Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Springer Texts in Statistics ((STS))

  • 579 Accesses

Abstract

The problem statisticians have, when confronted with several populations with different variances, range from problems solved merely by a minor adjustment to problems for which no satisfactory solution exists. Many statistical procedures, based on the assumption of homoscedasticity of the populations under study, are highly sensitive to deviations of the population variances from equality. It is therefore critical to learn how to test for homoscedasticity. That is the goal of this chapter. But it may not be as critical to learn the appropriate modifications to each and every statistical procedure in the face of heteroscedasticity. It may be more worthwhile to learn portmanteau techniques, good for all occasions, for transforming the various population data sets into homoscedastic ones. That we shall do in the chapter on transformations.

“To make a preliminary test on variances is rather like putting to sea in a rowing boat to find out whether conditions are sufficiently calm for an ocean liner to leave port!”

Box [1953]

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ali, M. M. and Giaccotto, C. 1984. A study of several new and existing tests for heteroscedasticity in the general linear model. Journal of Econometrics 26 (December): 355–73.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Anscombe, F. J. 1961. Examination of residuals. In Proceedings of the Fourth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, Vol. 1, ed. J. Neyman. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 1–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anscombe, F. J. and Tukey, J. W. 1963. The examination and analysis of residuals. Technometrics 5 (May): 141–60.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, M. S. 1937. Properties of sufficiency and statistical tests. Proceedings of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A 160: 268–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bickel, P. J. 1978. Using residuals robustly I: Tests for heteroscedasticity, nonlinearity. Annals of Statistics 6 (March): 266–91.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Box, G. E. P. 1953. Non-normality and tests on variances. Biometrika 40 (December): 318–35.

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Box, G. E. P. 1954a. Some theorems on quadratic forms applied in the study of analysis of variance problems. I. Effects of inequality of variance in the one-way classification. Annals of Mathematical Statistics 25 (June): 290–302.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Box, G. E. P. 1954b. Some theorems on quadratic forms applied in the study of analysis of variance problems: II. Effects of inequality of variance and of correlation between errors in the two-way classification. Annals of Mathematical Statistics 25 (September): 484–98.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Box, G. E. P. and Andersen, S. L. 1955. Permutation theory in the derivation of robust criteria and the study of departures from assumption. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B 17 (March): 1–26.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Breusch, T. S. and Pagan, A. R. 1979. A simple test for heteroscedasticity and random coefficient variation. Econometrica 47 (September): 1287–94.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J., and Evans, J. 1975. Techniques for testing the constancy of the regression relationships over time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B 37: 149–63.

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, R. J. 1982. Adapting for heteroscedasticity in linear models. Annals of Statistics 10 (December): 1224–33.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, R. J. and Ruppert, D. 1982. Robust estimation in heteroscedastic linear models. Annals of Statistics 10 (June): 429–41.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Chao, Min-te and Glaser, R. E. 1978. The exact distribution of Bartlett’s test statistic for homogeneity of variances with unequal sample sizes. Journal of the American Statistical Association 73 (June): 422–26.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Conover, W. J., Johnson, M. E., and Johnson, M. M. 1981. A comparative study of tests for homogeneity of variances, with applications to the outer continental shelf bidding data. Technometrics 23 (November): 351–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, R. D. and Weisberg, S. 1983. Diagnostics for heteroscedasticity in regression. Biometrika 70 (April): 1–10.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Dent, W. T. and Styan, G. P. H. 1973. Uncorrelated residuals from linear models. Technical Report No. 88 (January): The Economics Series, Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences. Stanford, Ca. Stanford Uhiversity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, W. J. and Massey, F. J., Jr. 1969. Introduction to Statistical Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyer, D. D. and Keating, J. P. 1980. On the determination of critical values for Bartlett’s test. Journal of the American Statistical Association 75 (June): 313–19.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, R. A. 1920. A mathematical examination of the methods of determining the accuracy of an observation by the mean error, and by the mean square error. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 80: 758–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fligner, M. A. and Killeen, T. J. 1976. Distribution-free two-sample tests for scale. Journal of the American Statistical Association 71 (March): 210–13.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Goldfeld, S. M. and Quandt, R. E. 1965. Some tests for homoscedasticity. Journal of the American Statistical Association 60 (June): 539–47.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • (see also, corrigenda 1967, Journal of the American Statistical Association 62 (December): 1518).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, W. E. and Surekha, K. 1986. A Monte Carlo evaluation of the power of some tests for heteroscedasticity. Journal of Econometrics 31 (March): 219–331.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Hájek, J. and Sĭdák, Z. 1967. Theory of Rank Tests. New York: Academic Press.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, M. J. and McCabe, B. P. M. 1979. A test for heteroscedasticity based on ordinary least squares residuals. Journal of the American Statistical Association 74 (June): 494–99.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, A. C. and Phillips, G. D. A. 1974. A comparison of the power of some tests for heteroskedasticity in the general linear model. Journal of Econometrics 2 (December): 307–16.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Hedayat, A. and Robson, D. S. 1970. Independent stepwise residuals for testing homoscedasticity. Journal of the American Statistical Association 65 (December): 1573–81.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Hedayat, A., Raktoe, B. L., and Talwar, P. P. 1977. Examination and analysis of residuals: a test for detecting a monotonic relation between mean and variance in regression through the origin. Communications in Statistics—Theory and Methods A6 (6): 497–506.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Horn, P. 1981. Heteroscedasticity of residuals: a non-parametric alternative to the Goldfeld-Quandt peak test. Communications in Statistics—Theory and Methods A10 (8): 795–808.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koerts, J. and Abrahamse, A. P. J. 1969. On the Theory and Application of the General Linear Model. Rotterdam: Universitaire Pers Rotterdam.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Levene, H. 1960. Robust tests for the equality of variances, in Contributions to Probability and Statistics, ed. I. Olkin. Palo Alto, Ca: Stanford University Press, pp. 278–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lund, R. E. 1975. Tables for an approximate test for outliers in linear models. Technometrics 17 (November): 473–76.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Neyman, J. and Pearson, E. S. 1931. On the problem of k samples. Bulletin Academie Polonaise Sciences et Lettres, Series A 3: 460–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramachandran, K. V. 1958. A test of variances. Journal of the American Statistical Association 53 (September): 741–47.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey, J. B. 1969. Tests for specification error in the general linear model. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B 31: 250–71.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey, J. B. and Gilbert, R. 1972. Some small sample properties of tests for specification error. Journal of the American Statistical Association 67 (March): 180–86.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, C. R. 1970. Estimation of heteroscedastic variances in linear models. Journal of the American Statistical Association 65 (March): 161–72.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, S. 1956. Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Szroeter, J. 1978. A class of parametric tests for heteroscedasticity in linear econometric models. Econometrica 46 (November): 1311–27.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Theil, H. 1965. The analysis of disturbances in regression analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association 60 (December): 1067–79.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Theil, H. 1971. Principles of Econometrics. New York: Wiley.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • White, H. 1980. A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica 48 (May): 817–38.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Madansky, A. (1988). Testing for Homoscedasticity. In: Prescriptions for Working Statisticians. Springer Texts in Statistics. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3794-5_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3794-5_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8354-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3794-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics