hair cells in the human organ of Corti. II. Outer hair cells. Laryngoscope 93: 780–791.
Nadol JB (1988a) Comparative anatomy of the cochlea and auditory nerve in mammals. Hear Res 34: 253–266.
Nadol JB (1988b) Innervation densities of inner and outer hair cells of the human organ of Corti. ORL 50: 363–370.
Natout MAY, Terr LI, Linthicum Jr FH, House WF (1987) Topography of vestibulocochlear nerve fibers in the posterior cranial fossa. Laryngoscope 97: 954–958.
Noda Y, Pirsig W (1974) Anatomical projection of the cochlea to the cochlear nuclei of the guinea pig. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 208: 107–120.
Osen KK (1969) Cytoarchitecture of the cochlear nuclei in the cat. J Comp Neurol 136: 453–484.
Osen KK (1970) Course and termination of the primary afferents in the cochlear nuclei of the cat. Arch Ital Biol 108: 21–51.
Ota CY, Kimura RS (1980) Ultrastructural study of the human spiral ganglion. Acta Otolaryngol 89: 53–62.
Perkins RE, Morest DK (1975) A study of cochlear innervation patterns in cats and rats with the Golgi method and Nomarski optics. J Comp Neurol 63: 129–158.
Polyak SL, McHugh G, Judd DK (1946) The Human Ear in Anatomical Transparencies. Elmsford, NY: Sonotone.
Ramón-Moliner E (1970) The Golgi-Cox technique. In: Nauta WJH, Ebbesson SOE (eds) Contemporary Research Methods in Neuroanatomy. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, pp. 32–55.
Ramón y Cajal S (1909) Histologie du Système nerveux de l’Homme et des Vertébrés, Vol 1. Madrid: Instituto Ramón y Cajal, pp. 774–838.
Ramprashad F, Money KE, Landolt JP, Laufer J (1978) A neuroanatomical study of the cochlea of the little brown bat ( Myotis lucifugus ). J Comp Neurol 178: 347–363.
Ramprashad F, Landolt JP, Money KE, Clark D, Laufer J (1979) A morphometric study of the cochlea of the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) J Morphol 160: 345–368.
Rasmussen GL (1940) Studies of the VIIIth cranial nerve of man. Laryngoscope 50: 67–83.
Rasmussen GL (1946) The olivary peduncle and other fiber connections of the superior olivary complex. J Comp Neurol 84: 141–219.
Retzius G (1884) Das Gehörorgan der Wirbeltiere. I I. Das Gehörorgan der Reptilien, derr Vögel und der Säugetiere. Stockholm: Samson and Wallin.
Retzius G (1892) Die Endigungsweise des Gehörnerven. Biolog Untersuchungen, Neue Folfe, I II. Leipzig: Vogel.
Rhode WS (1971) Observations of the vibration of the basilar membrane in squirrel monkeys using the Mössbauer technique. J Acoust Soc Am 49: 1218–1231.
Rhode WS, Oertel D, Smith PH (1983) Physiological response properties of cells labeled intracellular with horseradish peroxidase in cat ventral cochlear nucleus. J Comp Neurol 213: 448–463.
Ritz LA, Brownell WE (1982) Single unit analysis of the posteroventral cochlear nucleus of the decerebrate cat. Neuroscience 7: 1995–2010.
Robertson D (1984) Horseradish peroxidase injection of physiologically characterized afferent and efferent neurons in the guinea pig spiral ganglion. Hear Res 15: 113–121.
Robertson D, Cody AR, Bredberg G, Johnstone BM (1980) Response properties of spiral ganglion neurons in cochleas damaged by direct mechanical trauma. J Acoust Soc Am 67: 1295–1303.
Romand R, Hafidi A, Despres G (1987) Immunocytochemical localization of neurofilament protein subunits in the spiral ganglion of the adult rat. Brain Res 462: 167–173.
Rose JE, Galambos R, Hughes JR (1959) Microelectrode studies of the cochlear nuclei of the cat. Bull Johns Hopkins Hospital 104: 211–251.
Rouiller EM, Cronin-Schreiber R, Fekete DM, Ryugo DK (1986) The central projections of intracellularly labeled auditory nerve fibers in cats: An analysis of terminal morphology. J Comp Neurol 249: 261–278.
Rouiller EM, Ryugo DK (1984) Intracellular marking of physiologically characterized neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus of the cat. J Comp Neurol 225: 167–186.
Rüssel IJ, Sellick PM (1978) Intracellular studies of hair cells in the mammalian cochlea. J Physiol 284: 261–290.
Ryan AF, Schwartz IR, Helfert RH, Keithley EM, Wang ZX (1987) Selective retrograde labeling of lateral olivocochlear neurons in the brainstem based on preferential uptake of 3H-D-aspartic acid in the cochlea. J Comp Neurol 255: 606–616.
Ryugo DK, Fekete DM (1982) Morphology of primary axosomatic endings in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of the cat: A study of the endbulbs of Held. J Comp Neurol 210: 239–257.
Ryugo DK, Rouiller EM (1988) The central projections of intracellularly labeled auditory nerve fibers in cats: Morphometric correlations with physiological properties. J Comp Neurol 271: 130–142.
Ryugo DK, Sento S (1991) Synaptic connections of the auditory nerve in cats: Relationship between endbulbs of Held and spherical bushy cells. J Comp Neurol 305: 35–48.
Ryugo DK, Sento S (1991) Synaptic connections of the auditory nerve in cats: Relationship between endbulbs of Held and spherical bushy cells. J Comp Neurol 305: 35–48.
Sachs MB, Abbas PJ (1974) Rate versus level functions for auditory nerve fibers in cats: Tone-burst stimulation. J Acoust Soc Am 56: 1835–1847.
Sando I (1965) The anatomical interrelationships of the cochlear nerve fibers. Acta Otolaryngol 59: 417–436.
Schalk TB, Sachs MB (1980) Nonlinearities in auditory-nerve fiber responses to bandlimited noise. J Acoust Soc Am 67: 903–913.
Schuknecht HF (1953) Techniques for study of cochlear function and pathology in experimental animals. Arch Oto-Laryngol 58: 377–397.
Schuknecht HF (1960) Neuroanatomical correlates of auditory sensitivity and pitch discrimination in the cat. In: Rasmussen GL, Windle WF (eds) Neural Mechanisms of the Auditory and Vestibular Systems. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, pp. 76–90.
Sento S, Ryugo DK (1989) Endbulbs of Held and spherical bushy cells in cats: Morphological correlates with physiological properties. J Comp Neurol 280: 553–562.
Simmons DD, Liberman MC (1988) Afferent innervation of outer hair cells in adult cats: I. Light microscopic analysis of fibers labeled with horseradish peroxidase. J Comp Neurol 270: 132–144.
Smith CA (1961) Innervation pattern of the cochlea. The internal hair cell. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 70: 1–24.
Smith CA (1975) Innervation of the cochlea of the guinea pig by use of the Golgi stain. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 84: 443–458.
Smith CA, Rasmussen GL (1963) Recent observation on the olivocochlear bundle. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 72: 489–497.
Smith CA, Sjöstrand FS (1961) Structure of the nerve endings on the external hair cells of the guinea pig cochlea as studied by serial section. J Ultrastruct Res 5: 523–556.
Spangler KM, Cant NB, Henkel CK, Farley GR, Warr WB (1987) Descending projections from the superior olivary complex to the cochlear nucleus of the cat. J Comp Neurol 259: 452–465.
Spirou GA, May BJ, Ryugo DK (1989) 3-Dimensional frequency mapping in the cat dorsal cochlear nucleus. Soc Neurosci Abst 15: 744.
Spoendlin H (1969) Innervation patterns in the organ of Corti of the cat. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 67: 239–254.
Spoendlin H (1971) Degeneration behavior of the cochlear nerve. Arch Klin Exp Ohr- Nas- Kehlk Heilk 200: 275–291.
Spoendlin H (1972) Innervation densities of the cochlea. Acta Otolaryngol 73: 235–248.
Spoendlin H (1973) The innervation of the cochlea receptor. In: Moller AR (ed) Mechanisms in Hearing. New York: Academic Press, pp. 185–229.
Spoendlin H (1975) Retrograde degeneration of the cochlear nerve. Acta Otolaryngol 79: 266–275.
Spoendlin H (1979) Neural connections of the outer hair cell system. Acta Otolaryngol 87: 381–387.
Spoendlin H (1981) Differentiation of cochlear afferent neurons. Acta Otolaryngol 91: 451–456.
Spoendlin H (1982) The innervation of the outer hair cell system. Am J Otol 3: 274–278.
Spoendlin H, Schrott A (1988) The spiral ganglion and the innervation of the human organ of Corti. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 105: 403–410.
Stanfield BB, O’Leary DDM (1985) The transient corticospinal projections from the occipital cortex during the postnatal development of the rat. J Comp Neurol 238: 236–248.
Suzuki Y, Watanabe A, Osada M (1963) Cytological and electron microscopic studies on the spiral ganglion cells of adult guinea pigs and rabbits. Arch Histol Jap 24: 9–33.
Tolbert LP, Morest DK (1982) The neuronal architecture of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of the cat in the region of the cochlear nerve root: Electron microscopy. Neuroscience 7: 3053–3067.
Valverde F (1970) The Golgi method: A tool for comparative structural analyses. In: Nauta WJH, Ebbesson SOE (eds) Contemporary Research Methods in Neuroanatomy. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 12–31.
von Ebner B (1903) Die Endigung des Schneckennerven im Cortischen Organe. Kölliker’s Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen, III. Leipzig: Engelmann, pp. 944–960.
Warr WB (1975) Olivocochlear and vestibular efferent neurons of the feline brainstem: Their location, morphology, and number determined by retrograde axonal transport and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. J Comp Neurol 161: 159–182.
Warr WB, Guinan JJ (1979) Efferent innervation of the organ of Corti: Two separate systems. Brain Res 173: 152–155.
Webster DB (1971) Projection of the cochlea to cochlear nuclei in Merriam’s kangaroo rat. J Comp Neurol 143: 323–340.
White JS, Warr WB (1983) The dual origins of the olivocochlear bundle in the albino rat. J Comp Neurol 219: 203–214.
Wiederhold ML (1970) Variations in the effects of electrical stimulation of the crossed olivocochlear bundle on cat single auditory-nerve-fiber responses to tone bursts. J Acoust Soc Am 48: 966–977.
Wiederhold ML, Kiang NYS (1970) Effects of electric stimulation of the crossed olivocochlear bundle on single auditory-nerve fibers in the cat. J Acoust Soc Am 48: 950–965.
Wright DD, Spirou GA, May BJ, Ryugo DK (1991) Frequency representation in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of cats. Assn Res Otolaryngol Abst p. 140.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ryugo, D.K. (1992). The Auditory Nerve: Peripheral Innervation, Cell Body Morphology, and Central Projections. In: Webster, D.B., Popper, A.N., Fay, R.R. (eds) The Mammalian Auditory Pathway: Neuroanatomy. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, vol 1. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4416-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4416-5_2
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-97800-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-4416-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive