Skip to main content

Disk Space Infection

  • Chapter
Orthopedic Infection

Part of the book series: Clinical Topics in Infectious Disease ((CLIN.TOP.INFECT))

Abstract

Even now, 56 years after Freedman’s presentation to the Radiological Society of North America (42), the very existence of a primary infection of the intervertebral disk is still debated. Many other aspects regarding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of this infection also remain controversial. The name is no exception. Disk space infection is not adequate: there are disks at the temporomandibular joint, the sternoclavicular joint, the acromioclavicular joint, the inferior radioulnar joint, and the pubic symphysis. This review only addresses the issue of infection in intervertebral disks. It is argued that the word “inflammation” should be substituted for infection and it is likely that some cases in the literature are of traumatic or other noninfectious origin. However, strong evidence supports the concept that this is usually a disease of infectious etiology, and this is discussed in detail.

The question whether the intervertebral disc can be the primary seat of a disease or whether its involvement is always secondary to an involvement of the bone is also much debated. Eugene Freedman, 1932

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Aguilar JA, Elvidge AR: Intervertebral disk disease caused by the Brucella organism. J Neurosurg 18:27–33, 1961.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Alexander CJ: The aetiology of juvenile spondylarthritis (discitis). Clin Radiol 21:178–187, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ariza J, Gudiol F, Valverde J, Pallares R, Fernandez-Viladrich P, Rufi G, Espadaler L, Fernandez-Nogues F: Brucella spondylitis: A detailed analysis based on current findings. Rev Infect Dis 7(5):656–664, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Arrington JA, Murtagh FR, Silbiger ML, Rechtine GR, Nokes SR: Magnetic resonance imaging of postdiscogram discitis and osteomyelitis in the lumbar spine: Case report. J Fla Med Assoc 73:192–194, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Batson OV: The function of the vertebral veins and their role in the spread of metastases. Annals of Surgery 112:138, 1940.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Beattie FC: Disc space abscess simulating disk herniation: Report of a case. Ohio State Med J 66:381–384, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Beguiristain JL, de Pablos J, Llombart R, Gomez A: Discitis due to Chlostridium perfringens. Spine 11(2): 170–172, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Berris H: Tuberculous spondylitis simulating herniated intervertebral disk. Neurology 4:710–712, 1954.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Billington RW: Spondylitis following cerebrospinal meningitis. JAMA 83:683–686, 1924.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bonfiglio M, Lange TA, Kim YM: Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis: Disk space infections. Clin Orthop 96:234–247, 1973.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Boston HC, Bianco AJ, Rhodes KH: Disk space infections in children. Orthop Clin North Am 6(4):953–963, 1975.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bremner AE, Neligan G A: Benign form of acute osteitis of the spine in young children. Br Med J 1:856–860, 1953.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Brian JE, Westerman GR, Chadduck WM: Septic complications of chemonucleolysis. Neurosurgery 15(5):730–734, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Cashion EL: Cervical intervertebral disc space infection following cerebral angiography. Neuroradiology 2:176–178, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. The Cervical Spine Research Society: The Cervical Spine. Philadelphia, JB Lippincott Co, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Cloward RB: Metastatic disc infection and osteomyelitis of the cervical spine. Surgical treatment. Spine 3(3): 194–201, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Cohn BNE: Tuberculous spondylitis: A histologic study. Arch Pathol 32:641–650, 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Coman DR, deLong RP: The role of the vertebral venous system in the metastasis of cancer to the spinal column: Experiments with tumor-cell suspensions in rats and rabbits. Cancer 4:610–618, 1951.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Compere EL, Garrison M: Correlation of pathologic and roentgenologic findings in tuberculosis and pyogenic infections of the vertebrae: The fate of the intervertebral disk. Ann Surg 104:1038–1067, 1936.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Convent L, Van de Mierop L, Blijweert D: A case of vertebral aspergillosis. Acta Orthop Belg 45:141–150, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Coventry MB, Ghormley RK, Kernohan JW: The intervertebral disc: Its microscopic anatomy and pathology. Part I: Anatomy, development, and physiology. J Bone Joint Surg 27:105–112, 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Crock HV, Yoshizawa H, Kame SK: Observations on the venous drainage of the human vertebral body. J Bone Joint Surg 55B: 528–533, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Dalinka MK, Greendyke WH: The spinal manifestations of coccidioidomycosis. J Can Assoc Radiol 22:93–99, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Dauch WA: Infection of the intervertebral space following conventional and microsurgical operation and herniated lumbar intervertebral disc. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 82:43–49, 1986.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Deeb ZL, Schimel S, Daffner RH, Lupetin AR, Hryshko FG, Blakley JB: Intervertebral disk-space infection after chymopapain injection. AJR 114:671–674, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Devereaux MD, Hazelton RA: Pyogenic spinal osteomyelitis—its clinical and radiological presentation. J Rheumatol 10:491–493, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Diament MJ, Weller M, Bernstein R: Candida infection in a premature infant presenting as discitis. Ped Radiol 12:96–98, 1982.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Digby JM, Kersley JB: Pyogenic non-tuberculous spinal infection: An analysis of thirty cases. J Bone Joint Surg 61B:47–55, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Doub HP, Badgley CE: Tuberculosis of the intervertebral articulations. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther 25:299–307, 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Doyle JR: Narrowing of the intervertebral-disc space in children. J Bone Joint Surg 42A:1191–1200, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Edwards JE, Turkel SB, Elder HA, Rand RW, Guze LB: Hematogenous candida osteomyelitis: Report of three cases and review of the literature. Am J Med 59:89–94, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. El-Gindi S, Aref S, Salama M, Andrew J: Infection of intervertebral discs after operation. J Bone Joint Surg 58B: 114–116, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Eliason O, Dunlap D: Osteomyelitis of the spine following needle biopsy of the prostate. J Urol 94:271–275, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ernst J, Ratjen E: Actinomycosis of the spine. Acta Orthop Scand 42:35–44, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ettinger WH, Arnett FC, Stevens MB: Intervertebral disc space infection: Another low back syndrome of the young. Johns Hopkins Med J 141:23–27, 1977.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Feigenbaum JA, Stern WE: Infections of cervical disc space after dental extractions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 37:1361–1365, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Fernand R, Lee CK: Postlaminectomy disc space infection: A review of the literature and report of 3 cases. Clin Orthop 209:215–218, 1986.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Fischer GW, Popich GA, Sullivan DE, Mayfield G, Mazat BA, Patterson PH: Diskitis: A prospective diagnostic analysis. Pediatrics 62:543–548, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Flemming C: Chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis of the spine. Proc R Soc Med 28:897–902, 1935.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Ford LT: Postoperative infection of lumbar intervertebral disk space. South Med J 69:1477–1481, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Ford LT, Key JA: Postoperative infection of intervertebral disc space. South Med J 48:1295–1303, 1955.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Fraser RD, Osti OL, Vernon-Roberts B: Discitis following chemonucleolysis: An experimental study. Spine 11:679–687, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Freedman E: The behavior of the intervertebral disc in certain spine lesions. Radiology 22:219–35, 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Galil A, Gorodischer R, Bar-Ziv J, Hallel T, Malkin CH, Garty R: Intervertebral disc infection (discitis) in childhood. Eur J Pediatr 139:66–70, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Gardner WJ, Wise RE, Hughes CR, O’Connell FB, Weiford EC: X-ray visualization of the intervertebral disk: With a consideration of the morbidity of disk puncture. Arch Surg 64:355–364, 1952.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Ghormley RK, Bickel WH, Dickson DD: A study of acute infectious lesions of the intervertebral disks. South Med J 33:347–353, 1940.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Gibney VP: The typhoid spine. Trans Am Orthop Assoc 2:19–30, 1889.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Glasgow MMS: Brucellosis of the spine. Br J Surg 63:283–288, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Goldie I, Ryba W: Non-specific spondylitis in children. Clin Orthop 79:89–95, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Gorse GJ, Pais MJ, Kusske JA, Cesario TC: Tuberculous spondylitis: A report of six cases and a review of the literature. Medicine 62:178–193, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Griffiths DLI: Tuberculosis of the spine: A review. Adv Tuberc Res 20:92–110, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Grimes HA, Keiser RP: Nonspecific infections of the disk space in children. South Med J 56:511–517, 1963.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Grollmus J, Perkins RK, Russel W: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate as a possible indicator of early disc space infection. Neurochirurgia 17:30–35, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Guri JP: Pyogenic osteomyelitis of the spine: Differential diagnosis through clinical and roentgenographic observations. J Bone Joint Surg 28:29–39, 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Gutmanis PA, Rorabeck CH: Pyogenic infections of the adult spine. Can J Surg 22:162–166, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Hadden WA, Swanson AJG: Spinal infection caused by acupuncture mimicking a prolapsed intervertebral disc. J Bone Joint Surg 64A:624–626, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Harmon DC: Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: Case 33–1984. N Engl J Med 311:455–462, 1984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Hassler O: The human intervertebral disc. Acta Orthop Scand 40:765–772, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Hensey OJ, Coad N, Carty HM, Sills JM: Juvenile discitis. Arch Dis Child 58:983–987, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Hirschmann J V, Everett ED: Candida vertebral osteomyelitis. J Bone Joint Surg 58A:573–575, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Holliday PO, Davis CH, Shaffner LdeS: Intervertebral disc space infection in a child presenting as a psoas abscess: Case report. Neurosurgery 7:395–397, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Holzman RS, Bishko F: Osteomyelitis in heroin addicts. Ann Intern Med 75:693–696, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Horninge H: Discitis in children. Arch Chirurg Need 24:215–221, 1972.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Jamison RC, Heimlich EM, Miethke JC, O’Loughlin BJ: Nonspecific spondylitis of infants and children. Radiology 77:355–367, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Johns D: Syphilitic disorders of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg 52B:724–731, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Jordan MC, Kirby WMM: Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis: Treatment with antimicrobial agents and bed rest. Arch Intern Med 128:405–410, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Kaplan ES: Post-discectomy tuberculous abscess. J Neurosurg 38:358–361, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Kaplan SS: Pseudomonas disc space infection in an occasional heroin user. Ariz Med 31:916–919, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Kapp JP, Sybers WA: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate following uncomplicated lumbar disc operations. Surg Neurol 12:329–330, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Kashimoto T, Kitagawa H, Kachi H: Candida tropicalis vertebral osteomyelitis and discitis: A case report and discussion on the diagnosis and treatment. Spine 11:57–61, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Kelfer H, Haller JS: Gowers’ sign in diskitis. Am J Dis Child 136:555–556, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Kemp HBS, Jackson JW, Jeremiah JD, Cook J: Anterior fusion of the spine for infective lesions in adults. J Bone Joint Surg 55B:715–734, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Kemp HBS, Jackson JW, Jeremiah JD, Hall AJ: Pyogenic infections occurring primarily in intervertebral discs. J Bone Joint Surg 55B:698–714, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Kern RZ, Houpt JB: Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis: Diagnosis and management. Can Med Assoc J 130:1025–1028, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Kersley JB: Nontuberculous infection of the spine. Proc R Soc Med 70:176–181, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. King DM, Mayo KM: Infective lesions of the vertebral column. Clin Orthop Rel Res 96:248–253, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Kopecky KK, Gilmor RL, Scott JA, Edwards MK: Pitfalls of computed tomography in diagnosis of discitis. Neuroradiology 27:57–66, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Kornberg M: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate following lumbar discectomy. Spine 11:766–767, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Kulowski J: Pyogenic osteomyelitis of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg 18:343–364, 1936.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Kulowski J, Vinke TH: Undulant (malta) fever spondylitis: Report of a case, due to Brucella melitensis, bovine variety, surgically treated. JAMA 99:1656–1659, 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Lahde S, Puranen J: Disc-space hypodensity in CT: The first radiologic sign of postoperative diskitis. Eur J Radiol 5:190–192, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Lang EF: Postoperative infection of the intervertebral disk space. Surg Clin North Am 48:649–660, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Larde D, Mathieu D, Frija J, Gaston A, Vasile N: Vertebral osteomyelitis: Disk hypodensity on CT. AJR 139:963–967, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. La Rocca H: Spinal sepsis, in The Spine, ed 2, Rothman RH, Simeone FA (eds). Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1982, pp 757–774.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Lascari AD, Graham MH, MacQueen JC: Intervertebral disk infection in children. J Pediatr 70:751–757, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Leahy AL, Fogarty EE, Fitzgerald RJ, Regan BF: Discitis as a cause of abdominal pain in children. Surgery 95:412–414, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Lewis R, Gorbach S, Altner P: Spinal pseudomonas chondro-osteomyelitis in heroin users. N Engl J Med 286:1303, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Lifeso RM, Harder E, McCorkell SJ: Spinal brucellosis. J Bone Joint Surg 67B:345–351, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Lindholm TS, Pylkkanen P: Discitis following removal of intervertebral disc. Spine 7:618–622, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Littleton HR, Rhoades ER: Septic diskitis: Report of case and review of the literature. J Am Osteopath Assoc 79:544–546, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Lowman RM, Robinson F: Progressive vertebral interspace changes following lumbar disk surgery AJR 97:664–671, 1966.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Maguire JH: Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital: Case 37–1986. N Engl J Med 315:748–754, 1986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Mathews SS, Wiltse LL, Karbelnig MJ: A destructive lesion involving the intervertebral disk in children. Clin Orthop 9:162–168, 1957.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Mayer L: An unusual case of infection of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg 7:957–968, 1925.

    Google Scholar 

  95. McCain GA, Harth M, Bell DA, Disney TF, Austin T, Ralph E: Septic discitis. J Rheumatol 8:100–109, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. McGahan JP, Graves DS, Palmer PES: Coccidioidal spondylitis. Radiology 136:5–9, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. McLaurin RL: Spinal suppuration. Clin Neurosurg 14:314–335, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Menelaus MB: Discitis: An inflammation affecting the intervertebral discs in children. J Bone Joint Surg 46B:16–23, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Messer HD, Litvinoff J: Pyogenic cervical osteomyelitis. Arch Neurol 33:571–576, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Milone FP, Bianco AJ, Ivins JC: Infections of the intervertebral disk in children. JAMA 181:1029–1033, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Moes CAF: Spondylarthritis in childhood. AJR 91:578–587, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Moskal MJ, Villar LA: Childhood diskitis: Report of 2 cases and review of the literature. J Am Osteopath Assoc 86:169–174, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Musher DM, Thorsteinsson SB, Minuth JN, Luchi RJ: Vertebral osteomyelitis: Still a diagnostic pitfall. Arch Intern Med 136:105–110, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Norris S, Ehrlich MG, Keim DE, Guiterman H, McKusick KA: Early diagnosis of disc-space infection using gallium-67. J Nucl Med 19:384–386, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Norris S, Ehrlich MG, McKusick K: Early diagnosis of disk space infection with 67-Ga in an experimental model. Clin Orthop Rel Res 144:293–298, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  106. O’Connell CJ, Cherry AV, Zoll JG: Osteomyelitis of the cervical spine: Candida guilliermondii. Ann Intern Med 79:748, 1973.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Oill PA, Chow AW, Flood TP, Guze LB: Adult Haemophilus influenzae type B vertebral osteomyelitis: A case report and review of the literature. Clin Orthop Rel Res 136:253–256, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Onofrio BM: Intervertebral discitis: Incidence, diagnosis, and management. Clin Neurosurg 27:481–516, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Pate D, Katz A: Clostridia discitis: A case report. Arthritis Rheum 22:1039–1040, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Patzakis MJ: Heroin addiction can lead to disk space infection. JAMA 225:1167–1171, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Pennisi AK, Davis DO, Wiesel S, Moskowitz P: CT appearance of Candida diskitis. J Comput Assist Tomog 9:1050–1054, 1985.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Pilgaard S: Discitis (closed space infection) following removal of lumbar intervertebral disc. J Bone Joint Surg 51A:713–716, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Postacchini F, Montanaro A: Tuberculous epidural granuloma simulating a herniated lumbar disk: A report of a case. Clin Orthop Rel Res 148:182–185, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Price AC, Allen JH, Eggers FM, Shaff MI, James AE: Intervertebral disk-space infection: CT changes. Radiology 149:725–729, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Puranen J, Makela J, Lahde S: Postoperative intervertebral discitis. Acta Orthop Scand 55:461–465, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Ratcliffe JF: Anatomic basis for the pathogenesis and radiologic features of vertebral osteomyelitis and its differentiation from childhood discitis: A microarteriographic investigation. Acta Radiol [Diagn] 26:137–143, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Rawlings CE, Wilkins RH, Gallis HA, Goldner JL, Francis R: Postoperative intervertebral disc space infection. Neurosurgery 13:371–376, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Rhangos WC, Chick EW: Mycotic infections of bone. South Med J 57:664–674, 1964.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Rocco HD, Eyring EJ: Intervertebral disk infections in children. Am J Dis Child 123:448–451, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Rubin RC, Jacobs GB, Cooper PR, Wille RL: Disc space infections in children. Child’s Brain 3:180–190, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Saenger EL: Spondylarthritis in children. AJR 64:20–31, 1950.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Salahuddin NI, Madhavan T, Fisher EJ, Cox F, Quinn EL, Eyler WR: Pseudomonas osteomyelitis: Radiologic features. Radiology 109:41–47, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Sapico FL, Montgomerie JZ: Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis: Report of nine cases and review of the literature. Rev Infect Dis 1:754–776, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Sapico FL, Montgomerie JZ: Vertebral osteomyelitis in intravenous drug abusers: Report of three cases and review of the literature. Rev Infect Dis 2:196–206, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Sartoris DJ, Moskowitz PS, Kaufman RA, Ziprkowski MN, Berger PE: Childhood diskitis: Computed tomographic findings. Radiology 149:701–707, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Scherbel AL, Gardner WJ: Infections involving the intervertebral disks. JAMA 174:370–374, 1960.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Schmorl G: The Human Spine in Health and Disease. New York, Grune & Stratton, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Schultz EC: Postoperative bone changes following lumbar disc removal. J Neurosurg 15:537–547, 1958.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Selby RC, Pillay KV: Osteomyelitis and disc infection secondary to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in heroin addiction: Case report. J Neurosurg 37:463–466, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Seligsohn R, Rippon JW, Lerner SA: Aspergillus terreus osteomyelitis. Arch Intern Med 137:918— 920, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Shaikh BS, Appelbaum PC, Aber RC: Vertebral disc space infection and osteomyelitis due to Candida albicans in a patient with acute myelomonocytic leukemia. Cancer 45:1025–1028, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Short DJ, Webley M, Hadfield J: Septic discitis presenting as a psoas abscess. J R Soc Med 76:1066–1068, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Smith AD: A benign form of osteomyelitis of the spine. JAMA 101:335–337, 1933.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Smith NR: The intervertebral discs. Br J Surg 18:358–375, 1931.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  135. Smith RF, Taylor TKF: Inflammatory lesions of intervertebral discs in children. J Bone Joint Surg 49A: 1508–1520, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Sole-Llenas J, Rotes-Querol J, Dalmau-Ciria M: Radiologic aspects of spinal brucellosis. Acta Radiol (Stock) 5:1132–1139, 1966.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Spiegel PG, Kengla KW, Isaacson AS, Wilson JC: Intervertebral disc-space inflammation in children. J Bone Joint Surg 54A:284–296, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Stauffer RN: Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis. Orthop Clin North Am 6:1015–1027, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Stern WE, Crandall PH: Inflammatory intervertebral disc disease as a complication of the operative treatment of lumbar herniations. J Neurosurg 16:261–276, 1959.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Sullivan CR: Diagnosis and treatment of pyogenic infections of the intervertebral disk. Surg Clin North Am 41:1077–1086, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Sullivan CR, Bickel WH, Svien HJ: Infections of vertebral interspaces after operations on intervertebral disks. JAMA 166:1973–1977, 1958.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Sullivan CR, Symmonds RE: Disk infections and abdominal pain. JAMA 188:655–658, 1964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Szalay EA, Green NE, Heller RM, Horev G, Kirchner SG: Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of childhood discitis. J Ped Ortho 7:164–167, 1987.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Tack TJ, Rhame FS, Brown B, Thompson RC: Aspergillus osteomyelitis: Report of four cases and review of the literature. Am J Med 73:295–300, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Taylor TKF, Bye WA: Role of antibiotics in inflammatory disc lesions in children. Lancet 2:881–882, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Taylor TKF, Dooley BJ: Antibiotics in the management of postoperative disc space infections. Aust NZ J Surg 48:74-77, 1978.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Teng P: Postoperative lumbar diskitis. Bull Los Angeles Neurol Soc 37:114–123, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Teplick JG, Haskin ME: Intravenous contrast-enhanced CT of the postoperative lumbar spine: Improved identification of recurrent disk herniation, scar, arachnoiditis, and diskitis. AJR 143:845–855, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Thibodeau AA: Closed space infection following removal of lumbar intervertebral disc. J Bone Joint Surg 50A:400–410, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Turnbull F: Postoperative inflammatory disease of lumbar discs. J Neurosurg 10:469–473, 1953.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Ver Brugghen A: Intervertebral infections following surgery. Surg Neurol 2:426–429, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Vernon-Roberts B: Pathology of degenerative spodylosis, in The Lumbar Spine and Back Pain, Jayson M (ed). New York, Grune & Stratton, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Waldvogel FA, Vasey H: Osteomyelitis: The past decade. N Engl J Med 303:360–370, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Wang LK, Miltner LJ: Typhoid spine. Chin Med J 46:1–11, 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Wenger DR, Bobechko WP, Gilday DL: The spectrum of intervertebral disc-space infection in children. J Bone Joint Surg 60A: 100–108, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Whalen JL, Parke WW, Mazur JM, Stauffer ES: The intrinsic vasculature of developing vertebral end plates and its nutritive significance to the intervertebral discs. J Pediatr Orthop 5:403–410, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Wiesseman GJ, Wood VE, Kroll LL: Pseudomonas vertebral osteomyelitis in heroin addicts. J Bone Joint Surg 55A: 1416–1424, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Wiley AM, Trueta J: The vascular anatomy of the spine and its relationship to pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis. J Bone Joint Surg 41B:796–809, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Williams JL, Moller GA, O’Rourke TL: Pseudoinfections of the intervertebral disk and adjacent vertebrae? AJR 103:611–615, 1968.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Winter WG, Larson RK, Zettas JP, Libke R: Coccidioidal spondylitis. J Bone Joint Surg 60A:240–244, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Wong AS, Dyke J, Perry D, Anderson DC: Paraspinal mass associated with intervertebral disk infection secondary to Moraxella kingii. J Pediatr 92:86–88, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Woolfrey BF, Lally RT, Faville RJ: Intervertebral diskitis caused by Kingella kingae. Am J Clin Pathol 85:745–749, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Young EJ: Human brucellosis. Rev Infect Dis 5:821–842, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Young WB: Actinomycosis with involvement of the vertebral column: Case report and review of the literature. Clin Radiol 11:175–182, 1960.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Zammit F: Undulant fever spondylitis. Br J Radiol 31:683–690, 1958.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Zeiger HE, Zampella EJ: Intervertebral disc infection after lumbar chemonucleolysis. Neurosurgery 18:616–621, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Boscamp, J.R., Steigbigel, N.H. (1988). Disk Space Infection. In: Schlossberg, D. (eds) Orthopedic Infection. Clinical Topics in Infectious Disease. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3870-6_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3870-6_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8383-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3870-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics