Abstract
Radiographic evaluation of the lower extremity deep venous system has, until recently, been primarily accomplished by ascending contrast venography, which represents the accepted diagnostic standard. Although this is a sensitive and reliable means for detecting venous disease, lower extremity phlebography is not innocuous. Several potential complications to its use are well known and may suffice to preclude the examination in certain patients. These adverse sequela to intravenous contrast administration include severe allergic reaction, exacerbation of underlying azotemia or congestive heart failure, local tissue irritation, and toxic effect on the venous endothelium which may induce clinically significant phlebitis.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ramchandani P, Soulen RL, Fedullo LM, et al: Deep vein thrombosis: Significant limitations of noninvasive tests. Radiology 156:47, 1985.
Hanel KC, Abbott WM, Reidy NC, et al: The role of two noninvasive tests in deep venous thrombosis. Ann Surg 194:725, 1981.
Russell JC, Becker DR: The noninvasive venous vascular laboratory. Arch Surg 118:1024, 1983.
Sufian S: Noninvasive vascular laboratory diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. Am Surg 47:254, 1981.
Raghavendra BN, Rosen RJ, Lam S, et al: Deep venous thrombosis: Detection by high-resolution real-time ultrasonography. Radiology 152:789, 1984.
Raghavendra BN, Horii SC, Hilton S, et al: Deep venous thrombosis: Detection by probe compression of veins. J Ultrasound Med 5:89, 1986.
Cronan JJ, Dorfman GS, Scola FH, et al: Deep venous thrombosis: US assessment using vein compression. Radiology 162:191, 1987.
Appelman PT, DeJong TE, Lampmann LE: Deep venous thrombosis of the leg: US findings. Radiology 163:743, 1987.
Vogel P, Laing FC, Jeffrey RB, et al: Deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremity: US evaluation. Radiology 163:747, 1987.
Langsfeld M, Hershey FB, Thorpe L, et al: Duplex B-mode imaging for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. Arch Surg 122:587, 1987.
Effeney DJ, Friedman MB, Gooding GAW: Iliofemoral venous thrombosis: Real-time ultrasound diagnosis, normal criteria, and clinical application. Radiology. 150:787, 1984.
Hirsh J: Thromboembolic disease. Hosp Prac 17:77, 1982.
Dalen JE, Alper JS: Natural history of pulmonary embolism. In Sasahara A, Sonnenblick EH, Lesch M (eds): Pulmonary Emboli. New York, Grune & Stratton, 1974, pp 77–88.
Sevitt S: Pathology and pathogenesis of deep vein thrombi. In Bergan JJ, Yoa JST (eds): Venous Problems. Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., 1978, pp 257–279
Moser KM, LeMoine JR: Is embolic risk conditioned by location of deep venous thrombosis? Ann Intern Med 94:439, 1981.
Kakkar V, Howe C, Hank C, et al: Natural history of postoperative deep vein thrombosis? Lancet 2:230, 1967.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
White, E.M. (1988). Duplex Sonography of the Lower Extremity Venous System. In: Grant, E.G., White, E.M. (eds) Duplex Sonography. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3750-1_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3750-1_7
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8333-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3750-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive