Abstract
Endocrine therapy used either prophylactically or therapeutically for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic breast cancers offers many advantages to patients whose tumors contain functional estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors (Horwitz et al., 1975). The range of treatments defined as endocrine include surgical ablation of endocrine glands, adminis¬tration of pharmacologic doses of steroid hormones, chemical blockade of steroid hormone biosynthesis, and inhibition of endogenous steroid hormone action at the tumor with synthetic antagonists. The last of these approaches is the most widely used, making the antiestrogen tamoxifen the preferred first- line therapeutic agent for treatment of hormone-dependent metastatic breast cancer. The widespread use of tamoxifen reflects its efficacy and low toxicity, and the fact that it makes good physiological sense to block the local proliferative effects of estrogens directly at the breast. But are estrogens the only hormones with a proliferative impact on the breast and on breast cancers? This chapter focuses on evidence that progesterone also has proliferative actions in the breast; on preliminary data showing that progesterone antagonists may be new tools for the management of metastatic breast cancer; and on recent data suggesting that antiprogestin-occupied PRs have novel mechanisms of action that bear on tissue specificity and development of hormone resistance.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson TJ, Howell A, King RJB (1987): Comment on progesterone effects in breast tissue. Breast Cancer Res Treat 10: 65–66
Anderson TJ, Battersby S, King RJB, McPherson K, Going JJ (1989): Oral contraceptive use influences resting breast proliferation. Hum Pathol 20: 1139–1144
Bakker GH, Setyono-Han B, Henkelman MS, De Jong FH, Lamberts SWJ, van der Schoot P, Klijn JGM (1987): Comparison of the actions of the antiprogestin mifepristone (RU486), the progestin megestrol acetate, the LHRH analog buserelin, and ovariectomy in treatment of rat mammary tumors. Cancer Treat Rep 71: 1021–1027
Bakker GH, Setyono-Han B, Portengen H, De Jong FH, Foekens JA, Klijn JGM (1989): Endocrine and antitumor effects of combined treatment with an anti-progestin and antiestrogen or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist in female rats bearing mammary tumors. Endocrinology 125: 1593–1598
Bakker GH, Setyono-Han B, Portengen H, De Jong FH, Foekens JA, Klijn JGM (1990): Treatment of breast cancer with different antiprogestins: preclinical and clinical studies. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 37: 789–794
Bergkvist L, Adami HO, Persson I, Hoover R, Schairer C (1989): The risk of breast cancer after estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement. N Engl J Med 321: 293–297
Bresciani F (1971): Ovarian steroid control of cell proliferation in the mammary gland and cancer. In: Basic Actions of Sex Steroids on Target Organs. Basel: Karger Publishing Company
Cairns C, Cairns W, Okret S (1993): Inhibition of gene expression by steroid hormone receptors via a negative glucocorticoid response element. DNA Cell Biol 12: 695–702
Canobbio L, Galligioni E, Gasparini G, Fassio T, Crivellari D, Villalta D, Santini G, Monfardini S, Boccardo F (1987): Alternating tamoxifen and medroxyprogesterone acetate in postmenopausal advanced breast cancer patients short and long term endocrine effects. Breast Cancer Res Treat 10: 201–204
Cato ACB, Henderson D, Ponta H (1987): The hormone response element of the mouse mammary tumor virus DNA mediates the progestin and androgen induction of transcription in the pro viral long terminal repeat region. EMBO J 6: 363–368
Clarke CL, Sutherland RL (1990): Progestin regulation of cellular proliferation Endocr Rev 11: 266–301
Diamond MI, Miner JN, Yoshinaga SK, Yamamoto KR (1990): Transcription factor interactions: selectors of positive or negative regulation from a single DNA element. Science 249: 1266–1272
Ewertz M (1988): Influence of non-contraceptive exogenous and endogenous sex hormones on breast cancer risk in Denmark. Int J Cancer 42: 832–838
Going JJ, Anderson TJ, Battersby S, Maclntyre CCA (1988): Proliferative and secretory activity in human breast during natural and artificial menstrual cycles. Am J Path 130: 193–204
Gruol DJ, Campbell NF, Bourgeois S (1986): Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase promotes glucocorticoid receptor function. J Biol Chem 261: 4909–4914
Gundersen S, Kvinnsland S, Lundgren S, Klepp O, Lund E, Bormer O, Host H (1990): Cyclical use of tamoxifen and high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate in advanced estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 17: 45–50
Hard T, Kellenbach E, Boelens R, Maler BA, Dahlman K, Freedman LP, Carstedt- Duke J, Yamamoto KR, Gustafsson J-AA (1990): Solution structure of the glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain. Science 249: 157–160
Haslam SZ (1988): Progesterone effects on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in normal mouse mammary glands. Endocrinology 122: 464–470
Henderson BE, Ross R, Bernstein L (1988): Estrogens as a cause of human cancer. The Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Award Lecture. Cancer Res 48: 246–253
Horwitz KB, McGuire WL, Pearson OH, Segaloff A (1975): Predicting response to endocrine therapy: a hypothesis. Science 189: 726–727
Horwitz KB, McGuire WL (1977): Progesterone and progesterone receptors in experimental breast cancer. Cancer Res 37: 1733–1738
Horwitz KB, McGuire WL (1978): Estrogen Control of progesterone receptor in human breast cancer. Correlation with nuclear processing of estrogen receptors. J Biol Chem 253: 2223–2228
Horwitz KB (1992): The molecular biology of RU486. Is there a role for antiprogestins in the treatment of breast cancer? Endocr Rev 13: 146–163
Horwitz KB (1995): Editorial: When tamoxifen turns bad. Endocrinology 136: 821–823.
Howell A, Harland RNL, Barnes DM, Baildam AD, Wilkinson MJS, Hayward E, Swindell R, Sellwood RA (1987): Endocrine therapy for advanced carcinoma of the breast: relationship between the effect of tamoxifen upon concentrations of progesterone receptor and subsequent response to treatment. Cancer Res 47: 300–304
Huggins C, Moon RC, Morii S (1962): Extinction of experimental mammary cancer I. Estradiol-17B and progesterone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 48: 379–386.
Huggins C, Yang NC (1962): Induction and extinction of mammary cancer. Science 137: 257–262.
Huggins C (1965): Two principles in endocrine therapy of cancers: hormone deprival
and hormone interference. Cancer Res 25:1163–1167
Hulka BS (1990): Hormone-replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer. CA 40: 289
Imagawa W, Tomooka Y, Hamamoto S, Nandi S (1985): Stimulation of mammary epithelial cell growth in vitro: Interaction of epidermal growth factor and mammogenic hormones. Endocrinology 116: 1514
Jonat C, Rahmsdorf HJ, Park K-K, Cato AC, Gebel S, Ponta H, Herrlich P (1990): Antitumor promotion and antiinflammation: down-modulation of AP-1 (fos/ jun) activity by glucocorticoid hormone. Cell 62: 1189–1204
Klijn JGM, De Jong FH, Bakker GH, Lamberts SWJ, Rodenburg CJ, Alexieva- Figusch J (1989): Antiprogestins, a new form of endocrine therapy for human breast cancer. Cancer Res 49: 2851–2856
Kutoh E, Stromstedt P-E, Poellinger L (1992): Functional interference between the ubiquitous and constitutive octamer transcription factor 1 (OTF-1) and the glucocorticoid receptor by direct protein-protein interaction involving the homeo subdomain of OTF-1. Mol Cell Biol 12: 4960–4969
Maudelonde T, Romieu G, Ulmann A, Pujol H, Grenier J, Khalaf S, Cavalie G, Rochefort H (1987): First clinical trial on the use of the antiprogestin RU486 in advanced breast cancer. In: Hormonal Manipulation of Cancer: Peptides, Growth Factors and New (Anti-)Steroidal Agents, Klijn JGM, Paridaens R, Foekens JA, eds. New York: Raven Press
McDonnell DP, Goldman ME (1994): RU486 exerts antiestrogenic activities through a novel progesterone receptor A form-mediated mechanism. J Biol Chem 269: 11945–11949
Meirik O, Lund E, Hans-Olov A, Bergstrom R, Christoffersen T, Bergsjo P (1986): Oral contraceptive use and breast cancer in young women. Lancet 2: 650–654
Meyer ME, Gronemeyer H, Turcotte B, Bocquel M-T, Tasset D, Chambon P (1989): Steroid hormone receptors compete for factors that mediate their enhancer function. Cell 57: 433–442
Michna H, Schneider MR, Nishino Y, El Etreby FM (1989a): Antitumor activity of the antiprogestins ZK98299 and RU38486 in hormone dependent rat and mouse mammary tumors: mechanistic studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat 14: 275–288
Michna H, Schneider MR, Nishino Y, El Etreby MF (1989b): The antitumor mechanism of progesterone antagonists is a receptor mediated antiproliferative effect by induction of terminal cell death. J Steroid Biochem 34: 447–453
Michna H, Schneider M, Nishino Y, El Etreby MF, McGuire WL (1990): Progesterone antagonists block the growth of experimental mammary tumors in G0/Gi. Breast Can Res Treat 17: 155–156
Michna H, Nishino Y, Schneider MR, Louton T, El Etreby MF (1991): A bioassay for the evaluation of antiproliferative potencies of progesterone antagonists. J Steroid Biochem Molec Biol 38: 359–365
Miner JN, Yamamoto KR (1991): Regulatory cross-talk at composite response elements. Trends Biol Sci 16: 423–426
Mohamed KM, Tung L, Takimoto GS, Horwitz KB (1994): The leucine zippers of c-Fos and c-Jun for progesterone receptors dimerization: A-dominance in the A/B heterodimer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 51: 241–250
Musgrove, EA and Sutherland, RC (1993): Effects of the progestin antagonist RU486 on T47D breast cancer cell cycle kinetics and cell cycle regulatory genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 195: 11184–1190
O’Shea EK, Rutkowski R, Stafford WF III, Kim PS (1989): Preferential heterodimer
formation by isolated leucine zippers from Fos and Jun. Science 245:646–648
Oro AE, Hollenberg SM, Evans RM (1988): Transcriptional inhibition by a glucocorticoid receptor-/3-galactosidase fusion protein. Cell 55: 1109–1114
Robinson SP, Jordan VC (1987): Reversal of the antitumor effects of tamoxifen by progesterone in the 7,12-dimethylbenzanthrcene-induced rat mammary carcinoma model. Cancer Res 47: 5386–5390
Russo IH, Gimotty P, Dupuis M, Russo J (1989): Effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate on the response of the rat mammary gland to carcinogenesis. Br J Cancer 59: 210–216
Sakai DD, Helms S, Carlstedt-Duke J, Gustafsson JAA, Rottman FM, Yamamoto KR (1988): Hormone-mediated repression of transcription: a negative glucocorticoid response element from the bovine prolactin gene. Genes Dev 2: 1144–1154
Sartorius CA, Tung L, Takimoto GS, Horwitz KB (1993): Antagonist-occupied human progesterone receptors bound to DNA are functionally switched to transcriptional agonists by CAMP. J Biol Chem 5: 9262–9266
Sartorius CA, Groshong SD, Miller LA, Powell RL, Tung L, Takimoto GS, Horwitz KB (1994a): New T47D breast cancer cell lines for the independent study of progesterone B- and A-receptors: only antiprogestin-occupied B- receptors are switched to transcriptional agonists by CAMP. Cancer Res 54: 3868–3877
Sartorius CA, Melville MY, Hovland AR, Tung L, Takimoto GS, Horwitz KB (1994b): A third transactivation function (AF3) human progesterone receptors located in the unique, N-terminal segment of the B-isoform. Mol Endocrinol 8: 1347–1360
Schneider MR, Michna H, Nishino Y, El Etreby FM (1989): Antitumor activity of the progesterone antagonists ZK 98299 and RU 38486 in the hormone-dependent MXT mammary tumor model of the mouse and the DMBA- and the MNU- induced mammary tumor models of the rat. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 25: 691–701
Schule R, Rangarajan P, Kliewer S, Ransone LJ, Bolado J, Yang N, Verma IM, Evans RM (1990): Functional antagonism between oncoprotein c-Jun and the glucocorticoid receptor. Cell 62: 1217–1226
Sedlacek SM, Horwitz KB (1984): The role of progestins and progesterone receptors in the treatment of breast cancer. Steroids 44: 467–484
Truss M, Beato M (1993): Steroid hormone receptors: interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid and transcription factors. Endocr Rev 14: 459–479
Truss M, Bartsch J, Beato M (1994): Antiprogestins prevent progesterone receptor binding to hormone responsive elements in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 11333–11337
Tung L, Mohamed KM, Hoeffler JP, Takimoto GS, Horwitz KB (1993): Antagonist- occupied human progesterone B-receptors activate transcription without binding to progesterone response elements, and are dominantly inhibited by A-receptors. Mol Endocrinol 1: 1256–1265
Vegeto E, Shahbaz MM, Wen DX, Goldman ME, O’Malley BW, McDonnell DP (1993): Human progesterone receptor A form is a cell- and promoter-specific repressor of human progesterone receptor B function. Mol Endocrinol 7: 1244–1255
Welsch CW (1985): Host factors affecting the growth of carcinogen-induced rat mammary carcinomas: a review and tribute to Charles Brenton Huggins. Cancer Res 45: 3415–3443
Yang-Yen H-F, Chambard J-C, Sun Y-L, Smeal T, Schmidt TJ, Drouin J, Karin M (1990): Transcriptional interference between c-Jun and the glucocorticoid receptor: mutual inhibition of DNA binding due to direct protein-protein interaction. Cell 62: 1205–1215
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Birkhäuser Boston
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Horwitz, K.B., Tung, L., Takimoto, G.S. (1996). Progestins, Progesterone Receptors, and Breast Cancer. In: Vedeckis, W.V. (eds) Hormones and Cancer. Hormones in Health and Disease. Birkhäuser Boston. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4266-6_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4266-6_10
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser Boston
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8715-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-4266-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive