Abstract
Mycobacteria, fungi, and saprophytic bacteria typically infect bones and joints from remote sites of infection via lymphatic spread, hematogenous spread, or spread along planes of tissue destruction. Occasionally they are introduced directly into the joint by penetrating trauma, surgery, or arthrocentesis. They produce a low-grade synovitis. Relatively early in the course of these chronic infections, symptoms prompting medical attention are local pain, stiffness, mild to moderate swelling, warmth, and erythema over the involved area. The granulomatous reaction associated with these infections can lead to substantial tissue destruction and is characterized by a mononuclear cell and giant cell inflammatory infiltrate, fibroblast proliferation, minimal edema, small vessel congestion, and little fibrin deposition.
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Mahowald, M.L., Messner, R.P. (1988). Chronic Infective Arthritis. In: Schlossberg, D. (eds) Orthopedic Infection. Clinical Topics in Infectious Disease. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3870-6_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3870-6_7
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