Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of Global Change on Plant—Animal Synchrony: Implications for Pollination and Seed Dispersal in Mediterranean Habitats

  • Chapter
Global Change and Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems

Part of the book series: Ecological Studies ((ECOLSTUD,volume 117))

Abstract

Among the central problems of global change over the next few decades are increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, global warming, and the shrinking of natural habitats by human activities. The question addressed here is whether global change will influence the reproductive biology of plants by disrupting plant–animal mutualisms and whether such disruption could impact structure and composition of Mediterranean ecosystems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anderson AN. 1989. How important is seed predation to recruitment in stable populations of long-lived perennials? Oecologia 81: 310–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arroyo MTK. Primack R, Armesto J. 1982. Community studies in pollination ecology in the high temperate Andes of central Chile. I. Pollination mechanisms and altitudinal variation. Am J Bot 69: 82–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell DT, Stephens IJ. 1984. Seasonality and phenology of Kwongan species. In: Pate JS. Beard JS (eds) Kwongan: Plant Life of the Sandplain. University of Australia Press, Nedlands, pp. 205–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg RY. 1975. Mvrmecochorous plants in Australia and their dispersal by ants. Aust J Bot 23: 475–508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein RA. 1979. Schedules of foraging activity in species of ants. J Anim Ecol 48: 921–930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boaz M, Plitmann U, Heyn CC. 1990. The ccogeographic distribution of breeding systems in the Crucifcrae ( Brassicaceae) of Israel. Israel J Bot 39: 31–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond WJ. 1989. Describing and conserving biotic diversity. In: Huntley B (ed) Biotic Diversity in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press, Cape Town. pp. 2–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond WJ. 1994. Do mutualisms matter? Assessing the impact of pollinator and disperser disruption on plant extinction. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond B 344:83–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond WJ, Breytenbach GJ. 1985. Ants, rodents and seed prcdation in Pro- teaceae. So Afr J Zool 20: 150–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond WJ, Slingsby P. 1983. Seed dispersal by ants in shrublands of the Cape Province and its evolutionary implications. So Afr J Sci 79: 231–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond WJ. Slingsby P. 1984. Collapse of an ant-plant mutualism: The Argentine ant, Iridomvrmex humilis and myrmecochorous Proteaceae. Ecology 65:1031– 1037.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bond WJ. Cowling RM, Richards MB. 1992. Competition and coexistence in proteoid shrubs. In: Cowling RM (ed) The Ecology of Fynbos: Divesity, Scarcity and Fire. Oxford University Press, Cape Town, pp. 206–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond WJ, Midgley J, Vlok J. 1988. When is an island not an island? Insular effects and their causes in fynbos shrublands. Oecologia 77: 515–521.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradstock RA, O’Connell MA. 1988. Demography of woody plants in relation to fire: Banksia ericifolia L.f. and Petrophile pulchella ( Schrad) R.Br. Aust J Ecol 13: 505–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chesson PL. 1986. Environmental variation and the coexistence of species. In: Diamond J, Case TJ (eds) Community Ecology. Harper and Row, Cambridge, pp. 240–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coetzee JH, Giliomec JH. 1985. Insects in association with the inflorescences of Protea repens (L.) (Proteaceae) and their role in pollination. J Ent Soc So Afr 48:303–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins BG. Rebelo A. 1987. Pollination biology of the Proteaceae in Australia and southern Africa. Aust J Ecol 12: 387–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corbet SA. 1990. Pollination and the weather. Israel J Bot 39: 13–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowling RM, Bond WJ. 1991. How small can reserves be? An empirical approach in Cape Fynbos. South Africa. Biol Conserv 58:243–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawley MJ. 1990. Plant population dynamics. Phil Trans Rov Soc Lond B 314: 125–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crawley MJ. 1992. Seed predators and plant population dynamics. In: Fenner M (ed) Seeds: The Ecology of Regeneration in Polnat Communities. CAB International, Wallingford. pp. 105–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dafni A, Schmida A, Avishai M. 1981. Leafless autumnal flowering geophytes in the Mediterranean region—phytogeographical, ecological and evolutionary aspects. Plant Syst Evol 137: 118–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeBach P (ed). 1964. Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds. Chapman and Hall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Debussche M. Isenmann P. 1989. Fleshy fruit characters and the choices of bird and mammal seed disperscrs in a Mediterranean region. Oikos 56: 327–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faegri K. van der Pijl L. 1979. The Principles of Pollination Ecology. Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagerstrom T. 1988. Lotteries in communities of sessile organisms. Trends Ecol Evol 3: 303–306.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gill AM. Ingwersen F. 1976. Growth of Xanthorrhea anstralis R.Br, in relation to fire. J Appl Ecol 13: 195–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldingay RL, Carthew SM, Whelan RJ. 1991. The importance of non-flying mammals in pollination. Oikos 61: 79–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hattingh V, Giliomee JH. 1989. Pollination of certain Leucadendron species ( Proteaceae ). So Afr J Bot 55: 387–393.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepburn HR. Jacot-Guillarmod A. 1991. The Cape honey bee and the fynbos biome. So Afr J Sci 87: 70–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrera CM. 1982. Seasonal variation in the quality of fruits and diffuse co- evolution between plants and avian dispersers. Ecology 63: 773–785.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herrera CM. 1984. A study of avian frugivores. bird-dispersed plants, and their interaction in Mediterranean scrublands. Ecol Monogr 54: 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herrera CM. 1986. Vertebrate dispersed plants: why they don’t behave the way they should. In: Estrada A. Fleming TH (eds) Frugivores and Seed Dispersal. Tasks for Vegetation Science 15. Junk, Dordrecht, pp. 5–20.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Herrera CM. 1988. Variation in mutualisms: the spatio-temporal mosaic of a pollinator assemblage. Biol J Linn Soc 35: 95–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herrera J. 1987. Flower and fruit biology in southern Spanish Mediterranean shrublands. Ann Missouri Bot Gard 74: 69–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holldobler B, Wilson EO. 1990. The Ants. Belknap Press, Cambridge. MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn W. 1962. Breeding research on South African plants: II Fertility of Proteaceae. So Afr J Bot 28: 259–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horvitz CC, Schemske DW. 1990. Spatiotemporal variation in insect mutualists of a neotropical herb. Ecology 71: 1085–1097.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes L, Westobv M. 1990. Removal rates of seed adapted for dispersal by ants. Ecology 71: 138–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes L, Westoby M. 1992. Effect of diaspore characteristics on removal of seeds adapted for dispersal by ants. Ecology 73: 1300–1312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Izhaki I. Safriel UN. 1985. Why’do fleshy-fruit plants of the Mediterranean scrub intercept fall- but not spring-passage of seed-dispersing migrator)1 birds? Oecologia 67: 40–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs G, Honeyborne GE. 1979. The relationship between heat unit accumulation and the flowering date of Leucospermum cv. Golden Star. Agroplantae 11:83– 85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janzen DH, Martin S. 1982. Neotropical anachronisms: the fruits the gompho- theres ate. Science 215: 19–27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson SD. 1992. Plant-animal relationships. In: Cowling RM (ed) The Ecology of Fynbos: II Nutrients, Fire and Diversity. Oxford University Press, Cape Town, pp. 175–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson SD. Bond WJ. 1994. Red flowers and butterfly pollination in the fynbos of South Africa. In: Arianoutsou M, Groves RH (eds) Plant animal interactions in mediterranean-type ecosystems. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 137–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordano P. 1982. Migrant birds are the main seed dispersers of blackberries in southern Spain. Oikos 38: 183–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jordano P. 1992. Fruits and frugivory. In: Fenner M (ed) Seeds: The Ecology of Regeneration in Plant Communities. CAB International, Wallingford, pp. 105–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keast J A. 1968. Seasonal movements in the Australian honeyeaters (Meliphagidae) and their ecological significance. Emu 67: 159–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keeley JE. 1977. Seed production, seed populations in soil, and seedling production after fire for two congeneric pairs of sprouting and non-sprouting shrubs. Ecology 58: 820–829.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keeley JE. 1987. Fruit production patterns in the chaparral shrub Ceanothus crassifolius. Madrono 34: 273–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keeley JE. 1991. Seed germination and life history syndromes in the Californian chaparral. Bot Rev 57: 81–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keeley JE. 1993. Smoke-induced flowering in the fire lily Cyrtanthus ventricosus. So Afr J Bot 59: 638.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keighery GJ. 1982. Bird pollinated plants in Western Australia and their breeding systems. In: Armstrong JA. Powell JM, Richards AJ (eds) Pollination and Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens. Sydney, pp. 77–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kjellberg F, Valdeyron G. 1990. Species-specific pollination: a help or a limitation to range extension? In: di Castri F, Hansen AJ, Debussche M (eds) Biological Invasion in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 371–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight RS. 1986. Fruit displays of indigenous and invasive alien plants in the south-western Cape. So Afr–J Bot 52: 249–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight RS. 1988. Aspects of plant dispersal in the south-western Cape with particular reference to the role of birds as dispersal agents. PhD thesis. University of Cape Town.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochmer JP, Handel SN. 1986. Constraints and competition in the evolution of flowering phenology. Ecol Monogr 56: 303–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kummerow J, Montenegro G, Krause D. 1981. Biomass, phenology and growth. In: Miller PC (ed) Resource Use by Chaparral and Matorral. Ecological Studies. Vol. 39. pp. 69–95. Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamont B, Connell SW, Bergl SM. 1991. Seed bank and population dynamics of Banksia cuneata: the role of time, fire and moisture. Bot Gaz 152: 114–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laurie H. 1989. Can lottery models work for populations with discrete generations? Applications in Cape fynbos shrublands. University of Cape Town. Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Maitre DC, Midgley JJ. 1992. Plant reproductive ecology. In: Cowling RM (ed) The Ecology of Fynbos: Nutrients, Fire and Diversity. Oxford University Press, Cape Town, pp. 135–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manders PT, Richardson DM. 1992. Colonization of Cape fynbos communities by forest species. Forest Ecol Manage 48: 277–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Messenger PS. 1959. Bioclimatic studies with insects. Ann Rev Entomol 4:183– 206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moldenke AR. 1975. Niche specialization and species diversity along an altitudinal transect in California. Oecologia 21: 219–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mooney HA (ed). 1977. Convergent evolution of Chile and California—Mediterranean climate ecosystems. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moreno JM, Oechel WC. 1992. Post-fire controlling factors on the establishment of seedlings in southern California chaparral. Oecologia 90:50–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musil CF. Wand SJE. 1993. Response of selerophyllous Ericaceae to enhanced levels of ultra-violet B radiation. Environm Exp Bo 33: 233–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolas G, Sillans. D. 1989. Immediate and latent effects of carbon dioxide on insects. Ann Rev Entomol 34: 97–116.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norton DA, Kelly D. 1988. Mast seeding over 33 years by Dacryidiurn cupressinum Lamb, (rimu) (Podocarpaceae) in New Zealand: the importance of economies of scale. Funct Ecol 2: 399–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce SM. 1984. A synthesis of plant phenology in the fynbos biome. South African National Scientific Programmes Report 88, CSIR, Pretoria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce SM. Cowling RM. 1984. Phenology of fynbos, renosterveld and subtropical thicket in the south-eastern Cape. So Afr J Bot 3: 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierce SM. Cowling RM. 1991. Dynamics of soil-stored seed banks of six shrubs in fire-prone dune fynbos. J Ecol 79: 731–747.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Pijl L. 1982. Principles of Dispersal in Higher Plants. 3rd ed. Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Primack RB. 1985. Longevity of individual flowers. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 16:15– 38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey MW. 1988. Differences in pollinator effectiveness of birds and insects visiting Banksia menziesii (Proteaceae). Oecologia 76: 119–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rathcke B. Lacev EP. 1985. Phenological patterns of terrestrial plants. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 16: 179–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rebelo AG (ed). 1987. A preliminary synthesis of pollination biology in the Cape Flora. SANSP Report 141. CSIR. Pretoria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rebelo AG, Jarman ML. 1987. Pollination and community ecology. In: Rebelo AG (ed) A Preliminary Synthesis of Pollination Biology in the Cape Flora. SANSP Report 141. CSIR. Pretoria, pp. 155–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards AJ. 1986. Plant Breeding Systems. Allen and Unwin, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schemske DW. Willson MF. Melampy MN. Miller U. Verner L. Schemske KM. Best LB. 1978. Flowering ecology of some spring woodland herbs. Ecology 59: 351–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schlesinger WH. Gill DS. 1978. Demographic studies of the chaparral shrub. Ceanothus megacarpus, in the Santa Ynez mountains, California. Ecology 59: 1256–1263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shea SR. McCormick J. Portlock CC. 1979. The effects of fires on regeneration of leguminous species in the northern jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata SM) forest of Western Australia. Aust J Ecol 4: 195–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siegfried WR. 1983. Trophic structure of some communities of fynbos birds. So Afr J Bot 49: 1–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skead CJ. 1967. The sunbirds of southern Africa. Balkema, Cape Town.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slingsby P. Bond WJ. 1985. The influence of ants on the dispersal distance and seedling recruitment of Leucospermum conocarpodendron ( Proteaceae ). So Afr J Bot 51: 30–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner KE. 1987. Breeding systems in the Cape flora. In: Rebelo AG (ed) A Preliminary Synthesis of Pollination Biology in the Cape Flora. SANSP Report 141, CSIR. Pretoria, pp. 22–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner KE. 1989. The pollination of Disperis (Orchidaceae) by oil collecting bees in southern Africa. Lindleyana 4: 164–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steyn JJ. 1954. The pugnacious ant (Anoplolepis custodiens Smith) and its relation to the control of citrus scales at Letaba. Mem Ent Soc Sthrn Afr 3: 1 - 96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tauber MJ. Tauber CA. 1976. Insect seasonality: diapause maintenance, termination and postdiapause development. Ann Rev Entomol 21: 81–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trabaud L. 1984. Fire adaptation strategies of plants in the French Mediterranean region. In: Margaris NS, Arianoutsou-Faraggitaki M. Oechel WC (eds) Being Alive on Land. Tasks for Vegetation Science 13: 63–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tredici PD. 1989. Ginkgos and multituberculates: evolutionary interactions in the Tertiary. Biosystems 22:327–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughton G. 1988. Pollination and seed set of Banksia spinulosa-, evidence for autogamy. Aust J Bot 36: 633–642.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughton G. 1990. Seasonal variation in honeyeater foraging behaviour, inflorescence abundance and fruit set in Banksia spinulosa (Proteaceae). Aust J Ecol 15: 109–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughton G. 1992. Effectiveness of nectarivorous birds and honeybees as pollinators of Banksia spinulosa (Proteaceae). Aust J Ecol 17: 43–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wareing PF, Phillips IDJ. 1981. Growth and Differentiation in Plants. 3rd ed. Pergamon, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waser NM. 1979. Pollinator availability as a determinant of flowering time in Ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens). Oecologia 36: 223–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams KS. 1985. Climatic influences on weeds and their herbivores: biological control of St. Johns’ Wort in British Columbia. Proc VI Int Symp Biol Contr Weeds. In: Delfosse ES (ed) Agric Can, pp. 127–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann JK, Roubik DW, Ackerman JD. 1989. Asynchronous phenologies of a neotropical orchid and its cuglossinc bee pollinator. Ecology 70:1192– 1195.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. W. J. Bond
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    José M. Moreno

  2. Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 92182, San Diego, CA, USA

    Walter C. Oechel

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bond, W.J. (1995). Effects of Global Change on Plant—Animal Synchrony: Implications for Pollination and Seed Dispersal in Mediterranean Habitats. In: Moreno, J.M., Oechel, W.C. (eds) Global Change and Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems. Ecological Studies, vol 117. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4186-7_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4186-7_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8690-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-4186-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation